Victims Of Crime Research Articles

Facilitators of, Barriers to, and Innovations in the Implementation of the Trauma Recovery Center Model for Underserved Victims of Violent Crime in Los Angeles County.

We used an explanatory sequential mixed methods approach to assess implementation of five TRCs in LA County between 2021 and 2023. Descriptive analyses included process and outcome metrics. A Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used to assess the difference between pre- and postassessment measures, including change in the Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) Checklist for the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5), World Health Organization Quality of Life (WHOQOL), and social needs. Subsequent qualitative interviews of TRC staff were conducted to identify drivers of process and outcome metrics. Interviews were guided and analyzed using the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research. There were 1,662 victims who received care at the TRCs; they were predominantly female (78.6%, n=1,174) and Latinx (68.1%, n=970) and had less than a high school education (41.7%, n=561). Mean PTSD Checklist for the DSM-5 scores improved from 42.3 to 27.6 (p<0.001), and WHOQOL scores improved by at least 0.8 points across each domain (p<0.001). A total of 36 TRC staff members participated in interviews that revealed four themes: 1) clients have complex mental health needs, 2) social needs are compounded by a limited safety net, 3) implementation varies by existing infrastructure and leadership, and 4) funding restrictions limit care. The TRC model brings comprehensive care to underserved victims of crime, with improvements in PTSD symptoms and quality of life. Funding concerns were the central limitation in model implementation according to TRC staff.

Institute of Private Prosecution in Criminal Procedure of the Russian Federation and Some Recommendations for Vietnam

Criminal proceedings in Vietnam are characterized by significant limitations on the role of individual victims in the resolution of criminal cases. The achievement of justice in such cases is entirely dependent on the effectiveness of an integrated system built by investigators, pracurators, and judges. Meanwhile, through the institution of private prosecution, Russian legislation grants victims of crimes a defined role in the resolution of criminal cases. Within this framework, victims have a decisive voice in holding offenders accountable, ensuring a balanced integration of public and private interests in case resolution. This article conducts a legal analysis and comparative study to explore the nature and content of the private prosecution institution in the criminal procedure legislation of the Russian Federation. Based on this analysis, the article provides recommendations for Vietnam to improve the provisions of its Criminal Procedure Code, particularly concerning the role of victims in the resolution of criminal cases, in line with the requirements of judicial reform.

Beyond the Evidence: How Race, Chronological Age, and Developmental Age Shape Juror Verdicts in Sexual Assault Cases.

There is an overrepresentation of Indigenous people (both as accused and victims of crime) and those with developmental delays in the Canadian Criminal Justice System. The current research examined the influence of defendant and victim race (involving Indigenous people), as well as defendant developmental and chronological age, on mock-jurors' perceptions and decisions in sexual assault cases. Experiment 1 examined the influence of defendant and victim race (Indigenous or White), and defendant chronological age (16- or 36-year). Experiment 2 examined defendant race (Indigenous or White), defendant developmental age (14- or 24-year), and defendant chronological age (14- or 24-year). In both experiments, mock-jurors rendered more guilty verdicts when the defendant was White, compared to Indigenous. Mock-jurors also were more lenient to the chronologically younger defendant in Experiment 1 and the developmentally younger defendant in Experiment 2. Finally, mock-jurors' acceptance of rape myths was assessed; higher endorsement was associated with lower guilt ratings.

Compensation of Material and Non-Material Damages to Crime Victims by the State in the Republic of Kosovo

The role of the state in providing legal and financial support to crime victims is vital, particularly for all individuals or groups affected by various criminal acts. This paper explores the mechanisms through which states offer assistance to victims, including counseling, healthcare, ongoing education on victims rights, and financial compensation for both material and non-material damages. Legislation enacted by states outlines specific criteria and programs aims at aiding crime victims in their rehabilitation and return to their normal life. The compensation system for crime victims varies from one country to another. This paper focuses on the compensation of crime victims in the Republic of Kosovo, a relatively new institute, not only in our country but also in the entire region. It examines the compensation of material and non-material damages as a fundamental right of victims, considering instances where the damages result from criminal offences and the corresponding obligations of the state. Furthermore, it analyzes the effectiveness of state compensation of victims well-being, drawing insights from relevant data on access to compensation by crime victims in Kosovo. This study highlights the importance of the state intervention in compensating crime victim, aiming to mitigate the impact of criminal acts and facilitate the victims recovery and reintegration into society.

Trauma Recovery Centers as an Innovative Model of Care for Underserved Victims of Violent Crime.

There are more than six million violent crimes annually in the United States, with persons from communities of color and lower socioeconomic status at highest risk. This article introduces the Trauma Recovery Center model of care for underserved victims that provides comprehensive mental health and case management services to all survivors of violence.

