BackgroundSnakebite envenoming (SBE) is a significant yet often overlooked public health crisis that primarily affects impoverished communities. Mobile applications (apps) can be effective tools for managing snakebites. To meet the World Health Organization’s (WHO) goal of reducing SBE by 50% by 2030, app developers must consider regional users’ preferences to ensure their apps provide relevant and accurate information. This study predicted the importance of various functionalities of a mobile app for managing snakebites based on user preferences. Our objective was to provide quantitative evidence on which functions should be prioritized to inform the development of a customized local app to enhance snakebite care in Ghana.MethodsA cross-sectional survey using a quantitative statistical experiment design method was conducted to identify healthcare workers’ preferences for vital mobile app functions for managing snakebites. Participants were selected from two deprived and predominantly rural districts in the Eastern region of Ghana through a multi-stage sampling technique. The attributes used in the questionnaire were developed based on literature reviews and focus group discussions, and a statistical block design was employed to create the choice tasks. To rigorously evaluate the performance of the machine learning (ML) models and reduce the risk of overfitting, we employed 5-fold cross-validation and multiple evaluation metrics. The data were analyzed using seven ML models.ResultsThe four most vital mobile app functions identified by the participants were “step-by-step assistance for victims and first responders” (utility estimates (β) =0.3924; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.3183 to 0.4665), “providing educational and training materials” (β = 0.2243; 95% CI: 0.1500 to 0.2987), “identifying venomous snakes through clinical evidence or symptoms” (β = 0.1718; 95% CI: 0.0982 to 0.2454) and “identifying venomous snake biodiversity in your area/region” (β = 0.0898; 95% CI: 0.0176 to 0.1620). Conversely, the app functions that were less favored included “platform for sharing snakebite treatment experiences” (β = -0.2503; 95% CI: -0.3268 to -0.1738) and “designing educational games about snakes” (β = -0.3995; 95% CI: -0.4737 to -0.3252). These findings align with subgroup analyses by gender, suggesting a consistent understanding of needs across different demographic groups.ConclusionsThis study provides quantitative evidence on which mobile app functions should be prioritized to inform the development of a customized local app to improve management and care for snakebite victims in Ghana and other sub-Saharan African countries.

Children as a vulnerable group require special protection, especially when they become victims of sexual violence. In practice, child victims often experience various obstacles in obtaining justice, including limited access to legal aid, psychological trauma, and suboptimal assistance during the criminal justice process. This study aims to analyze the forms of advocacy and legal assistance provided to child victims of sexual violence, the role of law enforcement agencies and child protection agencies in providing legal protection, and the obstacles encountered in its implementation. This study uses a normative legal research method with a legislative and conceptual approach. The results show that advocacy and legal assistance for child victims of sexual violence include legal assistance, protection of the victim's identity, psychological recovery, and fulfillment of the victim's rights during the judicial process. The role of institutions such as law enforcement officers, legal aid agencies, and child protection agencies is crucial in ensuring the comprehensive fulfillment of the rights of child victims.

This study aims to examine the factors contributing to the occurrence of sexual harassment crimes in Makassar City and to analyze the efforts undertaken for their prevention and control. The research employs an empirical approach, with the research location at the South Sulawesi Regional Police (Polda Sulsel). The types and sources of data consist of primary, secondary, and tertiary data, which were collected through interviews and documentation. The collected data were subsequently analyzed using qualitative analysis. The findings indicate that the factors contributing to sexual harassment crimes in Makassar City include environmental factors, peer association factors, and economic factors. Preventive and control measures implemented by the South Sulawesi Regional Police involve firm law enforcement accompanied by public education and legal literacy programs related to sexual harassment, as well as legal awareness campaigns addressing its forms, impacts, and legal consequences. In terms of countermeasures, efforts include the provision of legal protection, medical assistance, and social rehabilitation for victims of sexual harassment. Based on these findings, this study recommends that law enforcement officers be provided with gender- and victim-sensitive training to ensure professional, empathetic, and fair handling of sexual harassment cases without blaming or marginalizing victims. Furthermore, the police are encouraged to develop more accessible reporting mechanisms, such as dedicated hotlines or mobile-based applications, to enable victims to report incidents safely while ensuring confidentiality.

