Viburnum cylindricum Buch. -Ham. ex D. Don is a commonly used medicinal Viburnum species containing abundant bioactive secondary metabolites. In this study, 14 aryltetralin lignan glycosides, including three previously undescribed ones, viburindrosides A-C (1-3), along with two rare variable 9-O-2'-aryltetralin lignan glycosides (13 and 14), were isolated from V. cylindricum leaves by utilizing a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry-guided strategy. The structures of these compounds were elucidated by spectroscopic data, experimental and calculated electronic circular dichroism spectra, and chemical methods. In addition, the activity assessment results indicated that among all isolates, compounds 13 and 14 exhibited the strongest α-glucosidase inhibitory activity with the half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values of 7.69 and 7.25 µM, respectively, while compounds 5 and 7 showed the potent urease inhibitory activity with the IC50 values of 16.01 and 15.23 µM, respectively. Furthermore, molecular docking studies provided insights into the binding interactions of the four active compounds with α-glucosidase and urease, respectively.

The genus Viburnum includes more than 150 species of ornamental shrubs and trees that are cultivated worldwide. In Aotearoa New Zealand (NZ), V. opulus is the most popular of the species widely used in landscaping. To date, alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV) has been the only virus reported in viburnum in NZ. Here, we report the identification and molecular characterization of a novel carlavirus, tentatively named "viburnum carlavirus 1" (VibCV1), from a V. opulus plant coinfected with AMV. The virus was characterized using high-throughput sequencing, transmission electron microscopy, and herbaceous indexing. The complete genome of VibCV1 is 8,444 nucleotides in length and contains six open reading frames, with an organization typical of members of the genus Carlavirus. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that VibCV1 is most closely related to helleborus mosaic virus (HeMV), sharing 80.24% and 85.48% amino acid sequence identity in the replicase and coat protein, respectively. These values lie on the borderline of the current species demarcation criteria for the family Betaflexiviridae. Considering its distinct natural host range, limited distribution, and phylogenetic divergence from HeMV, we suggest that VibCV1 possibly represents a new species within the genus Carlavirus. The low incidence of VibCV1 in NZ viburnum populations is also discussed.

Viburnum species are among the top-selling ornamental shrubs in Central Florida for placement in landscapes. Nurseries propagate viburnum by using landscape or production stock plants that may appear healthy but often harbor several foliar diseases prevalent in nurseries and landscape environments. These diseases then compromise production during the propagation stage. Research was conducted to determine if either drenching or dip-applying fungicides at the beginning of propagation would minimize disease severity. Two experiments using five treatments of fungicides were screened for efficacy. The pathogens Colletotrichum sp., Cercospora sp., Corynespora sp., and Phyllosticta sp. were isolated during the experiment. As a drench, both PostivaTM and Orkestra® significantly reduced final disease severity by > 50% compared to the untreated water control. For the dip-applied fungicide treatments, PostivaTM, Orkestra®, Ryora®, and Omega® all significantly reduced final disease severity by 57% on average compared to the control. The same four treatments also prevented disease severity from increasing in a statistically significant manner over time, unlike the control. Root length, fresh and dry weight were only negatively impacted by Ryora® as a drench.

The optical properties of lobed palisade mesophyll cells remain poorly understood despite their presence in diverse taxa and the critical role of the palisade layer in leaf-light interactions and carbon assimilation. Using microcomputed tomography, 3D ray tracing simulations, and physiological experiments, we tested the interactions among palisade cell geometry, chloroplast localization, light directional quality, and leaf optical and photosynthetic performance in the model taxon Viburnum. Simulations showed that lobed cells shifted between absorptance- and transmittance-dominated states depending on chloroplast localization, irrespective of light directional quality. In contrast, columnar palisade optics were driven by light directional quality, with absorptance-dominated properties under diffuse light and transmittance-dominated properties under direct light, irrespective of chloroplast localization. Lobed palisade cells in planta were less densely packed yet more productive on a per-cell basis than columnar palisade cells, resulting in interspecific conservation of maximum carbon assimilation rate per unit leaf tissue. For the Viburnum species studied, our results indicate a "many-to-one" mapping of multiple palisade cell forms to a common rate of photosynthetic productivity per unit tissue. This work highlights the dynamic relationship between palisade mesophyll form and function and informs the anatomical basis of plant carbon assimilation.

