Dietary allicin supplementation inhibits hepatic CYP3A37 in chickens: Evidence from in vitro and in vivo models.

To describe veterinary clients' view of the Value Matrix (VM) as a tool to aid veterinarian-client decision-making. A cross-sectional online questionnaire was available between April 15 and May 15, 2025. Recruitment involved snowball sampling via social media pages with pet-owner audiences. Demographic information was collected. Participants were presented with a video demonstrating a communication tool, the VM, being used in a simulated interaction between a veterinarian and client. Participants were asked to evaluate various functions of the VM in aiding veterinarian-client decision-making and to rate its utility in various clinical contexts. In total, 204 respondents were included in the final analyses. Most participants owned more than 1 pet, were financially stable, and did not report issues with accessing or adhering to veterinary care recommendations. Participants rated the VM highly in terms of its overall utility for supporting veterinarian-client decision-making (median score, 9 out of 10). Most participants agreed or strongly agreed that the VM would improve their understanding of available options, help them understand benefits and financial costs associated with care options, and help them make informed decisions. Participants indicated the VM would be most useful for decisions involving quality of life or chronic illness or to consult with other decision-makers after an appointment. The VM was viewed positively by participating veterinary clients, offering it as a potential tool to aid decision-making in veterinary practice. The VM can be considered a communication tool to aid veterinarian-client decision-making during clinical interactions.

Babesia gibsoni in Brazil: First multilocus molecular characterization in a domestic dog with clinical, hematological and morphological data.

In vitro cultivation of Trypanosoma equiperdum: Comparison of in vitro and in vivo antigens for an ethical and sustainable serological diagnosis of Dourine.

Veterinarians play a central role in the identification and control of Emergency Animal Diseases (EADs), yet empirical knowledge of how they experience and manage this work in practice remains limited. Ultimately, outbreak management depends on how suspected and confirmed cases are handled in everyday veterinary settings. This study explores how Swedish veterinarians experience and manage suspected and confirmed EADs in production animals, with particular attention to workload, task demands, and decision-making. The study draws on semi-structured interviews with 19 livestock and slaughterhouse veterinarians who have managed suspected or confirmed EADs leading to state-mandated interventions such as testing, movement restrictions, and culling. Data were analysed using thematic analysis. The findings are presented through three main themes. First, Organisational strain and competing demands describes how emergency disease work intensifies workload, time pressure, and non-routine administrative and practical tasks, particularly when outbreak management is added to everyday clinical responsibilities. Second, The burden of situated responsibility captures how veterinarians' on-site judgements carry far-reaching consequences and require adaptation of formal protocols to local conditions. Third, Distributing responsibility in the management of EADs shows how collegial, expert, and institutional support helps distribute responsibility and make outbreak work manageable. Overall, the study highlights how EAD management amplifies the complexity of veterinary practice and underscores that strengthening disease preparedness requires attention to the organisational conditions and support structures that enable veterinarians to carry out this work without becoming overburdened.

Using Evidence-Based Veterinary Medicine and Artificial Intelligence to Support Clinical Decision Making in Veterinary Practice.