This study aims to examine the factors contributing to the occurrence of sexual harassment crimes in Makassar City and to analyze the efforts undertaken for their prevention and control. The research employs an empirical approach, with the research location at the South Sulawesi Regional Police (Polda Sulsel). The types and sources of data consist of primary, secondary, and tertiary data, which were collected through interviews and documentation. The collected data were subsequently analyzed using qualitative analysis. The findings indicate that the factors contributing to sexual harassment crimes in Makassar City include environmental factors, peer association factors, and economic factors. Preventive and control measures implemented by the South Sulawesi Regional Police involve firm law enforcement accompanied by public education and legal literacy programs related to sexual harassment, as well as legal awareness campaigns addressing its forms, impacts, and legal consequences. In terms of countermeasures, efforts include the provision of legal protection, medical assistance, and social rehabilitation for victims of sexual harassment. Based on these findings, this study recommends that law enforcement officers be provided with gender- and victim-sensitive training to ensure professional, empathetic, and fair handling of sexual harassment cases without blaming or marginalizing victims. Furthermore, the police are encouraged to develop more accessible reporting mechanisms, such as dedicated hotlines or mobile-based applications, to enable victims to report incidents safely while ensuring confidentiality.

This study aims to analyze the framing of online news regarding the flood disaster in Sumatra in December 2025 using Entman’s framing model (1993). The research objects include three major online media outlets: Kompas.com, CNBC Indonesia, and Detik.com, which reported on flooding and landslides across various regions in Sumatra. The analysis focuses on four framing elements: problem definition (define problem), cause diagnosis (diagnose causes), moral evaluation (make moral judgments), and treatment recommendations (treatment recommendations). This study employs a qualitative descriptive method with content analysis, examining news articles in depth to uncover the framing patterns used by each media outlet. The results indicate that although all three media reported the same event, the framing strategies differed according to editorial focus and target audiences. Kompas.com and CNBC Indonesia emphasized the humanitarian impact, particularly the number of fatalities, directing readers to view the floods as an urgent social crisis. Detik.com highlighted the emergency status in 25 regencies/cities, emphasizing administrative coordination and government disaster management. All three media identified natural factors as the primary cause of the disaster and relied on BNPB as an authoritative source, shaping public perception regarding government responsibility in disaster response. The recommended solutions varied according to media perspective, ranging from victim assistance and humanitarian aid to operational coordination and emergency management. In conclusion, online news reporting constructs a multidimensional narrative encompassing humanitarian, administrative, and institutional legitimacy aspects. The framing demonstrates that natural disasters are not only environmental phenomena but also social and administrative crises requiring an integrated response from both the government and society.

The crime of sexual exploitation of children is a serious crime that violates the dignity, honor, and human rights of children as part of the nation's future generation. Children are a vulnerable group that requires special legal protection, as emphasized in Law Number 35 of 2014 concerning Amendments to Law Number 23 of 2002 concerning Child Protection. This study aims to analyze the legal regulations regarding the crime of sexual exploitation of children, the application of the law in Decision Number 109/Pid.Sus/2024/PN.Jkt.Sel, as well as obstacles and solutions in law enforcement in Indonesia. The research method used is normative juridical with a statutory and case approach. Data were obtained through a literature study of laws and regulations, legal literature, and analysis of court decisions that are the object of the study. The results of the study indicate that the crime of sexual exploitation of children has been expressly regulated in Article 76D and Article 76E in conjunction with Article 76E. Article 81 and Article 82 of the Child Protection Law, with a maximum prison sentence of 15 years and a maximum fine of IDR 5,000,000,000. In Decision Number 109/Pid.Sus/2024/PN.Jkt.Sel, the Panel of Judges declared the defendant legally and convincingly proven to have committed sexual exploitation of children, thus imposing a prison sentence in accordance with applicable provisions. The judge's considerations were based on evidence in the form of witness statements, victim statements, evidence, and the defendant's statement that were mutually consistent, in accordance with the evidentiary system in the Criminal Procedure Code (KUHAP). The conclusion of this study is that the application of the Child Protection Law in cases of sexual exploitation of children has been carried out in accordance with the provisions, although in practice there are still obstacles, such as limited psychological assistance for victims, lack of public understanding, and cultural factors that often make victims reluctant to report.

