Very Low Density Lipoprotein Levels Research Articles

Effects of L-carnitine supplementation on lipid profile in adult patients under hemodialysis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of RCTs

BackgroundChronic kidney disease (CKD) affects 10% of the global population and leads to end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Hemodialysis is a common treatment for ESRD, but patients often have low carnitine levels, leading to dyslipidemia, a risk factor for cardiovascular disease and the leading cause of mortality. This study aimed to assess the effects of L-carnitine on lipid profiles in adult hemodialysis patients.MethodsA comprehensive search was conducted across the online databases from inception to June 2024 to identify randomized clinical trials (RCTs) evaluating the effects of L-carnitine on lipid profiles in hemodialysis patients. Data extraction and quality assessment were performed, focusing on primary outcomes, including changes in triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), and secondary outcomes including blood pressure (BP) and body mass index (BMI).ResultsA total of 28 RCTs were eligible for the current systematic review, including 1,340 hemodialysis patients (671 intervention, 669 control). There were no significant differences in the mean change of TG (SMD: −0.006; 95% CI, −0.272 to 0.259; P = 0.95), TC (SMD: −0.086; 95% CI, −0.253 to −0.079; P = 0.29), HDL (SMD: 0.060; 95% CI, −0.057 to 0.177; P = 0.29), LDL (SMD: −0.075; 95% CI, −0.274 to 0.123; P = 0.43), VLDL (SMD: −0.064; 95% CI, −0.272 to 0.142; P = 0.51), BMI (SMD: −0.025; 95% CI, −0.139 to 0.088; P = 0.56), systolic BP (SMD: 0.055; 95% CI, −0.110 to 0.220; P = 0.43), and diastolic BP (SMD: −0.028; 95% CI, 0.156 to 0.099; P = 0.56). The same insignificant findings were observed after conducting a subgroup analysis based on the route of administration (intravenous vs. Oral).ConclusionL-carnitine supplementation does not significantly change and improve the serum lipid profile, including TG, TC, HDL, LDL, and VLDL levels. Additionally, it has no notable effects on BMI, systolic, or diastolic BP.

The Association Between Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Levels of Total Cholesterol, Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL) Cholesterol, Very Low-Density Lipoprotein (VLDL) and the Role of Dehydrated Vegetables in Glycemic Control

Objective: This study aimed to assess Total Cholesterol, Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL) and Very Low-Density Lipoprotein (VLDL) Levels, identify specific lipid markers altered in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and evaluate the correlation between HbA1C and total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and VLDL levels. Materials and Methods: Ninety-six volunteers aged 35-72 with confirmed T2DM underwent total cholesterol, LDL, VLDL and HbA1c testing using the COBAS INTEGRA 400 PLUS device. Data on age, gender, diabetes status, and lipid profiles were collected in November 2023 to April 2024 from Layla Qasim Health Center located in Erbil, Iraq and then analyzed. Results: Result: In our study, the prevalence of dyslipidemia among type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients was 50.88%. This varied regionally, from 59.3% in China to 83.9% in Saudi Arabia. Dyslipidemia was more common in patients with poor blood glucose control. Weight and waist circumference were positively correlated with HbA1c levels, while age showed no significant effect on glycemic control. Women showed higher LDL and HbA1c levels than men. Although weak correlations were observed between HbA1c and LDL cholesterol, LDL was strongly correlated with total cholesterol and moderately with VLDL. Early detection and management of dyslipidemia is important to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease in patients with T2DM. Conclusion: Our study highlights the significant prevalence of dyslipidemia among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), emphasizing the importance of lipid profile management to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease. We found associations between weight, waist circumference and HbA1c levels, with gender differences in lipid profiles. While the association between HbA1c and LDL cholesterol was weak, early diagnosis and management of dyslipidemia could significantly reduce CVD risk, advocating a comprehensive strategy targeting both glycemic control and lipid management in T2DM patients.