Bacterial cystitis, predominantly caused by Escherichia coli, is a leading cause for antimicrobial prescriptions in dogs. The use of antimicrobials contributes to selection pressure for antimicrobial resistance (AMR), a growing concern for veterinary and public health. This study examined risk factors for resistance in urinary E. coli isolates from dogs in the United States, focusing on prior positive cultures and other host, socioeconomic, and geographic factors using data from a national commercial diagnostic laboratory. Associations between selected exposures of interest and AMR were assessed using multilevel logistic regression models, accounting for clustering at the patient, county, and state levels. A total of 393,972 clinical urinary E. coli isolates from 339,977 dogs across the United States, submitted between 2018 and 2024, were tested for antimicrobial susceptibility. Resistance was highest to amoxicillin (27.39%; 95% CI: 27.25-27.53). When examined in multilevel logistic regression models, and across all antimicrobials, the greatest proportion of variance occurred at the patient level (range: 22.2-46.1%). The log odds of detecting resistance increased linearly with the number of prior positive cultures in the previous six months. After adjusting for all other covariates, every 1% increase in the annual county-level percentage of dogs with positive culture and antimicrobial susceptibility test was associated with a 1-2% decrease in the odds of resistance across all antimicrobials (OR range: 0.98-0.99; p < 0.001). States with 1,500-1,999 housing units per veterinarian had higher odds of marbofloxacin resistance (OR: 1.85, 95% CI: 1.20-2.85, adjusted p = 0.027) than states with 500-999 units, a pattern consistent across other antimicrobials. Patient-level factors, particularly recent repeated positive cultures examined in this study, are associated with AMR in canine urinary E. coli, likely reflecting cumulative antimicrobial exposure and/or chronic resistant infections. Additionally, lower odds of detecting AMR were observed in counties with higher microbiological testing frequency and in states with higher veterinarian density, which may reflect differences in access to veterinary care or diagnostic practices. However, because these variables are measured at the group level, they do not capture individual-level veterinary care. Further research incorporating patient-level measures of care access and prescribing practices will be crucial.

To characterize the nature, frequency, and psychological and behavioral consequences of client-perpetrated aggression among veterinarians and to examine associated workplace policies and training. A cross-sectional, anonymous online survey was distributed through the Veterinary Information Network. Respondents reported lifetime exposure to client verbal abuse, physical threats, physical harm, and stalking behaviors as well as associated psychological symptoms, professional impacts, behavioral adaptations, and workplace factors. Ordinal and binary logistic regression examined predictors of aggression. χ2 tests compared private and corporate practices on policy, training, and leadership response variables. Nearly all respondents (98.9%) reported lifetime exposure to client verbal abuse. More than one-third (38.2%) had been physically threatened, 4.1% had been physically harmed, and 11.8% reported client stalking. The most prevalent symptoms across aggression types were intrusive thoughts, sleep disturbances, hypervigilance, and anxiety. Over one-third of respondents (34.5%) had considered leaving veterinary medicine as a result of verbal abuse. Female veterinarians reported a higher frequency of verbal abuse and greater likelihood of physical threat. Private practice veterinarians were more likely than those in corporate settings to report formal aggression policies, reporting systems, client dismissal practices, and leadership support. Client-perpetrated aggression is a near-universal occupational experience among veterinarians, with substantial and often persistent psychological consequences. Significant gaps exist in workplace infrastructure, training, and mental health support. The findings support the need for profession-wide policy development, de-escalation training beginning in veterinary school, and attention to governance structures in corporate practice that may limit local leadership's ability to protect staff.

Ceftriaxone is an antibiotic frequently prescribed in veterinary medical practice due to its effectiveness against several pathogenic microorganisms responsible for diseases in different animal species. To select scientific articles from the academic databases PubMed and Web of Science that analysed the pharmacokinetic aspects of intravenously administered ceftriaxone in animals. In accordance with the principles of scientific transparency, the systematic review protocol and all research stages were previously registered on the Open Science Framework (OSF) platform. The scientific articles that met the inclusion criteria were subjected to a checklist comprising 24 minimum assessment items designed for reporting pharmacokinetic studies. A total of 52 pharmacokinetic profiles were identified from the 29 selected scientific articles, including records involving 13 different animal species used in ceftriaxone experimental studies. The limitations and inconsistencies identified in this review highlight the importance of detailed reporting of pharmacokinetic data derived from experimental trials in animals.