Housing Assistance for Victims of Human Trafficking (DOJ)

Combating the Trafficking of Women: Understanding the Drivers, Assessing Human Rights Law, and Addressing Persistent Challenges

This research aims to explore the inclusion of religion in the support system for employees experiencing workplace bullying through the activities of chaplains (both clergy and lay) and to create a contextualized model of chaplaincy for addressing workplace bullying. In this study, chaplains and spiritual assistants are seen as members of the ‘spiritual mission’ of healthcare institutions, responsible for providing pastoral and spiritual support to staff and patients. Workplace bullying causes not only emotional and psychological harm but can also result in deep spiritual problems that require targeted pastoral counselling, guidance, education and support to overcome. However, the organization of such assistance has been little studied to date. Seeking to fill this gap, an exploratory qualitative study was conducted. Applying the methodological approach of informed grounded theory, nine Catholic chaplains and lay spiritual assistants (n = 9) working in six hospitals (n = 6) were interviewed. The in-depth interview method was used. Thematic analysis of the interviewed data indicated that a liminal identity of chaplains and spiritual assistants formed between different religious and secular fields. Utilizing the identified themes a compiled three-layer model (of micro-, meso-, and macro-systems) was developed involving five interacting factors: (1) inter-institutional vacuum (of the Church and healthcare institutions); (2) instrumentalized symbolic capital of the chaplain; (3) the integrity of the spiritual mission; (4) pastoral response to workplace bullying; and (5) support of the religious community. This study highlights structural and institutional conditions that determine whether members of the spiritual mission can appropriately respond to challenges posed by workplace bullying in healthcare settings. These findings expand theoretical understanding of the role of pastoral care in organizations, while also showing what specific indicators help management to recognize systematic gaps which may mitigate chaplains and spiritual assistants from caring for the emotional and religious spiritual well-being of employees.

Pemalang Regency continues to record a significant number of cases of violence against women and children, with 62 cases reported by the end of 2024. The main challenges include the limited skills of Women’s Empowerment and Child Protection (PPPA) cadres in handling cases of violence, the lack of ongoing training, and the need for effective violence prevention strategies. To support the initiative of making Pemalang a Child-Friendly District (KLA), it is essential to strengthen the capacity of PPPA cadres so they can respond more effectively to victims of violence. This community service program offers a solution through Psychological First Aid (PFA) psychoeducation for PPPA cadres, which covers: (1) strengthening basic understanding of PFA, (2) applying PFA principles (look, listen, link), (3) effective communication techniques with victims, and (4) handling violence from both legal and psychological perspectives. The implementation methods include knowledge transfer sessions, interactive discussions, field practice, and the provision of supporting booklets. This approach is designed to enhance the cadres’ skills in providing practical and human-centered support to victims. Based on qualitative evaluations, the program has improved the knowledge of PPPA cadres in Pemalang Regency regarding: (1) basic understanding of psychological first aid, (2) prioritizing and adopting a victim-centered perspective, and (3) strengthening victim assistance in both legal processes and psychological support needs. The service team has also developed a related module to enable cadres to continue improving their skills independently.