Serum lipid and lipoprotein profiles and their association with intraocular pressure in primary open-angle glaucoma: an observational cross-sectional study in the Chinese population

BackgroundGlaucoma is a leading cause of vision impairment and permanent blindness. Primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) is a prominent type of primary glaucoma; however, its cause is difficult to determine. This study aimed to analyze the serum lipid profile of Chinese POAG patients and assess its correlation with intraocular pressure (IOP).MethodsThe study included 1,139, 1,248, and 356 Chinese individuals with POAG, primary angle closure glaucoma (PACG), and controls, respectively. Peripheral whole blood samples were collected at the time of diagnosis. Enzymatic colorimetry was used to determine serum levels of different lipids: high-density lipoproteins (HDL), low-density lipoproteins (LDL), triglycerides, cholesterol, and very low-density lipoproteins (VLDL). Additionally, immunoturbidimetry was used to quantify serum levels of apolipoproteins A (APOA), B (APOB), E (APOE), and lipoprotein A [Lp(a)], while intraocular pressure (IOP) was measured in all patients with POAG.ResultsAfter adjusting for age and sex, patients with POAG exhibited elevated serum levels of VLDL, APOA, and APOE but mitigated cholesterol levels compared with the control participants. Significantly lower serum triglyceride, VLDL, and Lp(a) levels were found in patients with PACG than in control participants. Serum cholesterol (P = 0.019; β = -0.75, 95% confidence interval [CI]: -1.38 – -0.12) and HDL levels (P < 0.001; β = -2.91, 95% CI: -4.58 – -1.25) were inversely linked to IOP in patients with POAG, after adjusting for age, sex, and ocular metrics. In addition, serum Lp(a) levels were correlated with the average IOP (P = 0.023; β = -0.0039, 95% CI: -0.0073 – -0.006) and night peak (P = 0.027; β = -0.0061, 95% CI: -0.0113 – -0.0008) in patients with POAG.ConclusionsSignificantly different serum lipid and lipoprotein profiles were observed in POAG and PACG patients. This study highlighted the differences in serum lipid and lipoprotein levels among Chinese POAG patients and their relationship with IOP and IOP fluctuation. Serum lipid and lipoprotein profiles should be considered while evaluating glaucoma risk.

The effect of family history of atherosclerosıs and other risk factors on changes in serum lipid levels in acne patients treated with isotretinoin.

Oral isotretinoin causes changes in serum lipid values. These changes are not seen in every patient, regardless of dose. It is unclear what causes these changes and how often serum lipid values should be followed up. We aimed to evaluate the relationship between the change in serum lipid values and personal and familial risk factors. Serum lipid values at baseline (0th), 1st, 3rd, and 6th months of isotretinoin treatment of acne patients aged 16 years and over using oral isotretinoin at a dose of 0.5-1mg/kg/day between January 2017 and December 2019 were recorded retrospectively. The relationship between personal and familial risk factors and changes in serum lipid values were evaluated statistically. In pairwise comparison, a significant difference was detected between the 0th and 1st month, 0th and 3rd month, 0th and 6th month, and 1st and 6th month in the average serum lipid (Low-density lipoprotein (LDL), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), total cholesterol, triglyceride) levels. However, no significant difference was detected between 3rd and 6th month. The change in LDL levels between the 0th and the 3rd month was significantly higher in those with a family history of atherosclerosis than those without a family history of atherosclerosis (p = 0.034). The change in VLDL levels between the 0th and 6th month was significantly higher in those with a family history of atherosclerosis than those without a family history of atherosclerosis (p = 0.022). It was observed that the changes in total cholesterol and VLDL levels between the 0th and 3rd month increased as body mass index (BMI) increased (p = 0.03, p = 0.014, respectively). Similarly, the changes in triglyceride and VLDL levels between 0th and 6th month and between 1st and 6th month increased by an increase in BMI (respectively; p = 0.006, p = 0.019; p = 0.016, p = 0.022). The increase in the levels of VLDL between the 1st and the 6th month was found to be significantly higher in smokers than in non-smokers (p = 0,032). We recommend evaluation of serum lipids values in the 0th,1st, and 3rd month in all acne patients using oral isotretinoin and that these values have to be checked monthly in the following months for smokers, those with a history of atherosclerosis, and those with a BMI above normal.

