Video-recorded Interview Research Articles

‘It's the judicial equivalent of robbing Peter to pay Paul’—The implementation gap in section 28 Youth Justice and Criminal Evidence Act 1999

Section 28, the last of the special measures under the Youth Justice and Criminal Evidence Act 1999 to be implemented, was rolled out across England and Wales between 2020 and 2022. This allows vulnerable and/or intimidated witnesses and complainants, who have first pre-recorded their evidence-in-chief through a police video-recorded interview, to pre-record their cross-examination, which is then presented to the court during the substantive trial. This article critically explores s. 28 by drawing upon qualitative data from 108 semi-structured interviews conducted with participants across seven stakeholder groups, including criminal justice practitioners, and complainants and their families in sexual offences cases. Through a critical consideration of the articulated benefits associated with s. 28 within the context of sexual offences cases, we argue that there continue to be substantial challenges associated with its implementation that reduce its prospects for success, and which need to be addressed as a priority.

The role of critical experiences, positioning, and agency in the dynamic, emergent construction of heritage speaker selves

Previous research has proposed a crucial role for critical experiences in language learning to better understand how learners understand and discursively construct their self-concept (Mercer, 2011, 2016; Serafini, 2020a; Thompson, 2020). However, studies have mainly explored critical experiences in the narratives of foreign language learners of English with little attention to how heritage speakers of languages other than English (LOTE) draw on critical experiences in discursive constructions of self. To address this gap, this study aims to explore the impact of critical experiences in university heritage Spanish speakers’ self-narratives. Twenty heritage Spanish students completed a background questionnaire and peer-facilitated, video-recorded interview. Emergent, recurring themes were identified in transcribed interview data following tenets of grounded theory (Charmaz, 2006; Glaser & Strauss, 1967). Findings underscore the key role of positioning (Davies & Harré, 1990) in dynamic conceptions of self, particularly how heritage speakers (re)imagine and discursively construct past, current, and future self-states. Positioning was also linked to agency (Ahearn, 2001) in relation to students’ critical reflections on experiences of racialization and resistance to, or reproduction of, dominant language ideologies. Overall, the study provides valuable insights for (heritage) language educators seeking to enact critical pedagogical principles in their classroom and curriculum.

Investigating two mobile just-in-time adaptive interventions to foster psychological resilience: research protocol of the DynaM-INT study.

Stress-related disorders such as anxiety and depression are highly prevalent and cause a tremendous burden for affected individuals and society. In order to improve prevention strategies, knowledge regarding resilience mechanisms and ways to boost them is highly needed. In the Dynamic Modelling of Resilience - interventional multicenter study (DynaM-INT), we will conduct a large-scale feasibility and preliminary efficacy test for two mobile- and wearable-based just-in-time adaptive interventions (JITAIs), designed to target putative resilience mechanisms. Deep participant phenotyping at baseline serves to identify individual predictors for intervention success in terms of target engagement and stress resilience. DynaM-INT aims to recruit N = 250 healthy but vulnerable young adults in the transition phase between adolescence and adulthood (18-27years) across five research sites (Berlin, Mainz, Nijmegen, Tel Aviv, and Warsaw). Participants are included if they report at least three negative burdensome past life events and show increased levels of internalizing symptoms while not being affected by any major mental disorder. Participants are characterized in a multimodal baseline phase, which includes neuropsychological tests, neuroimaging, bio-samples, sociodemographic and psychological questionnaires, a video-recorded interview, as well as ecological momentary assessments (EMA) and ecological physiological assessments (EPA). Subsequently, participants are randomly assigned to one of two ecological momentary interventions (EMIs), targeting either positive cognitive reappraisal or reward sensitivity. During the following intervention phase, participants' stress responses are tracked using EMA and EPA, and JITAIs are triggered if an individually calibrated stress threshold is crossed. In a three-month-long follow-up phase, parts of the baseline characterization phase are repeated. Throughout the entire study, stressor exposure and mental health are regularly monitored to calculate stressor reactivity as a proxy for outcome resilience. The online monitoring questionnaires and the repetition of the baseline questionnaires also serve to assess target engagement. The DynaM-INT study intends to advance the field of resilience research by feasibility-testing two new mechanistically targeted JITAIs that aim at increasing individual stress resilience and identifying predictors for successful intervention response. Determining these predictors is an important step toward future randomized controlled trials to establish the efficacy of these interventions.