This article addresses a little-known and still under-researched topic concerning the forms of assistance provided to Ukrainian war refugees in Poland during the initial period of the Russian-Ukrainian war in 2022: the Scout service on their behalf. The aim of the study is to present the assistance provided by Scouts and Girl Scouts operating within the Scout and Girl Guide Emergency Service of the Polish Scouting Association, established in 2020 and reactivated after the full-scale Russian aggression against Ukraine. The source material for this article is studies and documents concerning PHiH’s activities, as well as accounts of service on the Polish-Ukrainian border, available on the ZHR website and Facebook social network, as well as communications from the PHiH Staff of the Małopolska District of the ZHR. In preparing this text, the author adopted a descriptive approach, focusing on the Scout service on behalf of refugees undertaken by Scouts and Girl Scouts operating within PHiH. In this study, the author discusses the activities of the Scout and Girl Guide Emergency Service in the Małopolska District of the Polish Scout and Girl Guide Association (ZHR), highlighting various aspects of Scout service for war refugees. Activities undertaken within this organization included: running a shelter for refugees and temporarily accommodating them for overnight stays after their journey to Poland, which often took place under very difficult conditions, while being additionally exposed to Russian missile and air attacks (planes, drones) on Ukrainian territory. Furthermore, these activities included: providing beverages and food, primarily sandwiches; assisting with legalizing their stay in Poland, for example, in the case of missing documents, including passports; or escorting individuals or families to trains departing for other locations in Poland or abroad (primarily Germany, Austria, and the Czech Republic). It should be remembered that after the beginning of the Russian aggression against Ukraine, over 7 million people, mainly women and children, fled the country to neighboring countries, with the majority fleeing to Poland. Polish Scouting organizations, including the Ukrainian Scout and Girl Guide Association, assisted those in need of assistance. The Małopolska District of the Scout and Guide Association (ZHR) served both in Krakow and on the border with Ukraine, with ZHR’s activities resulting from the provisions of the Scout Law and Promise. The result of this article is a discussion of the service of the Scouts and Guides of the Polish Scout and Guide Association (PHiH) on behalf of Ukrainian war refugees, and examples of such service. It constitutes an important contribution to ongoing efforts to discuss assistance for victims of the Russian-Ukrainian war — including refugees — from both Poland and other European and global countries. It is hoped that after the end of the brutal Russian invasion of Ukraine on February 24, 2022, a historical study will be published, devoted to these

Economic violence has been singled out as a separate type of violence in order to develop an effective system to counter it and create an adequate system of assistance for victims. Due to economic violence often being “invisible to the naked eye”, it is problematic to prove and justify its persistence. The most visible form of this violence is non-alimony, which continues to be a statistically significant social problem in Poland. In view of the nature and scale of this problem, the Constitutional Court has undertaken considerations regarding the system of sanctions against alimony debtors and the alimony fund. To a small extent, the Court, in its decisions has analysed the situation of persons entitled to alimony, i.e. the victims of this violence. The article analyses the legal and social factors conditioning the weakened position of victims and exacerbating gender stereotypes in law, jurisprudence and society. Although it is common for courts to declare that they are guided by the welfare of the child, their decisions often replicate social patterns and lead to an unequal distribution of roles. Current laws on economic violence, administrative and criminal sanctions for non-alimony and related statistics are also examined. Non-alimony in Poland is primarily a problem for women, whose property status after separation generally declines due to the need to reconcile work and family life. However, the current state of the law leads to discrimination against both women and men because of how the law and jurisprudence perpetuate the patterns of a woman-homemaker and a man-breadwinner.

Globally, victim rights have experienced substantial changes as a result of changing legislative frameworks, human rights discussions, and policy initiatives. This study highlights significant developments, difficulties, and discrepancies in the protection of victim rights by comparing victimology trends across different jurisdictions. The study looks at legislative changes, historical trends, and the function of international organizations in harmonizing victim assistance programs. Emerging topics including victim compensation, restorative justice, and digital victimization are also covered. This study finds areas that need more reform and best practices by examining case studies from various legal systems. The results add to a more comprehensive understanding of the development of victimology and provide guidance to victim advocates, legal experts, and legislators globally. Despite victimology's widespread popularity, it is surprising that no thorough history of the field has ever been produced, nor are there any systematic evaluations of its current status or anticipated future advances. This study is an attempt to address this issue. Victimology is an exciting field that is still in its infancy. Furthermore, even though victimization is as old as humanity, the scientific study of crime victims did not become a necessary addition to criminology's established research on offenders until after World War II. Victimology quickly became an essential component of criminology since it was developed to address a significant theoretical need. Even though victimology has established itself as a significant field of study within criminology, there is still a lot of debate and discussion about its nature, significance, and status.