Physiological and Histological Effects of Flaxseed Oil on the Liver and Heart Muscle

Abstract Background: Flaxseeds are the focus of medical nutrition due to their potential benefits for human health. Flaxseed oil is rich in unsaturated fatty acids and has many biological effects. Objective: This study aimed to assess the effects of flaxseed oil on lipid profile, liver, and heart. Materials and Methods: One hundred mice were randomly divided into 10 groups: 10 mice for each group (either male or female). Ten males and 10 females served as control groups, group 1 received flaxseed oil orally (60 mg/kg body weight/day). Twenty of them (10 of each gender) were treated for 1 week and another 20 mice (10 of each gender) were treated for 2 weeks. In the same way, group 2 was divided and treated with 120 mg/kg/day. Measurements of serum lipid profile, serum lactate dehydrogenase, serum total protein, and albumin were performed along with histological examination of the liver and heart. Results: The comparative data showed that there were statistically significant decreases in total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), serum albumin, and total protein levels. There were also statistically significant increases in levels of very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and lactate dehydrogenase enzyme. Histological examination revealed striking histological changes in the liver and heart. Conclusion: Consumption of flaxseed oil reduced total cholesterol and LDL levels and increased the levels of VLDL, triglycerides, HDL, and lactate dehydrogenase enzyme. Flaxseed oil in high doses causes damage to the liver and heart muscle.

Anti-diabetic Activity of Spirulina and Chlorella in In vivo Experimental Rats

The effects of supplying experimental rats with unicellular green algae Chlorella and tiny filamentous cyanobacteria Spirulina, on type 2 diabetes (T2DM) were examined in the present study. Eight sets of male Sprague-Dawley albino rats, each with six individuals, were used in the investigation. Throughout the trial, Group 1 was the negative control group and was given saline regularly. Group 2 was given alloxan to induce diabetes. Spirulina was given to groups 3, 4, and 5 at dosages of 100, 200, and 300 mg/kg body weight, respectively, after diabetes induction. Similarly, groups 6, 7, and 8 received dosages of 100, 200, and 300 mg/kg body weight of Chlorella, respectively. The findings indicated that the control group had significantly higher levels of triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), blood sugar, and very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) and considerably lower levels of insulin, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and phospholipids. However, rats given Spirulina (groups 3, 4, and 5) showed notably higher insulin, HDL, and phospholipids levels and significantly lower blood glucose, cholesterol, VLDL, LDL, and triglycerides levels. Rats fed with Chlorella (groups 6, 7, and 8) also showed increased effectiveness of feed ratios, greater final weights, and body weight growth percentages compared to the control group. The present study shows that supplementing with Spirulina and Chlorella improves insulin lipid patterns, blood sugar, and type 2 diabetes in vivo laboratory rats. According to the research, Spirulina and Chlorella may be used as functional meals to help control and cure diabetes.

The Association of Sperm DNA Fragmentation With Serum Lipid Profile Among Males With Abnormal Semen Parameters: An Analytical Cross-Sectional Study.

Through the ages, infertility, affecting 8% to 12% of couples worldwide, has been a perturbing clinical problem. Approximately 40% to 50% of all infertility cases are due to 'male factor' infertility. Semen analysis is crucial in routinely evaluating idiopathic male infertility. Studies support the idea that semen parameters are associated with serum lipids and sperm DNA fragmentation (SDF). Therefore, it is possible to evaluate male infertility by serum lipid levels, especially before assisted reproduction technology, and modify it by bringing about lifestyle modifications. This study aimed to measure the correlation of SDF with levels of total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG),very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL),low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) among males with abnormal semen parameters. A cross-sectional analytical study was conducted in the infertility clinic of a tertiary care hospital. A total of 106 infertile males with abnormal semen analysis as per the WHO criteria (2010) were enrolled in the study. After routine semen analysis, SDF was studied using the comet assay. The serum fasting lipid profile was analyzed using the spectrophotometric kit in the autoanalyzer. The relationship of SDF with serum lipid profile parameters was analyzed. Out of 106 infertile men, 52% (n = 55) had severe SDF. A modest positive correlation was observed between SDF (percentage of DNA in comet tail) and serum lipid values (serum TG, serum LDL, and serum VLDL). Our study is novel in its research on the correlation between SDF and serum lipid values. Based on the findings of our study, it can be concluded that a significant level of SDF was observed in men with high levels of serum TG, LDL, and VLDL. This provokes a potential relationship between sperm DNA integrity and serum lipid profile, which warrants further research.