A fundamental objective of evolutionary biology is to understand the origin of independently evolving species. Phylogenetic studies of species radiations rarely are able to document ongoing speciation; instead, modes of speciation, entailing geographic separation and/or ecological differentiation, are posited retrospectively. The Oreinotinus clade of Viburnum has radiated recently from north to south through the cloud forests of Mexico and Central America to the Central Andes. Our analyses support a hypothesis of incipient speciation in Oreinotinus at the southern edge of its geographic range, from central Peru to northern Argentina. Although several species and infraspecific taxa have been recognized in this area, multiple lines of evidence and analytical approaches (including analyses of phylogenetic relationships, genetic structure, leaf morphology, and climatic envelopes) favor the recognition of just a single species, V. seemenii. We show that what has previously been recognized as V. seemenii f. minor has recently occupied the drier Tucuman-Bolivian forest region from Samaipata in Bolivia to Salta in northern Argentina. Plants in these populations form a well-supported clade with a distinctive genetic signature and they have evolved smaller, narrower leaves. We interpret this as the beginning of a within-species divergence process that has elsewhere in the neotropics resulted repeatedly in Viburnum species with a particular set of leaf ecomorphs. Specifically, the southern populations are in the process of evolving the small, glabrous, and entire leaf ecomorph that has evolved in four other montane areas of endemism. As predicted based on our studies of leaf ecomorphs in Chiapas, Mexico, these southern populations experience generally drier conditions, with large diurnal temperature fluctuations. In a central portion of the range of V. seemenii, characterized by wetter climatic conditions, we also document what may be the initial differentiation of the leaf ecomorph with larger, pubescent, and toothy leaves. The emergence of these ecomorphs thus appears to be driven by adaptation to subtly different climatic conditions in separate geographic regions, as opposed to parapatric differentiation along elevational gradients as suggested by Viburnum species distributions in other parts of the neotropics.

Viburnum chinshanense, a deciduous shrub in the family Caprifoliaceae, is a dominant tree distributed mainly in the North-Central and South-Central regions of China (Zhu et al. 2023). Because of its lush white flowers and vibrant red fruits, V. chinshanense is used widely as ornamental tree in China. In May 2022, severe powdery mildew symptoms were observed on V. chinshanense on the Huaxi Campus of Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, China. The incidence was approximately 75% among 80 V. chinshanense plants observed. White mycelia were present on both adaxial and abaxial leaf sides, but not on fruits, petioles, or stems. Infected leaves showed slight chlorosis and twisting. The mycelia were amphigenous, forming small-to-large patches, often sparse on the upper leaf surface, but mostly confluent on the lower leaf surface. Hyphae were hyaline, 4-7 μm wide. Hyphal appressoria were lobed to multilobed, in opposite pairs or solitary. Conidiophores were erect, straight, or somewhat flexuous, 60-130 µm long (n = 30). Foot cells were subcylindrical to slightly curved-sinuous at the base, 20-40 × 6-10 µm (n = 30) in size, followed by 1-3 shorter cells. Conidia formed singly, occasionally two to three in a chain. Conidia were ellipsoid to ovoid, cylindrical, and 24-40 × 16-20 µm (n = 50). No fibrosin bodies were observed on the conidia. Chasmothecia were subglobose, 56-115 µm in diameter. The appendages were 35-70 µm long. Based on these morphological characteristics, the powdery mildew fungus was identified as Erysiphe pseudoviburni (Bradshaw et al. 2020). To confirm the identification, the ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and the ribosomal large subunit (LSU) region were amplified and sequenced using the ITS1/ITS4 primer pair (White et al. 1990) and the NL1/NL4 primer pair (Ziemiecki et al. 1990), respectively. The obtained 643-bp ITS sequence (GenBank accession no. ON729292) had 99.84% identity with E. pseudoviburni strains KUS-F27310 (MN431595) and MUMH0001 (LC009904). The obtained 593-bp LSU sequence (ON729293) had 99.83% identity with E. pseudoviburni (LC009904 and MN431595). Based on the phylogenetic analysis of the combined ITS and LSU dataset (Bradshaw et al. 2020), the isolate (GZVD-1) was grouped in a clade with the E. pseudoviburni strains KUS-F27319, KUS-F27310, and MUMH0001. To fulfill Koch's postulates, leaves of three healthy potted V. chinshanense plants were inoculated by gently pressing with diseased leaves. Non-contact plants were used as controls. All plants were incubated in a greenhouse at 25 ± 2°C, 80% relative humidity. Similar powdery mildew symptoms were observed on the inoculated plants 12 days after inoculation, whereas the control plants remained symptomless. The reisolated fungus from the inoculated plants was morphologically identical to that on originally diseased plants. ITS and LSU sequences of the reisolated fungus showed 100% identity with ON729292 and ON729293, respectively. E. pseudoviburni has previously been reported to infect some Viburnum species, including V. sieboldii in Japan (Takamatsu et al. 2015) and V. odoratissimum in South Korea (Bradshaw et al. 2020). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of powdery mildew caused by E. pseudoviburni on V. chinshanense in China. This work expands the known host range of E. pseudoviburni in the Viburnum genus.