Critical Review of the Implementation of Restorative Justice for Victims of Sexual Violence Crimes: A Legal Positivism Perspective of Hart

Critical Review of the Implementation of Restorative Justice for Victims of Sexual Violence Crimes: A Legal Positivism Perspective of Hart

Customary Law Perspective: Legal Protection of Children as Crime Victims (Study in Parigi Moutong Regency)

This study aims to analyze the implementation of legal protection for child victims of violence and the juridical implications of resolving such cases through customary law mechanisms in Parigi Moutong Regency. Employing an empirical juridical method, the research incorporates a conceptual approach, a case approach, and a statute approach. Data were obtained through surveys, observations, and interviews with relevant stakeholders, and analyzed qualitatively. The findings reveal that legal protection for child victims has been implemented by relevant authorities, including law enforcement and child protection agencies. These efforts involve both formal legal proceedings and non-judicial support such as victim assistance and rehabilitation provided by the Department of Women’s Empowerment, Child Protection, Population Control, and Family Planning. However, the research also highlights the ongoing practice of resolving cases particularly those involving sexual violence through customary law. Such resolutions often contradict national legal standards and principles of children's human rights. The preference for customary mechanisms among local communities and traditional leaders reflects sociocultural norms and the perceived accessibility of informal justice systems. The study underscores the need for policy harmonization between state law and customary practices to ensure the protection and fulfillment of children's rights.

STORIES OF INJUSTICE: LIVED EXPERIENCES OF VICTIMIZATION IN THE PHILIPPINES

Injustice remains a persistent dilemma affecting crime victims and their families, often resulting from financial constraints, systemic biases, or flaws within the criminal justice system. This study aimed to explore the experiences of injustice among crime victims in Zamboanga del Norte. Using a phenomenological qualitative approach, in-depth interviews were conducted with ten (10) informants, comprising six (6) females and four (4) males from the province. Data analysis followed a six-step process: transcription, coding, selection of significant statements, formulation of meanings, clustering into themes, and generation of emergent themes. Findings revealed seven (7) dominant themes. Four (4) themes—phantom assailant, legal paperwork mishap, officer passivity, and unsettled litigation—captured the core injustices experienced. One (1) theme, conformity/lethargy, represented the coping mechanism adopted by informants in response to injustice. The remaining two (2) themes—official backing and legal parity—reflected the aspirations of informants to prevent future injustices. The study highlights the urgent need for systemic reforms to ensure equitable access to justice for all crime victims. Keywords: Injustices, Crime Victim, Lived Experiences

PERLINDUNGAN HUKUM TERHADAP ANAK SEBAGAI KORBAN EKSPLOITASI SECARA SEKSUAL

Children are individuals who legally require special protection due to limitations in dealing with problems, including when they become victims of crime. One form of crime that is very detrimental to children is sexual exploitation. Discussing legal regulations and forms of protection for children as victims of sexual exploitation. Acts of sexual exploitation as a serious crime against children's rights. Based on Article 59A of Law Number 35 of 2014 concerning Child Protection, the government is required to provide special protection for children who are victims of sexual exploitation. The protection provided consists of handling, psychological assistance, provision of social assistance and assistance in every legal process.

FROM PAST TO PRESENT: THE EVOLUTION OF VICTIM COMPENSATION IN INDIA'S CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM

India's criminal justice system's evolution of victim compensation demonstrates a notable shift from an offender-centric to a victim-centric framework. Indian criminal law has always placed a strong emphasis on punishing offenders, with little to no attention paid to the rehabilitation of victims who have experienced financial, psychological, or physical injury. One significant change was the addition of Section 357A to the Criminal Procedure Code, 1973 (CrPC), which required State Governments to work with the Central Government to establish a Victim Compensation Scheme. Although the goal of this provision was to give victims financial support and relief, its execution was hampered by uneven state-by-state application, lengthy bureaucratic processes, and no judicial control. The implementation of Section 396 of the Bhartiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023 (BNSS) represents a better organised and effective method of victim compensation. The BNSS aims to improve access to justice for victims of crime and eradicate past inefficiencies by giving courts more power to propose and guarantee the prompt payment of compensation. In keeping with the ideas of restorative justice, the law also places a strong emphasis on state-funded financial assistance, rehabilitation programs, and psychological support. Despite these advancements, challenges such as fund allocation, awareness among victims, and monitoring mechanisms remain crucial areas for further reform. This paper examines the historical development, legislative reforms, and contemporary challenges of victim compensation in India, emphasizing the need for a holistic, victim-centric justice system that prioritizes restoration and rehabilitation alongside punitive measures.