Evaluation of Serum Lipid Profile and Renal Function Levels in Iraqi Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)

Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) has been raised as a public health state worldwide and is associated with increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. The aim of the study was to assess serum lipid profile levels, renal function and glucose in CKD patients undergoing hemodialysis. A total of 50 patients (23 males and 27 females) with CKD attending the hemodialysis at Kidney Unit in Al-Ramadi Teaching Hospital, Anbar Iraq and of ages ranging between 20 -85 years, were sustained for this research. The patients were classified into three categories with their mean age of 65.71±1.98 years. Eleven healthy adults were also recruited in this study with mean age of 37.00±15.56 years as control group. The study included measuring biochemical markers such as glucose, total cholesterol(TC), triglycerides (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) , creatinine and urea by using automated chemistry analyzer by Abbott/USA. The outcomes of this study showed that the urea and creatinine levels increased significantly, whereas HDL-C level significantly decreased in the patients as compared with control group. However, TC and LDL-C showed slightly lower levels which were within the normal limits in the control group. While TG, VLDL and glucose levels showed non-significant changes in CKD patients as compared with control (P ≤ 0.05). In addition, all parameters revealed no significant changes in males as compared with females group (P ≤ 0.05). Depending on age, only creatinine level showed significant change in 20-40 years age group as compared with 61-85years age group (p &lt;0.05). Finally, abnormal lipid metabolism may probably be an independent risk factor for the progression of renal disease.

Blood Sugar Concentration, HbA1C, and Lipid Profile in Heart Patients

The study included 45 samples (30 patients with heart disease and have diabetes and 15 patients with Type 2 DM), their age between (40-60) years for both gender. Samples were collected from Kirkuk general hospital from April 2023 to September 2023. The individuals of this study were divided into two groups: The first group was for patients with heart disease n (30), and the second group for individual have diabetes only n (15). Result: Heart disease patients had higher mean serum cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL, and VLDL levels (225.1±25.2, 209.5±8.3, 140.7±17.9, 41.9±4.61) compared to diabetes patients (196.3±27.2, 165±6.1, 119.67±15.2, 33.00±3.22) at a P-value &lt; 0.05. HDL levels were similar across groups at P &gt; 0.05. The research demonstrates the mean FBS and HbA1C of 30 heart disease and 15 diabetic patients. The study found that heart disease patients had higher mean serum FBS and HbA1C levels (282.8±36.41 mg/dl, 10.35±3.18%) compared to diabetes patients (175.2±32.79 mg/dl, 8.22±2.51%). A P-value &lt; 0.05. Conclusion: The study concluded appositive association between dyslipidemia and heart disease in which increased cholesterol, triglyceride, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), fasting blood glucose and HbA1C and no differences between heart disease and diabetes patients.

A Study to Observe the Impact of Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Levels on the Cardiovascular Profile in Elderly Patients Attending a Peripheral Medical College of a Developing Country

Background: Cardiovascular disease is one of the leading causes of death worldwide, more so in an aging population with mental health issues. Objectives: We aimed to study the influence of depression, anxiety, and stress levels on the cardiovascular profile in elderly patients attending a peripheral medical college in West Bengal. Methodology and Participants: This cross-sectional study was conducted in a peripheral medical college among 197 elderly participants. The cardiovascular profile was examined and Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale-21 scores were estimated. Results: One hundred and thirty-four (68%) were male and 63 (32%) were female and male–female participants were age and body mass index (BMI) matched. Males had significantly higher waist/hip ratio, heart rates, systolic blood pressure (BP), and diastolic BP. The female population demonstrated significantly higher levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL), whereas males had higher levels of total cholesterol, triglycerides, and very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) cholesterol. One hundred and third-eight (70.1%) had normal electrocardiogram findings, 30 (15.2%) had left axis deviation, 13 (6.6%) had right axis deviation, and 16 (8.2%) had ischemic heart disease. The mean ± standard deviation (SD) score of depression for males was 10.66 ± 6.81 and for females 16.22 ± 7.17 (P &lt; 0.0001). The mean ± SD of the stress score for males was 10.67 ± 6.71 and for females 15.17 ± 6.45 (P &lt; 0.001). BMI, heart rate, triglyceride, VLDL, and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol showed a significant positive correlation with depression scores. A significant positive correlation was observed between anxiety scores and waist/hip ratio. Stress scores had significant positive correlations with age, triglyceride, LDL, and VLDL levels and a negative correlation with HDL levels. Conclusions: Increased depression anxiety and stress levels were found to worsen the cardiovascular profile among the elderly population and more so among males.