BackgroundViburnum simonsii Hook. f. & Thoms is one of the 17 Viburnum species reported from India. Viburnum species such as Viburnum opulus and Viburnum grandiflorum have been used since time immemorial to treat various ailments and their therapeutic claims have been scientifically validated. However, the species under investigation despite having a long traditional usage history for the treatment of various illnesses in Meghalaya, India has grossly remained unexplored to date. No scientific report validating its therapeutic claim has been reported thus far. Therefore, the present study was mainly focused on investigating the antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of V. simonsii and its phytochemical profile.ResultPreliminary phytocompound assessment revealed the presence of alkaloids, phenolics, steroids, glycoside and terpenoids. The fruit extract displayed good antioxidant activity with phenolic and flavonoid content of 250.20 ± 8.12 mgGAE/g and 40.65 ± 1.31 mgQE/g respectively, and IC50 value of 131.35 ± 1.71 µg/ml. In antimicrobial assay, inhibitory activity was observed against gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus) with 17.80 ± 0.80 mm and 15.78 ± 2.62 mm zone of inhibition respectively. However, no activity was observed against gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica) as well as fungus (Candida albicans). The absorption bands in the FTIR spectra of the sample corresponded to the presence of primary and secondary alcohols, alkanes, amines, aliphatic ethers, etc. Further, the GC–MS analysis revealed the presence of phytocompounds such as neophytadiene, β-sitosterol, α-amyrin, lupeol, etc., which have bioactivity especially anticancer, antimicrobial, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities.ConclusionsThe findings of the present study demonstrated that V. simonsii possessed appreciable antioxidant and antimicrobial activity and may be a potential target for pharmaceutical research.

The research relevance is determined by the need for a comparative assessment of different viburnum species in terms of resistance to powdery mildew, a disease that inhibits physiological processes in plants, negatively affecting growth, development, and yield, as well as decorative effect. The research aims to study the bio-ecological characteristics of Microsphaera viburni (Duby) S. Blumer and to develop measures to control powdery mildew in viburnum orchards. During the experiment, methods and techniques were used to conduct phenology, create provocative backgrounds, assess the level of damage to the ground part, and determine the degree of damage and resistance of viburnum plants. Recommendations for avoiding or reducing the risks of powdery mildew in viburnum orchards are provided. Nitrogen fertilisers should be applied in early spring and avoided in late summer to limit the growth and development of annual shoots, the tissue of which is more sensitive to the powdery mildew pathogen. It has been shown that formative, regulatory, and sanitary pruning in early spring can improve lighting and air circulation in the basal part of viburnum plants, intensify the growth of permanent shoots and form the desired type of bush (tree) in the system of fruit or ornamental horticulture. It has been proved that in the conditions of the Northern Forest-Steppe of Ukraine, it is advisable to grow highly resistant (Anya, Osinnia, Elina, Omriana) and resistant (Kralechka, Plododekorna, Sonetta, Horikhova, Yaroslavna) varieties (forms) of European cranberrybush of the Institute of Horticulture of the National Academy of Agrarian Sciences of Ukraine against powdery mildew. It is recommended to use resistant and mediumresistant varieties of common dwarf viburnum ‘Eskimo’ and common ‘Roseum’ for ornamental gardening (Viburnum opulus Roseum). The practical value was in a determination that powdery mildew of European cranberrybush ‘Roseum’ does not affect other species of the genus Viburnum L. under artificial inoculation; it was confirmed that the susceptibility of viburnum plants to this disease can be significantly reduced by low-susceptible and resistant varieties and species of the genus Viburnum L. and timely agronomic measures