The Subjective Experience of Word-Finding Difficulties in People With Aphasia: A Thematic Analysis of Interview Data.

Anomia, or difficulty with naming and word finding, is a pervasive deficit among individuals with aphasia. There is an extensive literature on the mechanisms underlying anomia and on approaches to treatment, but very little is known about the subjective experience of anomia during day-to-day life. As part of a larger testing battery, 53 adults with poststroke aphasia took part in a novel, structured interview that included an open-ended question about the general experience of anomia: "Do you ever know what you want to say, but you can't say it out loud? Please describe that feeling." Video-recorded interview responses were transcribed and analyzed using thematic analysis, an iterative, data-driven process that categorizes interview data into common themes. Five main themes emerged among the data from 37 participants who produced adequate responses for use in thematic analysis: strategies to cope with or compensate for anomia, comments on awareness of the level of breakdown (e.g., "I have an idea, but can't get the right words"), negative emotions, impact on relationships, and changes in frequency over time. Participants showed strong awareness of anomia and its implications, demonstrating an ability to describe their language breakdown, identify relevant strategies to compensate and/or cope, and acknowledge the impact of anomia on their emotions and social interactions. This patient perspective may serve as a valuable supplement to information typically gained via objective language assessments. Clinicians and researchers may wish to consider incorporating similar subjective measures during assessment and treatment planning. Supplemental Material https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.15032643.

Predicting behavioral competencies automatically from facial expressions in real-time video-recorded interviews

This work aims to develop a real-time image and video processor enabled with an artificial intelligence (AI) agent that can predict a job candidate’s behavioral competencies according to his or her facial expressions. This is accomplished using a real-time video-recorded interview with a histogram of oriented gradients and support vector machine (HOG-SVM) plus convolutional neural network (CNN) recognition. Different from the classical view of recognizing emotional states, this prototype system was developed to automatically decode a job candidate’s behaviors by their microexpressions based on the behavioral ecology view of facial displays (BECV) in the context of employment interviews using a real-time video-recorded interview. An experiment was conducted at a Fortune 500 company, and the video records and competency scores were collected from the company’s employees and hiring managers. The results indicated that our proposed system can provide better predictive power than can human-structured interviews, personality inventories, occupation interest testing, and assessment centers. As such, our proposed approach can be utilized as an effective screening method using a personal-value-based competency model.

The semantics of epileptic and psychogenic nonepileptic seizures and their differential diagnosis

AimsThe aim of the study was to highlight the fundamental linguistic elements through a simplified scoring table to build a simplified and easier diagnostic model for linguistic evaluation by nonexperts. MethodsThe study was based on interviews performed in patients recruited at the University of Milano Bicocca, at the Epilepsy Center of the University of Messina, and at the Epilepsy Monitoring Unit of the University of Rochester, who experienced “seizures” and underwent video-electroencephalogram (vEEG) for differential diagnosis. All enrolled subjects underwent a video-recorded interview consisting of a fixed sequence of five questions. Subsequently, a researcher examined the video recordings, blind to the vEEG results, and filled in the simplified linguistic evaluation (SLE) scoring table. The best cutoff score for the diagnosis was determined using a ROC curve and was selected as the value leading to the maximum number of patients correctly classified. ResultsThe study sample consisted of 35 interviews.The receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve analysis showed that the best cutoff for the diagnosis was 12. The accuracy was 82.9% for this cutoff value. The area under the ROC curve (AUC) was 0.81 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.66–0.97). Classifying patients using the SLE scoring table as diagnostic tool, with the selected cutoff score, 17 out of 19 patients with psychogenic nonepileptic seizures (PNES) were correctly classified (89.5% sensitivity), while 12 out of 16 patients with epileptic seizures (ES) were correctly classified (75% specificity). Positive and negative predictive values are, respectively, 81% and 85.7%. ConclusionsDespite some limitations, the use of the SLE scoring table may reduce costs, and conversation analysis (CA) might help achieving a timely and reliable diagnosis of PNES.