Administration of Momordica charantia Linnaeus Extracts for the Treatment of Hypothyroidism Induced Obesity in Mice and Study of Related Biochemical Parameters and Thyroid Histology

Background:: Hypothyroidism is marked by increased Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) levels and decreased T3 (tri-iodothyronine) and T4 (tetra-iodothyronine/thyroxine) levels. Hypothyroidism-induced obesity has been linked to various metabolism-related abnormalities like slowed down basal metabolic rate (BMR). Momordica charantia Linn. fruit has traditionally been used for reducing obesity. Objective:: Administration of Momordica charantia Linnaeus extracts for the treatment of hypothy-roidism-induced obesity in mice and study of related biochemical parameters and thyroid histology. Methods:: Hypothyroidism-induced obesity was induced by administering methimazole to the mice for 21 consecutive days and then investigating the disease reversal properties of Momordica char-antia aqueous extract, alcoholic extracts, and standard drug thyroxine following their administration to mice for 21 consecutive days. Blood sampling was done to obtain the biochemical parameters normal values, hypothyroidism-induced obesity levels, and levels after treatment with the test ex-tracts. Various biochemical parameters like thyroid profile {TSH, T3, and T4} and lipid profile {Total cholesterol (TC), total triglycerides (TGs), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL)} and physical parameters like body weight, waist circumference, and food and water intake were measured. Liver and heart were dissected from the mice of each group for oxidative stress measurement by estimation of serum Glutathione (GSH), Malondialdehyde (MDA), and Catalase levels. The thyroid gland was dissected from the mice of each group for histopathological analysis. Results:: Serum MDA levels had significantly increased (p&lt;0.001), whereas the values of GSH and catalase had decreased significantly (0.001) in hypothyroid obese mice. The standard and test groups showed attenuation of MDA levels (p&lt;0.0001) and elevation of GSH (p&lt;0.0001) and cata-lase levels (p&lt;0.0001) back toward normal measurements. After the induction of hypothyroid obe-sity, the thyroid profile and lipid profile both had disturbed significantly and the levels of TSH, TC, TGs, and VLDL elevated, whereas the levels of T3, T4 hormones, and HDL decreased significantly. After the treatment with the test plant extracts and standard drug, the levels of TSH, (p&lt;0.0001) TC (p&lt;0.05), TGs (0.0001), and VLDL (p&lt;0.0001) attenuated and the levels of T3 (p&lt;0.0001), T4 (p&lt;0.0001), and HDL (p&lt;0.0001) elevated back towards the normal range. Histopathological anal-ysis and the hypothyroid obese group thyroid showed significant shrinkage of thyroid globule size wise and a significant decrease in colloid levels when compared with the control group, whereas the standard and test groups showed reversal of the thyroid globule size back towards normal. Conclusion:: The plant extracts can be used as a safe herbal treatment for hypothyroid obesity.

Advanced Oxidation Protein Products Are Strongly Associated with the Serum Levels and Lipid Contents of Lipoprotein Subclasses in Healthy Volunteers and Patients with Metabolic Syndrome.

The association between advanced oxidation protein products (AOPPs) and lipoprotein subclasses remains unexplored. Therefore, we performed comprehensive lipoprotein profiling of serum using NMR spectroscopy and examined the associations of lipoprotein subclasses with the serum levels of AOPPs in healthy volunteers (HVs) and patients with metabolic syndrome (MS). The serum levels of AOPPs were significantly positively correlated with the serum levels of very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), intermediate-density lipoprotein (IDL), and low-density lipoprotein (LDL); however, they were significantly negatively correlated with high-density lipoprotein (HDL). These lipoproteins (and their subclasses) differed markedly regarding the direction of correlations between their lipid contents and AOPPs. The strength of the correlations and the relative contributions of the subclasses to the correlations were different in the HVs and patients with MS. As revealed by orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analyses, the serum levels of IDL were strong determinants of AOPPs in the HVs, whereas the serum levels of VLDL and the lipid content of LDL were strong determinants in both groups. We conclude that IDL, VLDL, and LDL facilitate, whereas HDL diminishes the bioavailability of serum AOPPs. The presence of MS and the lipid contents of the subclasses affect the relationship between lipoproteins and AOPPs.

Regulation of Neuropeptide Y Receptor Gene Expression and Hormone Level in Obese Male Rats Receiving 6-Gingerol and L-Arginine Supplementation.