This community service program aims to strengthen the role of Integrated Health Post (Posyandu ILP) cadres in child protection through legal psychology education in Srigonco Village, Malang Regency, Indonesia. Posyandu cadres serve as frontline community agents in monitoring child health and welfare; however, their understanding of children’s rights, legal protection, and psychological assistance for child abuse victims remains limited. This condition has contributed to the low level of early detection and reporting of child abuse cases at the village level. To address these challenges, this program implemented a series of educational interventions, including legal counseling on child protection laws, workshops on early detection and handling of child abuse cases, and training on psychological approaches for assisting child victims. The activities were conducted using participatory methods such as lectures, interactive discussions, case simulations, and role-playing. The effectiveness of the program was evaluated through pre-test and post-test assessments, observation, and participant feedback. The results indicate a significant improvement in cadres’ knowledge and skills regarding children’s rights, legal reporting mechanisms, and appropriate psychological assistance techniques. The cadres demonstrated increased confidence in identifying signs of abuse, providing initial support to victims, and coordinating with relevant authorities. Additionally, this program contributed to strengthening community awareness through educational campaigns involving local stakeholders. Overall, this community service initiative successfully enhanced the capacity of Posyandu cadres as agents of change in promoting child protection at the grassroots level. The program also reflects the synergy between academic institutions and local communities in creating a safer and more child-friendly social environment. The main output of this program is a scientific article targeted for publication in a nationally accredited journal.

Honour-based violence is a serious social phenomenon whose institutional attention in Spain is still scarce. Therefore, this research aims to identify and analyse the existing literature within the European context that shows empirical results on social intervention in the field of honour-based violence. The aim is to contribute significant elements to the academic debate that favour the construction of an institutional response in Spain, as established by the Istanbul Convention of the Council of Europe. To this end, we developed an exploratory systematized review based on the PRISMA methodology. The results show how the greatest academic prominence is in the United Kingdom and Sweden, in correspondence with the greater institutional and regulatory attention given in both countries. The analysis of the selected articles allows us to place four thematic categories of interest: assistance and protection for victims, identification of risk and conditions of vulnerability, narratives and institutional discourses and, finally, the detection of honour-based violence in the educational context. The study concludes by pointing out the importance of developing a holistic care model focused on the prevention of the phenomenon and the specific intervention with victims.

This research is motivated by the increasing number of cases of child sexual abuse that cause serious psychological impacts in the form of trauma and emotional development disorders. The purpose of this study is to describe and analyze the process of religious guidance through Islamic religious education counseling for child victims of sexual abuse, which includes four main aspects, namely: (1) planning religious guidance, (2) implementing religious guidance activities, (3) strengthening religious guidance, and (4) supervision in the guidance process. This study uses a qualitative method with data collection techniques through interviews, observations, and documentation. The validity of the data is tested using triangulation and member check techniques. The results of the study indicate that religious guidance planning is carried out by compiling programs, scheduling activities, and evaluating the results of guidance. The implementation of activities is carried out through religious counseling, psychological approaches, and integration of spiritual values to help children understand and internalize religious teachings independently. Strengthening guidance is carried out through spiritual counseling services, psychological assistance, and legal assistance for victims. Meanwhile, supervision of guidance is carried out through optimizing the role of the community in community-based child protection groups as an integrated system to create a safe and child-friendly environment.