Xylazole is a sedative and analgesic agent widely used in Chinese veterinary practice, valued for its convenient administration and effectiveness. This study aimed to clarify its mechanism of action by investigating the effects on cAMP and monoamine neurotransmitters using both in vitro and in vivo rat models. In rat cortical neurons, Xylazole increased cAMP levels in a concentration- and time-dependent manner, transiently increased extracellular DA levels, which subsequently declined, consistently reduced extracellular NE levels, and enhanced extracellular 5-HT along with its metabolite 5-HIAA. In contrast, in vivo administration in adult rats reduced cAMP, DA, and NE levels across multiple brain regions, including the cerebrum, hippocampus, and brainstem, while increasing 5-HT and 5-HIAA. Notably, in the cerebellum group, cAMP was elevated after drug washout, a pattern not observed in the other brain regions. These findings reveal a striking divergence: in P7 cortical neurons, Xylazole triggers an α2-adrenoceptor-dependent cAMP elevation, whereas in adult brain regions, a high concentration of locally delivered Xylazole leads to predominantly inhibitory cAMP changes, with a notable delayed increase in the cerebellum. Because of the non-physiological concentration used in reverse microdialysis, the in vivo neurochemical patterns should be regarded as exploratory regional responses, not as evidence of specific receptor-mediated mechanisms.

Ethical decision-making in veterinary practice and in animal welfare sectors can be particularly challenging. Decision-making is reported to be largely subjective with various influences biasing these decisions. To enhance the objectivity with ethical dilemmas and difficult decisions, the application of standardised tools is increasingly advocated. This study explores the utility of the Animal Welfare Assessment Grid (AWAG) as a decision-making tool in various sectors of dog welfare including veterinary medicine, shelter environments, and assistance dog organisations. This was undertaken through an online mixed-methods questionnaire of clinicians using the AWAG in their workplace to assess dogs. A total of 38 respondents from a group of 99 veterinary and animal welfare professionals provided insights on the tool's functionality. Over 96% of respondents acknowledge the utility of the AWAG in aiding in decision-making and it is reported to facilitate discussions among colleagues and dog caregivers about welfare. While the overall sentiment towards the AWAG was predominantly positive, a minority of users expressed difficulties in using the tool, indicating areas where the tool could be further refined and improved. The results suggest that the AWAG serves as a valuable asset for veterinary clinicians and animal welfare professionals, aiding in the assessment of dogs' welfare and informing treatment and management decisions. By providing an instrument to aid in objective reasoning to the complex process of decision-making, this may help transform how welfare considerations are integrated into daily practice.

Methylation analysis of LINE-1 elements in canine cutaneous mast cell tumors.

To provide an overview of contemporary perianesthetic management practices for brachycephalic dogs and to identify areas in which research may improve patient safety and outcomes. We developed an online survey that was made available from December 8, 2025, through January 4, 2026, that included questions regarding respondent and patient demographics, perianesthetic management practices, and perianesthetic complications in brachycephalic dogs. The survey was distributed to licensed veterinarians and veterinary technicians across the US. Response frequencies were summarized for each survey item, and generalized structural equation models were used to evaluate associations between responses and prespecified predictor variables. Response variables were grouped into domains, including previsit management, premedication practices, induction and intraoperative management, recovery and discharge practices, and medications administered during recovery. The survey was distributed to 32,626 veterinary professionals, yielding 1,386 responses (4.3%). Most respondents (937 of 1,386 [67.6%]) practiced within general small-animal practice, with elective neuter procedures being the most common reason for anesthesia in these dogs. A high degree of variability was observed in perianesthetic monitoring and pharmacologic protocols utilized. Responses varied based on years of practice experience and whether the respondent was a general practitioner or specialist. Perianesthetic management of brachycephalic dogs differs substantially between general practitioners and specialists and across experience levels, with the widest gaps in previsit medications, monitoring, and recovery practices. Substantial variability in previsit medications, antiemetic and prokinetic use, monitoring, preoxygenation, and recovery practices, influenced by practice type and clinical experience, underscores the need for standardized perianesthetic protocols for brachycephalic dogs.

Focused Ultrasound in Veterinary Medicine.