Viburnum japonicum (Thunb.) Sprengel is an endangered species endemic to coastal regions of eastern Asia (China, Japan, and South Korea). However, its systematic position has been controversial. In this study, we present the complete chloroplast (cp) genome of V. japonicum (GenBank OP644292) sequenced using the Illumina NovaSeq platform. The cp genome has a total length of 158,606 bp and a G+C contents of 38.08%. It consists of a large single-copy (LSC) region, a small single-copy (SSC) region, and a pair of inverted repeats (IRs) regions measuring 87,060 bp, 18,510 bp, and 26,516 bp, respectively. A total of 131 genes were identified, including 87 protein-coding genes, 36 transfer RNA genes (tRNAs), and 8 ribosomal RNA genes(rRNAs). Additionally, a total of 44 dispersed repeats were detected, including three types: forward, palindromic, and reverse. Among the 38 SSR loci that were discovered, the majority were mononucleotide loci composed of A/T. Furthermore, we found that 15 genes (accD, atpF, ndhA, ndhB, petB, petD, rpl16, rpl2, rpoC1, rps12, rps16, trnA-UGC, trnI, trnK-UUU, and trnL-UAA) contain one intron, while clpP and ycf3 have two introns. The relative synonymous codon usage (RSCU) analysis detected 31 high-frequency codons, where A/U bases accounted for 93.55% of the total, indicating an asymmetry in chloroplast gene and a presence for A/U bases. Comparative analysis of genome structure and sequences data of V. japonicum chloroplast genomes in comparison with other closely related species demonstrated a high level of conservation in their structure and organization. Furthermore, three mutation hotspots (psbH, rps19, and trnL) were identified, which could be valuable for future phylogenetic and population genetic research. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the two accessions of V. japonicum are closely related to a group of V. setigerum, V. erosum, and V. fordiae within the Viburnum genus. In conclusion, this study provides important insights for accurately identifying and understanding the phylogeny of Viburnum species through the complete cp genome sequencing of V. japonicum.

The studies were conducted in various ecological points of Ukraine (western and northern part of the Forest-Steppe, Southern Polissia) to examine the bioecological features of Pyrrhalta viburni Paykull and develop measures to reduce its harmfulness in the system of fruit and decorative gardening. The purpose of the study was to examine the bioecological features of the viburnum leaf beetle on plants of the Viburnum L. genus and elements of its control technology (selection of species, varietal composition, seasonal pruning, mechanised trunk, or inter-bush loosening of the soil, application of mineral fertilisers, use of paraffin oil and Actofit biological product) for strategies in breeding work. The study was based on the use of the method of conducting a qualification examination, visual methods (route and detailed), the method of accounting and describing pests, determining the degree and score of infestation, and the percentage of damaged plants. As a result, species of the Viburnum L. genus are differentiated by susceptibility to viburnum leaf beetle into: susceptible – V. opulus, V. sargentii, moderately or poorly receptive – V. lantana, and immune or resistant – V. sieboldii, and in the garden conditions on moderately or poorly susceptible – V. opulusand V. sargentii and resistant – V. sieboldii and V. lantana. The most effective measure of mechanical control of the viburnum leaf eater, in particular, in the collection, hybrid, breeding, and queen nurseries, is pruning individual branches with pest eggs laid on them during November-March. It is identified that the appropriate measure is the formation of biological barriers in the breeding nurseries of Viburnum, represented by other viburnum species (Siebold’s viburnum, Viburnum lantana), which are less susceptible to the viburnum leaf beetle than the plants of Viburnum opulus or Viburnum sargentii, which will allow preserving valuable genotypes of the above-mentioned viburnum species from damage by the pest at an early stage and prevent the use of environmentally dangerous chemical pesticides. The results of the study expand information about the Pyrrhalta viburni Payk. species and can be used in the ecology of insect pests, the developed measures will allow controlling the populations of viburnum leaf beetle in the system of fruit and decorative gardening at an early stage