Obesity and its associated disorders, such as hyperlipidemia, have become a ‎global issue following the consumption of unhealthy, high-fat, and high-‎carbohydrate foods, which burdens the economies and the ‎health systems of human societies worldwide. This study aimed to evaluate ‎the effect of oral consumption of 6-gingerol and L-arginine supplements on obesity factors. Thirty rats in five groups were fed a diet specific to each ‎group for 12 weeks and then treated with the oral administration of L-arginine (200 mg/day) and 6-gingerol (100 mg/day) for 12 weeks. The food and water ‎intake and weight change, were then measured. In addition, plasma glucose, ‎triglyceride, cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL)‎, low-density ‎lipoprotein (LDL), and serum hormone levels, including corticosterone, testosterone, and insulin, were measured, and NPY, Y1, and Y5 receptor gene expression were recorded using real-time PCR. Administration of 6-gingerol and L-arginine decreased food intake, ‎weight gain, glucose levels, insulin levels, and homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) index compared to ‎the HCD control group. In addition, corticosterone and testosterone levels in the ‎study groups showed a significant decrease (P<0.05) and increase (P<0.01) compared to the control groups, respectively. Triglyceride, total cholesterol, HDL, and VLDL levels in the groups treated with L-arginine and gingerol alone or combined significantly decreased compared to ‎the control group (P<0.01). This study confirms that 6-gingerol and L-arginine supplements prevent ‎HCD-induced hyperlipidemia by controlling hormones and neurotransmitters ‎involved in the general metabolism.‎.

Effect of cigarette smoking on lipid profile, high sensitivity c-reactive protein, and malondialdehyde

Background: One of the most common reasons for preventable mortality is the smoking habit. Cigarette smoke promotes the process of atherogenesis by producing oxygen-derived free radicals which cause damage to the lipids. Cigarette smoking is associated with impaired endothelium-dependent vasodilatation and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Aims and Objectives: The objectives of the study were the following: (i) to compare the levels of total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and very LDL (VLDL) in asymptomatic male smokers and non-smokers of the age group 25–50 years; (ii) to determine and compare the levels of high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) in the above two groups, and (iii) to study and compare the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) in the above groups. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted on 60 males in which 30 smokers and 30 non-smokers of the age group 25–50 years were incorporated. It was a cross-sectional comparative study, which included the participants who met all the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Before the conduct of the study, informed consent was obtained from all the participants. Moreover, the selection of participants was done in a consecutive manner until the sample size was achieved. TC and TGs were estimated by the enzymatic colorimetric method, HDL cholesterol by the phosphotungstic acid method, and LDL and VLDL by Friedwald’s formula. MDA was determined by spectrophotometry and hs-CRP by the immunoturbidometric method. The data acquired were analyzed by utilizing the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 18. Results: Dyslipidemia was seen in smokers as evidenced by significantly elevated levels of TC, TG, LDL, and VLDL; and significantly reduced levels of HDL. The mean values of hs-CRP were significantly elevated in smokers when compared to that of non-smokers. Oxidative stress was increased in subjects who were smokers. The mean values of MDA were significantly elevated in the smokers. Conclusion: The smoking habit is associated with dyslipidemia, oxidative stress, and inflammation which predisposes to the development of endothelial dysfunction and atherosclerosis. The significance of early screening measures to be undertaken in asymptomatic smokers for dyslipidemia, oxidative stress, and hs-CRP is unveiled by the present study. Therefore, early screening can be used to advise smokers to refrain from smoking to avoid complications of CVDs, so that they can upgrade the quality of their life.

Дія мелатоніну та кверцетину на запалення i метаболізм за умов цілодобового освітлення та висококалорійної вуглеводно-ліпідної дієти

The study is aimed at investigating the impact of exogenous melatonin and quercetin on indices of systemic inflammatory response and indicators of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in the blood serum of male rats exposed to round-the-clock lighting (RCL) with 1500 lx intensity during the last 30 days of being kept on a 60 day high-calorie carbohydrate-lipid diet (HCCLD, 20% fructose solution and the proper chow). The study has demonstrated that the restoration of serum melatonin concentration in rats by its exogenous administration during the RCL exposure and keeping them on HCCLD did not fully correct the indicators of the systemic inflammatory response such as the content of tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and C-reactive protein (CRP), as well as indices of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism such as concentration of insulin, highdensity lipoprotein (HDL), very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) and triglycerides, HOMA-IR insulin resistance index. The administration of quercetin under the experimental conditions was accompanied by a significant increase in the serum melatonin concentration (by 85.9%), a decrease in the content of TNF-α (by 53.9%), CRP (by 54.4%), glucose (by 49.2%), insulin (by 49.6%), VLDL (by 49, 2%) and triglycerides (by 49.3%), and an increase in HDL concentration (by twofold), but these indicators (with the exception of the HOMA-IR index, which decreased by 62.4%) did not reach the values of the intact group. The combined effect of melatonin and quercetin under RCL exposure and HLLD significantly improved the indicators of systemic inflammatory response, carbohydrate and lipid metabolism that is confirmed by a more significant decrease in serum levels of TNF-α, CRP, insulin, VLDL and triglycerides, an increase in HDL concentration, and a decrease in the HOMA-IR index compared with the separate use of melatonin and quercetin.