The Use of Facility Dogs to Bridge the Justice Gap for Survivors of Sexual Offending

The current study investigated the support that a facility dog can provide to survivors of sexual crimes when undergoing video-recorded police interviews. In total, 13 survivors of sexual offences, who were undergoing a video-recorded interview, were provided with a facility dog for the interview process. For each case, data were collected via interviews, observations and surveys. Using a multiple case study approach, qualitative data were analysed to identify patterns, with observational and survey data used to provide further support to these outcomes. A total of four main themes emerged from the data: (1) a change in focus for the survivor, (2) a difference in the survivors’ engagement, (3) the dog as a comforter to keep the survivor calm and (4) a positive environment. Overall, the findings suggest that the facility dog provided a much needed and beneficial service to survivors, helping them feel calmer and more comfortable. The dog also provided survivors with a more positive environment, allowing them to focus on the interview and communicate more openly about their experiences. The current study, therefore, presents very positive findings relating to improving survivors’ perspectives of justice within the framework of kaleidoscopic justice, bridging their perceived justice gap.

The Importance of Language Competence in the Anaesthetist Profession in Germany

This article aims to show the importance of multilingualism in academic education on the example of video-recorded interview between a foreign anaesthetist and her patient. As follows from the analysis of the transcript, the anaesthetist’s limited knowledge of German impairs her competence to conduct the conversation appropriately. This perspective on the professional context of app. 55.000 foreign doctors currently working in Germany shows the (medical and legal) relevance of mastering the national language in academic professions – especially in cases in which the communication between experts and laymen occurs on a daily basis.

Prioritising physical and psychological symptoms: what are the barriers and facilitators to the discussion of anxiety in the primary care consultation?

BackgroundAnxiety is under-recorded and under-treated in the UK and is under-represented in research compared with depression. Detecting anxiety can be difficult because of co-existing conditions. GPs can be reluctant to medicalise anxiety symptoms and patients can be reluctant to disclose them, for a variety of reasons. This research addresses the gap in evidence of real-life consultations of patients with anxiety and explores how physical and psychological symptoms are discussed and prioritised by patients and GPs in primary care consultations.MethodsA mixed methods study using a baseline questionnaire, video-recorded primary care consultations and interview data with patients and GPs.ResultsSeventeen patients with anxiety symptoms (GAD-7 score ≥ 10) completed a questionnaire, had their consultation video-recorded and took part in a semi-structured interview. Four GPs were interviewed. The main themes that emerged from GP and patients accounts as barriers and facilitators to discussing anxiety mostly mirrored each other. The GP/patient relationship and continuity of care was the main facilitator for the discussion of anxiety in the consultation. The main barriers were: attribution of or unacknowledged symptoms; co-morbidities; and time constraints. GPs overcame these barriers by making repeat appointments and employing prioritising techniques; patients by choosing an empathetic GP.ConclusionsThe findings add to the evidence base concerning the management of anxiety in primary care. The findings suggest that the discussion around anxiety is a process negotiated between the patient and the GP influenced by a range of barriers and facilitators. Co-existing depression and health anxieties can mask anxiety symptoms in patients. Good practice techniques such as bringing back patients for appointments to foster continuity of care and understanding can help disclosure and detection of anxiety symptoms. Future research could investigate this longitudinally and should include a wider range of GPs practices and GPs.

A case study of interpreter-mediated witness statement: police interpreting in South Korea

Interpreters play an important role in police interviewing witnesses from culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds. In the cases where interpreters lack professional attributes such as interpreting competence and impartiality, it is very likely that the interpreted evidence and statement will not be a faithful reproduction of original utterances. If attention is not paid to possible alterations by interpreters to the original utterances of the witness and duty of care is lacking in the procedure of obtaining statement from witnesses through such interpreters, the official legal record may not be an accurate one. Drawing on the data of a video-recorded interpreter-mediated police interview in South Korea, this paper examines issues arising from the lack of understanding of the role of interpreters, which may have implications for criminal proceedings. The findings indicate that in addition to interpreter training, more efficient police training in the adoption of best practice guidelines in interviewing through interpreters is required.