About 160 species are classified within the Viburnum genus and many of these are cultivated for horticultural purposes. The vast dispersal of Viburnum makes the genus a useful model for studying evolutionary history and inferring how species expanded into their current distributions. Simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers were previously developed for five Viburnum species that were classified within the four major clades (Laminotinus, Crenotinus, Valvatotinus, and Porphyrotinus). The ability of some of these markers to cross-amplify in Viburnum species has been scantly evaluated, but there has not been any genus-wide assessment for the markers. We evaluated a collection of 49 SSR markers for the ability to cross-amplify in 224 samples, including 46 Viburnum species, representing all 16 subclades, and five additional species in the Viburnaceae and Caprifoliaceae. A subset of 14 potentially comprehensive markers for Viburnum species was identified and evaluated for the ability to detect polymorphisms in species outside of their respective clades. The 49 markers had overall amplification success in 52% of the samples, including a 60% success rate within the Viburnum genus and 14% in other genera. The comprehensive marker set amplified alleles in 74% of all samples tested, including 85% of Viburnum samples and 19% of outgroup samples. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first comprehensive set of markers able to characterize species across an entire genus. This set of markers can be used to assess the genetic diversity and population structure of most Viburnum species and closely allied species.

The paper presents a photometric device and a procedure for quickly recording the characteristics of organs or parts of woody plants during their growth in the field conditions with maximum detail and accuracy. The procedure was tested in the study of seasonal dynamics of Viburnum lantana L. introduced in Middle Taiga and a species of local flora V. opulus L. The research results show that there are differences in the species seasonal dynamics rhythm associated with the influence of the current and previous environmental conditions. Air temperature explains the greatest dependence of the beginning of growth and the majority of phenodates. It was found that early beginning and end of vegetation is typical for V. opulus. The growth and development of the introduced V. lantana occur in a warmer environment. Shoots of V. opulus begin to grow on May 18–21, after 11 days growth is observed in V. lantana. The earliest terms of shoot growth cessation were found in V. opulus (June 19); V. lantana shoot growth ends 7 days later. The longest shoots of the current year (101 mm) were formed in V. lantana, which is 26 mm longer than in V. opulus. The beginning of shoots growth in V. opulus is observed at +4.7 °C average daily air temperature and the sum of positive temperatures 187 °C, in V. lantana this process begins at +8.8 °C and 308 °C, respectively, and the species requires 6 days with average daily temperature above +10 °C to start growing. Thus, the studied Viburnum species can be conditionally divided into 2 groups: early (V. opulus) and late (V. lantana) beginning and ending seasonal development. Cultivated in the taiga zone V. lantana belongs to the highly promising introduced species, so it can be recommended for introduction into cultural cenoses and landscaping of settlements in the taiga zone. Acknowledgments: The research was supported by the Karelia Innovation Business Startup MVP within the framework of the Program for Support of Applied Research and Development of Students and Postgraduate Students of the Petrozavodsk State University. For citation: Kabonen A.V., Gavrilova O.I., Kishchenko I.T. Digital Scanning of Woody Plant Growth and Development. Lesnoy Zhurnal = Russian Forestry Journal, 2022, no. 6, pp. 55–70. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.37482/0536-1036-2022-6-55-70