Introduction: Having helping nature and being as first responders to any kind of emergency situations is always appreciable. Social workers, medical professionals, police practitioners etc., are the first ones who are getting the label of first responders. When it comes to the Police practitioners, their duty is not only limited to the immediate assistance to the public. But their profession continuously involves handling of crime investigation and victim assistance. A common stereotypical belief of the public is that the police practitioners are always physically and mentally strong. On the other hand, the existing literatures proved that the police practitioners are going through different kind of physical ailment and mental trauma including professional stress, depression, secondary traumatic stress (STS), moral injury, etc. Aim: To identify the relationship between STS and Ethical Injury (EI) among police practitioners, and to understand the impact of STS and EI on Police Mental Health. Study Design: Exploratory research design. Area and Duration of the Study: The study was conducted during the period between August and September, 2024 in Jodhpur, Rajasthan. Methodology: A multistage sampling method was used to choose 45 police practitioners who were taking part of criminal investigation of murder/grievous hurt/aggravated form of sexual offenses/grave accidents/suicide etc., within the last one-month period of time. The pertinent data were collected through structured interview schedules including validated STS scale and Ethical Injury scale. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS. Results: 71% of the police practitioners suffered due to any form of emotional impact after investigating violent crimes. 33.33% police practitioners found with high level of STS. A moderate positive correlation (r=.392, ρ<.01) between Secondary Traumatic Stress and Ethical Injury was found. Conclusion: Higher the ethical injury makes the police practitioners more vulnerable towards secondary traumatic stress. The police have multiple roles for the benefit of society; hence their mental health status should be assessed periodically to assure their wellbeing and performance. The study urges the police department to address or alleviate the issue of STS among police officials for their improved performance.

This study aims to analyze the efforts of the Surabaya City Government in addressing domestic violence resulting from online gambling, using the perspectives of legal system theory and mashlahah. The focus of the research is on the role of the Surabaya City Office of Women’s Empowerment, Child Protection, Population Control, and Family Planning (DP3AP2KB) as the implementing agency for women and child protection policies. This study employs a qualitative approach, utilizing field studies and in-depth interviews with key informants from the agency, victims of domestic violence, and community leaders. The findings indicate that structurally, DP3AP2KB has undertaken several initiatives through socialization, education, and the provision of legal and psychological assistance for victims. However, the effectiveness of these policies is hindered by the community’s weak legal culture and limited public participation in prevention efforts. From the perspective of Lawrence M. Friedman’s legal system theory, the imbalance between structure, substance, and legal culture remains a major obstacle. Meanwhile, from a mashlahah perspective, the protection of victims and the prevention of domestic violence caused by online gambling are considered essential to preserving the well-being of families and society. Therefore, institutional synergy and the strengthening of legal literacy grounded in religious and social values are necessary to build an effective and sustainable protection system.

In post-disaster search and rescue (SAR) operations, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) are essential tools, yet the large volume of raw visual data often overwhelms human operators by providing isolated, context-free information. This paper presents an innovative system with a novel cognitive–agentic architecture that transforms the UAV from an intelligent tool into a proactive reasoning partner. The core innovation lies in the LLM’s ability to perform high-level semantic reasoning, logical validation, and robust self-correction through internal feedback loops. A visual perception module based on a custom-trained YOLO11 model feeds the cognitive core, which performs contextual analysis and hazard assessment, enabling a complete perception–reasoning–action cycle. The system also incorporates a physical payload delivery module for first-aid supplies, which acts on prioritized, actionable recommendations to reduce operator cognitive load and accelerate victim assistance. This work, therefore, presents the first developed LLM-driven architecture of its kind, transforming a drone from a mere data-gathering tool into a proactive reasoning partner and demonstrating a viable path toward reducing operator cognitive load in critical missions.

Cases of sexual abuse against women and children in Maros Regency remain high and have a serious impact on the mental health of victims, such as anxiety, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The Office of Women's Empowerment and Child Protection (DP3A) has so far only focused on data collection, so it does not yet have a sustainable trauma recovery intervention method. This community service program implements Acceptance-Based Behavioral Therapy (ABBT) as an alternative solution. ABBT emphasizes acceptance, mindfulness training, and behavioral activation to improve the psychological flexibility and well-being of victims. The program implementation includes initial assessment using the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21), training for DP3A facilitators, victim assistance, and the use of the EmbraceU digital application as a supporting medium. The results of the activity show an increase in the capacity of facilitators in understanding and applying ABBT, as well as an improvement in the psychological condition of victims, marked by a decrease in symptoms of stress, anxiety, and depression. Victims also began to show courage in socializing and motivation to return to school. This program strengthens the institutional capacity of DP3A in trauma recovery services and provides an effective and sustainable intervention model for the protection of women and children.