LIPID PROFILE CHANGES DURING DIFFERENT PHASES OF MENSTRUATED YOUNG AND PREMENOPAUSAL WOMEN

Background: Lipoprotein cholesterol measurements fluctuated across the menstrual cycle, corresponding to rising and declining concentrations of gonadotropins and ovarian steroid hormones levels in young women, whereas premenopausal women and those who inside the menopausal transition characterized by a poor ovarian response to high secretion of gonadotropin leading to low levels of ovarian steroids. Aims: To investigate the lipoprotein cholesterol changes and their interactions with sex steroid hormones during different phases of the menstrual cycle in menstruated young and old (premenopausal) women. Methods: The sample included thirty healthy women (aged 20-45 years) divided into two groups with 15 women /group according to their ages )20-25 years( (40-45 years). Blood samples were collected on the 8th, 16th, and 24th days of the menstrual cycle from both young and old menstruating women to compare the previous parameters between these days for each group and compare these parameters between similar days for the first and second groups. Lipid profile (Total cholesterol (TC), Triglyceride (TG), High density lipoprotein (HDL), Low density lipoprotein (LDL), and Very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) changes be assayed by Bio-Systems Kit components. Statistical analysis was carried out using one-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), followed by Duncan's test, and t-tests were used to assess differences between groups. Results: TC and TG levels did not significantly increase on the 8th day of the menstrual cycle, which represents the follicular phase, in comparison with the other days (16th and 24th days). However, LDL level increased significantly (p ? 0.05) on the 8th day compared to the other days. On the other hand, HDL and VLDL levels increased on the 16th day of the menstrual cycle, which represents the ovulatory phase. Discussion: TC, TG, and LDL levels increased during the follicular phase and were accompanied by high levels of FSH and estradiol, leading to a favorable lipid profile, whereas FSH and estradiol are considered regulators of cholesterol biosynthesis and a buffering capacity. HDL and VLDL levels rise during ovulation to meet the requirements of ovulation and ensure successful ovulation. Conclusions: Studying and evaluating changes in the lipid profile according to the menstrual cycle phase of the menstrual cycle represents an important issue in knowing the physiological and healthy woman state and preventing cardiovascular disease incidence.

Is There Any Relation Between High-Grade Prostate Cancer and Central Obesity, Hyperinsulinemia and Dyslipidemia?

Background: Prostate Cancer (PCa) is the sixth leading cause of cancer death in men, worldwide. Incidence of prostate cancer in India is on the rise. Most studies suggest that obesity has a positive correlation with a higher risk of developing high-grade PCa and dying of PCa. Central obesity and related biochemical alterations in terms of hyperinsulinemia and dyslipidemia are associated with severity of prostate cancer in terms of high Gleason score. Materials &amp; Methods: Central obesity was assessed using anthropometric measurements including waist hip ratio (WHR) and body mass index (BMI). Serum PSA, testosterone, and insulin levels were estimated. Serum levels of triglycerides (TG), cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), high-density lipoprotein (HDL) were also measured. Standard staging procedures were followed and for histopathological evaluation of PCa, Gleason grading was done on core biopsy tissue. Results: In the present population-based study, persons with high Gleason score had significantly higher WHR supporting that central obesity may predispose to high-grade prostate cancer. Study has shown a significant relationship between high Gleason score and cholesterol, TG, VLDL, and low HDL levels; however no significant relation was found with LDL levels. Testosterone is a key prostate growth factor although PCa presents at an age when testosterone levels are declining. Conclusion: In this study, there was no significant difference in testosterone levels in patients with high and low Gleason scores. Keywords: Prostate, Cancer, High grade, Low grade

Comparison of umbilical cord blood lipid profiles between appropriate and small for gestational age newborns with their mothers’ lipid profiles: a case-control study from tertiary care centre of Karnataka