Structural color is poorly known in plants relative to animals. In fruits, only a handful of cases have been described, including in Viburnum tinus where the blue color results from a disordered multilayered reflector made of lipid droplets. Here, we examine the broader evolutionary context of fruit structural color across the genus Viburnum. We obtained fresh and herbarium fruit material from 30 Viburnum species spanning the phylogeny and used transmission electron microscopy, optical simulations, and ancestral state reconstruction to identify the presence/absence of photonic structures in each species, understand the mechanism producing structural color in newly identified species, relate the development of cell wall structure to reflectance in Viburnum dentatum, and describe the evolution of cell wall architecture across Viburnum. We identify at least two (possibly three) origins of blue fruit color in Viburnum in specieswhich produce large photonic structures made of lipid droplets embedded in the cell wall and which reflect blue light. Examining the full spectrum of mechanisms producing color in pl, including structural color as well as pigments, will yield further insights into the diversity, ecology, and evolution of fruit color.

Understanding the distribution patterns and formation mechanisms of endemic taxa is essential for effective biodiversity conservation. China is an important distribution and endemic center for genus Viburnum in Asia. However, the distribution pattern and formation mechanism of endemic taxa of Viburnum remains unclear in China. In this study, we determined the distribution information of 61 endemic taxa of Viburnum through specimens’ review and field surveys. Species distribution models were used to clarify the distribution patterns of the endemic taxa of Viburnum. The findings shows that the hotspot for overall endemic taxa of Viburnum in China is mainly distributed in temperate and subtropical mountainous areas, and the highest richness in the mountainous regions were around the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau and the Sichuan Basin. About one-third of the endemic taxa of Viburnum were rare species, whose distribution area was scattered and lacked protection. The distribution pattern of the endemic taxa of genus Viburnum can be well explained within the three hypotheses of environmental energy, water availability and climate seasonality. This study provides additional understanding and explanation of endemic species richness distribution and their formation mechanisms. In addition, it provides conservation measures for endemic taxa of genus Viburnum to guide conservationists and policy makers in China.

For many species of Viburnum, exposure to two distinct stratification sequences warm to cold or cold to warm may break embryo dormancy to initiate significant germination. Seeds of Viburnum edule were collected and moved through a series of cold-warm (4/20°C) or warm-cold (20/4°C) stratification to better understand precisely which temperature sequences and duration improve germination percentage (GRP), mean germination time (MGT), germination synchrony (SYN) and uncertainty (UNC), and time for seeds to reach 50% germination (t50). Seeds kept in cold-warm temperature sequences, on average, improved GRP by 24%, reduced MGT by 216 days and t50 by 97 days compared with those in the warm-cold stratification sequence. The warm-cold temperature sequence was more advantageous in improving the SYN (0.94 vs. 0.51) and reducing the UNC (0.21 vs. 0.96) indices than the cold-warm temperature sequence.

A critical issue in evolutionary biology is understanding the relationship between macroevolutionary patterns of diversity and the origin of variation at the organismal level. Among-individual allometry, the relationship between the size and shape of a structure among organisms at a fixed developmental stage, is often similar to evolutionary allometry, the relationship between the size and shape of a structure among populations or species, and the genetic and developmental process that underlie allometric relationships at both levels are thought to influence evolutionary diversification. Metameric organisms present an additional level of allometry: the relationship between the size and shape of structures within individuals. We propose that within-individual allometry is also related to evolutionary diversification among metameric organisms.We explore this idea in temperate deciduous Viburnum (Adoxaceae) species that bear two types of leaves, that is, preformed and neoformed leaves, with contrasting patterns of development. Examination of within-individual, among-individual, among-population, and among-species allometry of leaf shape in both leaf types showed that the slopes of all allometric relationships were significantly different from isometry, and their sign was consistent across allometric hierarchies. Althoughthe allometric slope of preformed leaves was constant across allometry levels, the allometric slope of neoformed leaves became increasingly steeper.We suggest that allometric variation underlying evolutionary diversification in metameric organisms may manifest among individuals and also among their repeated structures. Moreover, structures with contrasting patterns of development within metameric organisms can experience different degrees of developmental constraint, and this can in turn affect morphological diversification.