Early Childhood Teachers' Work in a Time of Change

THIS ARTICLE INVESTIGATES TEACHER decision making in a time of rapid educational reforms. Institutional ethnography is used to discover how teachers' work is coordinated by the texts of a new national curriculum, and a system for the assessment and ratings of kindergarten, preschool and long day care services in individual settings and across sites.The research draws on video-recorded interview data gathered from five teachers working with three- to five-year-old children in kindergarten classrooms throughout South-East Queensland. Analysis shows the reported effects of policy regimes, designed to improve the quality of learning young children experience, on classroom teachers' work. Findings suggest that increasing levels of governance enacted through policy texts are creating an audit culture where teachers' educational work with children is changing. This article argues that the reported workload associated with the production of evidence, and the focus on providing ‘proof’ of quality, is taking teachers away from time spent building educative relationships with children.

Conversation analysis in the differentiation of psychogenic nonepileptic and epileptic seizures in pediatric and adolescent settings.

The differential diagnosis of epileptic seizures (ES) and psychogenic nonepileptic seizures (PNES) is often difficult, especially in pediatric and adolescent settings. Conversation analysis (CA) can be a worthwhile diagnostic tool in adults. The aim of this study was to assess the diagnostic value of CA in Italian children and adolescents. Ten patients (seven females and three males), diagnosed using video-EEG as having either ES or PNES, underwent a video-recorded interview by a physician from outside the center specifically trained for this purpose. An external linguistic rater then examined the video recordings and transcripts using CA. Diagnoses formulated on the basis of interactional and linguistic features of the patients' speech were compared with diagnoses made by seizure experts on the basis of all available clinical information including the video-EEG findings. Conversation analysis diagnoses corresponded to the video-EEG diagnoses in 8 out of 10 cases. In conclusion, while some conversational adaptation is necessary to enable children and adolescents to share their seizure experiences with an adult health professional, this study indicates the differential diagnostic potential of a CA approach in these young people with PNES or epilepsy. Larger samples are obviously needed to confirm these findings.

It is better, but does it look better? Prosecutor perceptions of using rape complainant investigative interviews as evidence

This study used a mixed methods design to explore prosecutor perceptions (N=30) of using video-recorded investigative interviews of adult rape complainants as their evidence in court. Prosecutors first rated ‘mock’ transcript excerpts from a complainant interview where questions were either (1) inappropriately closed and leading or (2) appropriately open. Complainants' responses were rated as less accurate and prosecutors reported that they would be less likely to recommend charges in the inappropriate compared with the appropriate questioning condition. When asked about the advantages of using the video-recorded interview as evidence many prosecutors cited the improved quality of information, credibility and an improved process for rape complainants. Disadvantages cited included that the cognitive interview format used by police would negatively affect juror credibility judgments. Prosecutors rated the characteristics of an ‘ideal’ video-recorded interview as being similar regardless of whether this was for police investigative reasons or for court prosecution. These findings suggest that using investigative interviews as evidence may be one way of improving the quality of rape complainant testimony.

A New Season for Reading Great Books!