Cardiac surgery induces systemic stress responses that may compromise intestinal homeostasis in animal patients, yet the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. This study investigated postoperative intestinal pathophysiology in a porcine model, focusing on the activation of the NF-κB pathway and its impact on intestinal stem cell function. Thirty-two large white pigs (40-50 kg) were randomized into control and model groups; the model group underwent simulated cardiac procedures involving aortotomy and left ventricular outflow tract exposure under standardized anesthesia. Our findings revealed significant NF-κB pathway activation and upregulation of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in the intestine following surgery. Intestinal stem cells isolated from crypts showed downregulated expression of key barrier proteins. Notably, organoids derived from the model group exhibited impaired early proliferative capacity and delayed morphogenesis, despite preserved differentiation potential upon extended culture. This suggests a stress-induced state that favors the maintenance of stemness over commitment to differentiation. These results delineate an NF-κB/MMP-mediated mechanism linking surgical stress to intestinal barrier dysfunction and stem cell dysregulation in this large animal model. Crucially, the study provides insights that may help improve perioperative care and reduce gastrointestinal complications in animal patients undergoing major surgeries, thereby enhancing animal welfare. The identified pathways offer potential targets for developing supportive therapies in veterinary practice.

A retrospective and comparative study of 173 canine mammary papillae.

Regulating veterinary antimicrobial prices as an antimicrobial stewardship policy: Impact of France's 2015 ban on purchase discounts.

ABSTRACTObjectiveTo compare the feasibility, image quality, acquisition time, and evaluator preference of four smartphone‐based fundus imaging (SBFI) systems in dogs and cats using a handheld fundus camera as a reference device.Animals StudiedTwenty client‐owned animals, including 10 dogs and 10 cats.ProceduresFundus images were obtained from 40 eyes (20 mydriatic and 20 non‐mydriatic) using four SBFI systems (iExaminer Panoptic, NUN WFE‐02S, OQVet, and VistaView) and a handheld infrared fundus camera (Aurora). Image acquisition success and acquisition time were recorded for each device. Image quality was independently graded using a 10‐point Likert scale by a masked panel of 32 veterinary ophthalmologists. Evaluators also selected their preferred image among the four SBFI systems.ResultsImage acquisition was successful in all animals for all devices under both mydriatic and non‐mydriatic conditions (100%). Image quality differed significantly between devices. Among SBFI systems, OQVet achieved the highest median score (7; interquartile range [IQR] 6–8), followed by VistaView (6; IQR 5–8), NUN (5; IQR 4–7), and iExaminer (4; IQR 3–5). OQVet received approximately 50% of evaluator preference votes. The reference camera achieved the highest image quality in 77.5% of imaging sets but was outperformed by OQVet (15%) and VistaView (7.5%) in some examinations. Pupil dilation did not significantly influence image quality or acquisition time.ConclusionsSmartphone‐based fundus imaging enables reliable retinal imaging in dogs and cats and represents an accessible option for retinal documentation and screening in veterinary practice.

Disease Prediction and Precision Veterinary Medicine: Applications, Opportunities, and Limitations of Artificial Intelligence in Small Animal Practice.

Canine otitis externa (COE) is one of the most frequently recorded disorders in veterinary practices, making it an important focus for antibiotic stewardship. To investigate and compare treatment regimens for acute COE in Finland, Norway and Sweden, with a focus on antibiotic use. 1060 dogs with acute COE lasting for ≤ 4 weeks. This was a multicentre cross-sectional study based on a point prevalence survey conducted among Swedish, Finnish and Norwegian veterinary surgeons within a corporate group during spring 2024. In the survey, each practice had been asked to include the first 20 consecutive cases of acute COE and register information about their diagnostic and therapeutic management. Overall, antibiotic treatment was used in 18% of cases (190 of 1060 dogs), predominantly topical, with systemic use only reported in six cases. Antibiotic use was significantly higher in Norway (28%) and Finland (29%) than in Sweden (2%; p < 0.001). The most frequently used antibiotic was polymyxin B. Antibiotic treatment was more strongly associated with cytological findings, especially the presence of neutrophils and rods, than with clinical presentation. Overall, glucocorticoid treatment was used in 94% and ear cleaner in 89% of cases, with some differences between countries. In this study, most acute COE cases were managed with glucocorticoids and ear cleaners without antibiotics. Swedish practices stood out with a notably low antibiotic use of 2%. Our results provide valuable information on antibiotic use for acute COE in three Nordic countries, inspiring future antibiotic stewardship efforts.