Введение. Плоды V. opulus и V. sargentii применяются в официальной и народной медицине, а также в пищевых целях и как декоративные растения. Также в России получены плодовые сорта К. обыкновенной, используемые в садоводстве. Стандартизация лекарственного сырья калины осуществляется по содержанию органических кислот. Цель исследования – сравнительный анализ показателей плодов видовых и сортовых калин и содержания в них органических кислот в условиях Республики Марий Эл. Объекты и методы. Объектами исследования стали плоды двух видов и девяти сортов калины Ботанического сада-института Поволжского государственного технологического университета (г. Йошкар-Ола): V. sargentii, V. opulus, сорта 'Гранатовый Браслет', 'Дачная', 'Жолобовская', 'Зарница', 'Красная Гроздь', 'Свердловская Сладкоплодная', 'Соузга', 'Ульгень', 'Шукшинская'. Морфометрические показатели изучали в 2015 и 2021 гг. Массу плодов определяли у трёх навесок по 100 шт., диаметр измеряли у 30 плодов. Содержание органических кислот в свежих плодах определяли в 2020 и 2021 гг. Для определения влажности сырья использовали гравиметрический метод, согласно ОФС.1.5.3.0007.15, количество органических кислот в свежих плодах определяли титриметрическим методом по ФС.2.5.0076.18 в пересчёте на яблочную кислоту. Результаты. Установлено, что крупными плодами обладали V. sargentii, V. opulus, сорта 'Красная Гроздь' и 'Дачная'. Все остальные изученные сорта характеризовались мелкими плодами. На формирование плодов оказывали влияние фактор сортовой специфичности и фактор погодных условий года, доля их влияния составила 40,2–52,9 %. В аномально сухих и жарких условиях 2021 года калины обладали существенно меньшей массой и размером плодов по сравнению с 2015 годом. Диаметр плодов изученных калин в 2021 году варьировал от 7,2 до 10,9 мм, в 2015 году – от 9,3 до 12,0 мм. Масса 100 плодов в 2021 году изменялась от 31,9 до 73,3 г, в 2015 году – от 49,6 до 86,0 г. На выход воздушно-сухого сырья основное влияние оказывал фактор погодных условий года, доля его влияния 73,6 %. Значения данного показателя колебались от 15,6 до 25,1 %. Содержание органических кислот в свежих плодах изученных калин соответствовало нормативному документу и составило 8,5–21,8 %. Сорта 'Дачная' и 'Соузга' являются перспективными для использования в качестве лекарственного растительного сырья наряду с фармакопейными видами V. opulus и V. sargentii. Заключение. Результаты исследования могут найти применение при выращивании изученных видов и сортов калины в пищевых и лекарственных целях в условиях Среднего Поволжья. Introduction. The fruits of Viburnum opulus and Viburnum sargentii are used in the conventional and folk medicine, as well as for food and ornamental purposes. In Russia, Viburnum opulus fruit varieties used in horticulture have been obtained. Standardization of viburnum medicinal raw materials is carried out according to the content of organic acids. The goal of the study is to make a comparative analysis of fruits indicators of viburnum species and its varieties and the organic acid content in them in the Mari El Republic conditions. The objects of the study are fruits of 2 species and 9 cultivated varieties of viburnum, grown in the Botanical Garden-Institute (Volga State University of Technology): V. sargentii, V. opulus, 'Granatovyy Braslet', 'Dachnaya', 'Zholobovskaya', 'Zarnitsa', 'Krasnaya Grozd', 'Sverdlovskaya Sladkoplodnaya', 'Souzga', 'Ulgen', 'Shukshinskaya' varieties. Methodology. Morphometric indicators were studied in 2015 and 2021. The mass of fruits was determined in three samples of 100 pcs., the diameter was measured in 30 fruits. The content of organic acid in fresh fruits was determined in 2020 and 2021. To calculate the moisture content of raw materials, a gravimetric method was used according to the OFS.1.5.3.0007.15. The amount of organic acid in fresh fruits was determined by the titrimetric method according to the FS.2.5.0076.18 in terms of malic acid. Results and discussion.The authors found that Viburnum sargentii, Viburnum opulus, 'Krasnaya Grozd' and 'Dachnaya' varieties possessed large fruits. All other studied varieties had small fruits. The formation of fruits was influenced by the factor of varietal specificity and the factor of year weather conditions, the share of their influence was 40.2–52.9 %. In the abnormally dry and hot conditions of 2021, viburnum had significantly lower fruit mass and size compared to 2015. The fruits diameter of the studied viburnum in 2021 varied from 7.2 to 10.9 mm, in 2015 - from 9.3 to 12.0 mm. The mass of 100 fruits in 2021 varied from 31.9 to 73.3 g, in 2015 – from 49.6 to 86.0 g. The yield of air-dry raw materials was mainly influenced by the factor of year weather conditions, the share of its influence was 73.6%. The values of this indicator ranged from 15.6 to 25.1%. The content of organic acids in fresh fruits of the studied viburnum corresponded to the regulatory document and amounted to 8.5–21.8%. The 'Dachnaya' and 'Souzga' varieties are promising for the use as medicinal plant raw materials along with the pharmacopoeial species - Viburnum opulus and Viburnum sargentii. Conclusion. The results of the study can be used for viburnum cultivation for food and medicinal purposes in the Middle Volga Region conditions.