“Without Them We Would Be Lost”: Detective Experiences and Perceptions of Violent Crime Victim Advocates

“Without Them We Would Be Lost”: Detective Experiences and Perceptions of Violent Crime Victim Advocates

Effect of Victim Gender on Evaluations of Sexual Crime Victims and Perpetrators: Evidence from Japan

Effect of Victim Gender on Evaluations of Sexual Crime Victims and Perpetrators: Evidence from Japan

Measures Assessing Barriers and Facilitators to Post-Sexual Violence Services: A Critical Review.

Sexual violence (SV) is a significant public health problem associated with poor health, social, and economic outcomes. Although services exist to support survivors of SV, many do not access these services. This critical review examines measures used to assess barriers and facilitators to post-SV services and whether these measures address the full breadth of concerns among SV survivors, particularly those who hold marginalized identities. Eligible studies had to be original and peer-reviewed, include a measure of barriers or facilitators to service-seeking, and focus on SV survivors. We reviewed 10 measures that assessed barriers and/or facilitators to mental health, medical, advocacy, and legal services among SV survivors. These measures were designed for and/or applied to survivors of intimate partner violence, human trafficking, military sexual trauma, child sexual abuse, and adult sexual assault. Populations sampled included college students, military personnel, gender and sexual minority youth, women living with HIV, and crime victims seeking legal services. Using a social-ecological model approach, we assessed barriers at the individual, interpersonal/community/provider, and structural/organizational levels. Barriers at the community level were largely absent, and only three measures addressed facilitators. Five measures provided some psychometric data with survivors, and only three incorporated survivor feedback in their development. Four measures included some cultural and/or identity-specific factors. Future research should prioritize the development of trauma- and violence-informed measures that incorporate survivor feedback and address diverse cultural and identity contexts to improve service access and utilization.

Cyber Crime and Female Victims in India: A Growing Crisis in the Digital Age

Abstract The rapid digital expansion in India has brought immense opportunities but has also led to an alarming rise in cybercrime, with women being disproportionately targeted. Cyber threats such as online harassment, cyber stalking, identity theft, and financial fraud have become significant concerns, exposing female users to serious psychological, financial, and social consequences. The anonymity of the internet has emboldened cybercriminals, making it easier to perpetrate crimes like morphing, revenge pornography, and deepfake manipulation, which often lead to public shaming and emotional distress. Additionally, cases of online financial fraud and phishing scams disproportionately affect women due to targeted social engineering tactics. Despite the growing threat, legal frameworks and enforcement mechanisms remain inadequate in effectively addressing these crimes. While initiatives such as the Information Technology Act, 2000, and various helplines exist, challenges such as victim hesitancy, lack of digital awareness, and inefficient legal procedures hinder effective redressal. This paper explores the rising cyber threats against women in India, examines real-world case studies, and evaluates the existing legal and social response mechanisms. It further emphasizes the need for stronger cybersecurity policies, public awareness campaigns, and enhanced legal frameworks to ensure the safety and digital empowerment of women in India.

NEEDS ANALYSIS FOR ESP: POLICE SCHOOL OF UIA CADETS’ PERSPECTIVES

There are more foreigners visiting, working, and residing in Mongolia than ever before. As a result, there is a heightened risk for foreigners to become victims of crime. How many police officers can effectively addres this issue despite language barriers? This paper is focused on the need for police officers in Mongolia to speak and understand English, today’s glabal language. Emphasis is placed on the the language needs of the cadets in the Police School of the University of Internal Affairs (UIA) in Mongolia. The proficiency level of the four English language skills, learning material, and soft skills have all been explored, findings are provided. The cadets' grasp of Police English for specific language, needs, and requirements has been examined. Questionnaires were the major data collection tools of the investigation. The survey was conducted using Google form with closed questions. The results were processed by SPSS. Emphasizing the importance of the specific English language for Police and their awareness to learn, the police school cadets made some choices in the content, such as the development of English speaking and listening skills, as well as contents like technology-related cyber-crimes, fraud, and crimes against health. Soft skills are one of the indicators of global competence. It is thought that Police English for specific language education will be advantageous to provide detailed training methods to practice soft skills like team management, stress management, risk management, and leadership etc...

ГЭМТ ХЭРГИЙН УЛМААС УЧИРСАН ХОХИРЛЫГ НӨХӨН ТӨЛӨХ САНГИЙН ОЛОН УЛСЫН БОЛОН ЗАРИМ ГАДААД УЛСЫН ЭРХ ЗҮЙН ЗОХИЦУУЛАЛТ

Victim compensation was developed because of the government’s moral re-sponsibility to providefinancial relief to victims of crime, to enhance public safety, and toencourage citizen cooperationwith the criminal justice system. Prior to victim compensationfund and programs, victims and survivors were often not able to access financial reparationfor costs associated with their victimization or loss. Criminal injuries compensation fund isreal and efficient way to providefinancial relief to victims of crime and to encourage citizencooperationwith the criminal justice system.