Spring is upon us, and the new season has ushered in a splendid assortment of books to captivate children of all ages. In this issue, we are delighted to provide our first video-recorded author interview, which can be accessed by clicking on the hyperlink in the review of Thomas Wharton’s The Fathomless Fire. Wharton is a highly accomplished author and assistant professor of English at the University of Alberta who is currently working on a fantasy trilogy for young readers. We are thrilled that he granted us an interview in December 2012 to discuss his latest book and love of storytelling. We plan to offer additional video content in future issues whenever opportunities arise for our reviewers and editors to speak with storytellers, illustrators or publishers. If you believe, like I do, that young readers reap significant benefits by having access to a wide variety of books, then you’ll certainly be pleased to see the range of titles in this issue. If you’re looking for stories from the steampunk genre, do have a look at the highly recommended stories in Steampunk! (Our reviewer awarded it four stars!). If a dystopian novel is more to your taste, you may find enjoyment in reading Carrie Ryan’s The Dark and Hollow Places if you don’t mind that a legion of terrorizing zombies features prominently in the plot. Granted, reading about the living dead is not for everyone, so you might also consider Maile Meloy’s The Apothecary, a prize-winning work of historical fiction, or Kelly Armstrong’s The Calling, the second installment of her Darkness Rising trilogy. Of course, there are numerous picture books in this issue that deserve your consideration, such as Dream Away and The Great Sheep Shenanigans; both were awarded the highest rating by our reviewers. There are many more excellent books that explore a range of themes like health and nutrition, team sports, fun facts, and historical events, but for more topics you’ll have to check out the issue yourself. Enjoy! Best wishes, Robert DesmaraisManaging Editor

Is non-recognition of choreic movements in Huntington disease always pathological?

Clinical experience and prior studies suggest that Huntington disease (HD) patients have low insight into their motor disturbances and poor real-time awareness (concurrent awareness) of chorea. This has been attributed to sensory deficits but, until now, concurrent awareness of choreic movements has not been compared to the degree of insight that presymptomatic carriers of the HD gene and healthy control subjects have into non-pathological involuntary movements. To further investigate loss of insight into motor dysfunction in HD patients, we administered a video-recorded interview and 4experimental tasks to 68 subjects from the TRACK-HD cohort, including 28 high-functioning patients in early stages of HD, 28 premanifest mutation carriers and 12 controls. All underwent full neurological and neuropsychological evaluations and 3T MRI examinations. Subjects were asked to assess the presence, body location, frequency, practical consequences and probable causes of motor impairments, as well as the presence and body location of involuntary movements during 4experimental tasks. The accuracy of their judgments, assessed by comparison with objective criteria, was used as a measure of their insight into motor disturbances and of their concurrent awareness of involuntary movements.Insight was poor in early HD patients: motor symptoms were nearly always underestimated. In contrast, concurrent awareness of involuntary movements, although also poor, was essentially indistinguishable across the 3groups of subjects: non-pathological involuntary movements were as difficult to perceive by controls and premanifest carriers as was chorea for early HD patients. GLM analysis suggested that both concurrent awareness and perception of practical consequences of movement disorder had a positive effect on intellectual insight, and that mental flexibility is involved in concurrent awareness.Our results suggest that low insight into motor dysfunction in early HD, although marginally modulated by cognitive factors, is mainly non-pathological, and parallels a general tendency, shared by healthy subjects, to neglect self-generated involuntary movements in real time. This tendency, combined with the paucity of functional consequences of incipient chorea, could explain the difficulty of its discovery by the patients.

USING A DISCIPLINARY DISCOURSE LENS TO EXPLORE HOW REPRESENTATIONS AFFORD MEANING MAKING IN A TYPICAL WAVE PHYSICS COURSE

We carried out a case study in a wave physics course at a Swedish university in order to investigate the relations between the representations used in the lessons and the experience of meaning making in interview–discussions. The grounding of these interview–discussions also included obtaining a rich description of the lesson environment in terms of the communicative approaches used and the students’ preferences for modes of representations that best enable meaning making. The background for this grounding was the first two lessons of a 5-week course on wave physics (70 students). The data collection for both the grounding and the principal research questions consisted of video recordings from the first two lessons: a student questionnaire of student preferences for representations (given before and after the course) and video-recorded interview–discussions with students (seven pairs and one on their own). The results characterize the use of communicative approaches, what modes of representation were used in the lectures, and the trend in what representations students’ preferred for meaning making, all in order to illustrate how students engage with these representations with respect to their experienced meaning making. Interesting aspects that emerged from the study are discussed in terms of how representations do not, in themselves, necessarily enable a range of meaning making; that meaning making from representations is critically related to how the representations get situated in the learning environment; and how constellations of modes of disciplinary discourse may be necessary but not always sufficient. Finally, pedagogical comments and further research possibilities are presented.