The complete chloroplast genome (cpDNA) Viburnum odoratissimumis sequenced and assembled from the whole genome data. The cpDNA of V. odoratissimum is 158,744bp in lengthwith the overall GC content of 38.1%. It consists of a pair of inverted repeats (IRa and IRb, 26,494bp) which separate a large single copy (LCS, 87,348 bp) and small single copy (SSC,18,408 bp). The complete chloroplast genome contains 129 genes, including 84 protein-coding genes, 8 rRNA genes and 37 tRNA genes. A phylogenetic tree of DNA sequences of barcoding regions, including rbcL, matK, psbA-trnHfrom 8 species of the Genus Viburnum shows that V. odoratissimum is closely related to V. furcatum and V. burejaeticum.

Vibsane-type diterpenoids isolated from the genus Viburnum, are rare 6-11 membered ring polysubstituted macrocyclic diterpenoids. Since the first report of vibsane-type diterpenoids from V. odoratissimum in 1980, they have attracted the attention of scientists due to their complex structures, excellent biological activities, and great synthetic challenges. Recently, there are some notable research achievements on the discovery, synthesis, structural modification, and pharmacological mechanism of vibsane-type diterpenoids. Therefore, we will focus on these aspects to review important achievements of vibsane diterpenoids between 1980-2021.

The research was conducted on the structure and characteristics of the growth of shoots of the genus Viburnum L. There are significant differences in the structure and dynamics of growth within the genus, so the determination of the structural features of the shoots of species of the genus Viburnum is relevant. The research of the dynamics of shoot growth was carried out according to the method of A.A. Molchanov and V.V. Smirnov (1967). The species studied by us belong to three sections of the genus Viburnum; the peculiarities of buds structure generally determine the structure of the shoots in the species of each section. It was found that the type of each of the three sections of the genus is characterized by a special structure of the shoots. It has been studied the rhythm of growth and development of native and introduced species of the genus Viburnum L. The terms of shoots growth of the species of the genus were analyzed, and the length of the annual growth of shoots was determined. Phenological date of the beginning and end of shoot growth was established. It was revealed that the onset of individual phenophases quite clearly correlates with the sum of effective temperatures above 5 ° C. The species of the genus Viburnum are characterized by the following types of shoots: tillering, stem, generative. Intensive growth of shoots of all studied species occurs in May - mid-June. In the species of the section Lantana, there are 2 peaks of shoot growth - May and mid-July. According to the duration of growth of shoots, viburnum can be divided into two groups: 1) with a short period of growth (65 - 75 days): V.opulus L., V.sargentii Koehne, V.prunifolium L., V.rufidulum Raf., V.lentago L; 2) with a long period of growth (100 or more days): V.lantana L., V.carlesii Hemsl., V.veitchii C.H. Wright, V.rhytidophyllum Hemsl., V.buddleifolium C.H. Wright, V.burejaeticum Rgl. et Herd. The data obtained demonstrated that the greatest annual growth of all Viburnum species was recorded at the age of 4-7 years. A decrease in the annual growth of axial shoots states the need for works on preliminary rejuvenation of the bush.