МОНГОЛ УЛСАД ЭМЭГТЭЙЧҮҮДИЙН ЭСРЭГ ҮЙЛДЭХ ГЭМТ ХЭРЭГТЭЙ ТЭМЦЭХ АСУУДАЛ

The article gives the criminological characteristics of criminal violence againstwomen in Mongolia. The author identified the main causes and conditions of a high level of do-mestic violence and its latency. Also the article gives the analysis of measures to counter violenceagainst women undertaken by the Mongolian government. The author emphasizes the priorityof victim logical prevention, general reorientation of law enforcement agencies on the primaryprotection of crime victims rights and interests, as well as the need to change the stereotypesof public consciousness.

Implementation Security and Privacy in the Era of Industry 4.0 to Protect Digital Attacks on Health Profession Students: SOAR Analysis

Health Profession Students are Generation Z potential targets in today's digital world. However, in the era of Industry 4.0, technological developments also impact high risks to security and privacy. Therefore, efforts to increase digital security and privacy awareness are the top priorities to protect against digital attacks as a threat to students' health. This research aims to conduct data mapping precisely where students' online activities can be explored in detail so that the threat of digital attacks can be overcome with practical strategic steps using SOAR analysis. The research uses descriptive quantitative methods with a structured questionnaire survey approach and a sample of 372 university students with a health major. The results of the study show an overview of student activities in the digital world, namely the use of passwords on systems they do not know the validity of, low knowledge about the use of software as a two-step security tool, and students behave passively when they become victims of digital crime. Strategic steps in protecting against digital attacks include strengths, opportunities, aspirations, and results. This research offers a robust strategic basis for formulating a curriculum related to security and privacy awareness policies for students in overcoming digital threats in the industry 4.0 era and designing a program plan to engage students in digital literacy as agents of change actively. Future research should analyze Security and Privacy in Industry 4.0 to protect against digital attacks, expanding the sample to various Indonesian universities and study programs.

Criminal Legislation and Women in Sexual Assault Cases: Justice or Victim Blaming?

Sexual assault is a critical social problem with extensive ramifications that deeply affect and displace models of women (Alfadhel, Fouda, &amp; Awny, 2024). Not only does it have an impact on their physical and emotional health, but also on their sense of safety, autonomy, and ability to participate in society fully. This study offers a comparative analytical account of criminal legislation on sexual assault crimes because it intends to catch the actual role of such laws in the process of justice and the protection of the rights of women as victims or, on the contrary, in the blame they get from such crimes. It examines the relationship between legal provisions and societal culture and how, in turn, this affects the judiciary and society's treatment of women who are the victims of such crimes. But the fact is that while criminal laws are meant to protect rights and uphold the dignity of human beings, most legal systems do not have adequate laws to protect victims and what they have is often victim blaming" (Independent Office for Police Conduct [IOPC], 2024) This research highlights the ways in which cultural and social factors can affect the enforcement of legal provisions, resulting in victim blaming rather than the delivery of justice. It also deals with the influence of these cultural factors upon judicial processes and damage to justice in crimes against women. This study also incorporates a comparative overview between Sharia Islamic law and some Western and international legal systems to identify some legislative and cultural gaps that could prevent the realization of justice. The research seeks to provide legal and social solutions to amend the prevailing conditions and to reinforce the legal protection of women through legal amendments. It also features social awareness mechanisms that support judicial neutrality and work toward the realization of justice.

Evolution of reparations for victims of international crimes provisions and their gradual implementation in the Republic of Moldova

The evolution of the international criminal justice system demonstrates that the issue of reparations for victims of international crimes only began to concern the international community in the early 1990s, with the establishment of the first international criminal tribunal. From this moment, the authors of international texts regulating the activities of these jurisdictions have developed numerous standards aimed at the de facto rehabilitation of victims of international crimes. These provisions have been developed both through the jurisprudence of the tribunals and in the practice of the International Criminal Court. The Republic of Moldova, during the process of association, and now in the process of negotiating accession to the European Union, has ratified all international instruments aimed at eliminating impunity for war crimes, crimes against humanity, and crimes against peace. However, the documents on which the European Commission evaluates the national legal system during the negotiation process demonstrate that the national legislation presents certain shortcomings in terms of sufficient guarantees for victims of crimes. This article presents the most recent provisions regarding reparations for victims of international crimes and evaluates the compatibility of the Republic of Moldova’s legislation with international standards in the field, identifying solutions to overcome the inconsistencies.