Patients’ statements and experiences concerning receiving mechanical ventilation: a prospective video‐recorded study

Prospective studies using video-recordings of patients during mechanical ventilator treatment (MVT) while conscious have not previously been published. The aim was to describe patients' statements, communication and facial expressions during a video-recorded interview while undergoing MVT. Content analysis and hermeneutics inspired by the philosophy of Gadamer were used. The patients experienced almost constant difficulties in breathing and lost their voice. The most common types of communication techniques patients used were nodding or shaking the head. Their expressions were interpreted as stiffened facial expression, tense body position and feelings of sadness and sorrow. Nursing care for patients' conscious during MVT is challenging as it creates new demands regarding the content of the care provided. In caring for patients undergoing MVT while conscious, establishing a caring relationship, making patients feel safe and helping them to communicate seem to be most important for alleviating discomfort and instilling hope.

Inter-rater reliability of the French version of the core index for melancholia

Background Assuming that psychomotor disturbances represent the core and are specific of melancholia, Parker et al. have developed the CORE, an 18-item scale assessing retardation, agitation and non-interactivity by behavioural observation which is able to distinguish melancholia from other depressive disorders. We report an inter-rater reliability study of the French version of the CORE. Methods 35 French-speaking in-patients, with ICD-10 criteria for major depression underwent a video-recorded interview aimed to rate the CORE. Each patient's recording was rated by 5 psychiatrists. We tested the inter-rater reliability of the total CORE score and of each of its three subscales' scores using the intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC). A cut-off score for melancholia was established against the opinion of the psychiatrist in charge of the patient using a ROC curve. We used Cohen's kappa to assess the agreement between raters as to rate patients above the cut-off, namely the allocation of melancholia. Results The global ICC for the total score was 0.88 and ranged from 0.97 to 0.75 for the varying rater dyads. A ROC curve yielded an optimal cut-off of 5 for melancholia. The global kappa for the agreement on melancholia allocation was good (0.65). Limitations The five raters had not exactly the same condition of quotation. The agreement for the “agitation” subscale was poor. Conclusion The French version of the CORE, has a good to excellent inter-rater reliability for the total score as for the allocation of melancholia according to a cut-off. Further validation studies are required to allow research application.

Interviewing child witnesses within Memorandum guidelines. A survey of police officers in England and Wales

Since 1991, the evidence-in-chief of child witnesses in United Kingdom (UK) criminal proceedings can be an initial video-recorded interview between a police officer/social worker and the child witness. This paper reports on the results of a survey of the attitudes and opinions of police officers who conduct video interviews with child witnesses in 18 police forces in England and Wales. Notably, officers' views were sought on the conduct of interviews. This builds on previous surveys which have focused on general views of videotaping children's evidence (for example, Davies and others 1995) and training issues (for example, Davies, Marshall and Robertson, 1998). Our findings support previous reports in that police officers view current provisions for child witnesses as a step in the right direction (Davies and others, 1995) but there are some reported limitations for example, gaps in training (Davies, Marshall and Robertson, 1998). In addition, we highlight the difficulties that can arise in relation to language use and some differences of opinion amongst officers (for example, with respect to the use of props in interviewing). Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Child Witness Investigative Interviews: An Analysis of the Use of Children's Video-Recorded Evidence in North Yorkshire

Since the 1992 onset in England and Wales of video-recorded investigative interviews with children for possible use in criminal proceedings, there have been claims that far too many such interviews are being recorded. Indeed, debate about the usefulness of video-recorded interviews centres on the argument that only a few of the many interviews with children which have been recorded on video are used either in criminal courts or, indeed, anywhere else. This paper examines the number and outcome of the video-recorded interviews which were conducted between 1993 and 1996 by the North Yorkshire Police Family Protection Unit (South). Some time after having a video-recorded interview with a child witness/victim the police officer involved in the case completed a questionnaire, the results of which were collated. The results suggest that interviews with children provide useful evidential material and are, in fact, being used. This paper relates only to records kept by the police and not social services. It is not the intention to disregard the process of joint investigation or, indeed, to ignore the importance of the role of social services in the video-recorded interviews referred to in this paper.