Background: Fetal malnutrition and fetal growth restriction results in dysfunctions of neuroendocrine system, pancreas and adipose-tissue; finally increasing the food intake and decreasing energy use. This results in an increase in adipose deposition and insulin-resistance and ultimately increasing chances of adult metabolic-diseases. This study makes an effort to compare and contrast the lipid-profiles of Small for Gestational Age (SGA) and Appropriate for Gestational Age (AGA)newborns correlating and with their mother’s lipid-profiles. Methods: This was a case-control study, conducted in the Departments of Pediatrics and OBG of Karwar Institute of Medical Sciences,Karwar, Karnataka,India over a period of twelve months(January-2021 to January-2022). With 500neonates, 357appropriate for gestational age (AGA) and 143 small for gestational age(SGA) babies were included for the study as controls and cases for their lipid profiles using their cord-blood. Results: here, we found that SGA-babies had lower gestational age (37.40±1.01 weeks) at birth compared to AGA-babies (39.22±1.05 weeks) which was statistically significant. The mean Total Cholesterol (TC) level (84.47±27.39 mg/dl) was higher in SGA-babies compared to AGA-babies (56.87±32.28 mg/dl) and this difference was statistically highly significant (p value&lt;0.0001). The mean very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) level (14.10±10.67 mg/dl) was higher in SGA-babies than AGA-babies (7.17±3.69 mg/dl) with p value&lt;0.0001 (highly significant). The mean low density lipoprotein (LDL) level (38.74±19.85 mg/dl) was higher in SGA-babies compared to AGA-babies (25.63±14.15 mg/dl) and this difference was statistically significant (p value&lt;0.0001). The mean high density lipoprotein (HDL) levels of AGA and SGA-babies were comparable with low statistical significance (26.70±14.90 mg/dl of SGA; 24.45±9.567 mg/dl of AGA, p value 0.095). Conclusions: Levels of all lipids were observed to be higher in SGA babies than in AGA babies. Mothers who gave birth to SGA babies were found to have statistically significant high VLDL levels.

Zuogui Jiangtang Qinggan Formula improves glucolipid metabolism in type 2 diabetes mellitus complicated with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease by regulating FoxO1/MTP/APOB signaling pathway

This study aimed to investigate the effect and mechanism of Zuogui Jiangtang Qinggan Formula(ZGJTQG) on the glucolipid metabolism of type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM) complicated with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD). NAFLD was induced by a high-fat diet(HFD) in MKR mice(T2DM mice), and a model of T2DM combined with NAFLD was established. Forty mice were randomly divided into a model group, a metformin group(0.067 g·kg~(-1)), and high-and low-dose ZGJTQG groups(29.64 and 14.82 g·kg~(-1)), with 10 mice in each group. Ten FVB mice of the same age were assigned to the normal group. Serum and liver tissue specimens were collected from mice except for those in the normal and model groups after four weeks of drug administration by gavage, and fasting blood glucose(FBG) and fasting insulin(FINS) levels were measured. The levels of total cholesterol(TC), triglyceride(TG), and low-density lipoprotein(LDL) were detected by the single reagent GPO-PAP method. Very low-density lipoprotein(VLDL) was detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA). Alanine aminotransferase(ALT) and aspartate ami-notransferase(AST) were determined by the Reitman-Frankel assay. The pathological changes in the liver were observed by hematoxylin-eosin(HE) staining and oil red O staining. Real-time fluorescence-based quantitative polymerase chain reaction(real-time PCR) and Western blot were adopted to detect the mRNA and protein expression of forkhead transcription factor O1(FoxO1), microsomal triglyceride transfer protein(MTP), and apolipoprotein B(APOB) in the liver. The results showed that high-dose ZGJTQG could signi-ficantly reduce the FBG and FINS levels(P&lt;0.05, P&lt;0.01), improve glucose tolerance and insulin resistance(P&lt;0.05, P&lt;0.01), alleviate the liver damage caused by HFD which was reflected in improving liver steatosis, and reduce the serum levels of TC, TG, LDL, VLDL, ALT, and AST(P&lt;0.05, P&lt;0.01) in T2DM mice combined with NAFLD. The findings also revealed that the mRNA and protein expression of FoxO1, MTP, and APOB in the liver was significantly down-regulated after the intervention of high-dose ZGJTQG(P&lt;0.05, P&lt;0.01). The above study showed that ZGJTQG could effectively improve glucolipid metabolism in T2DM combined with NAFLD, and the mechanism was closely related to the regulation of the FoxO1/MTP/APOB signaling pathway.

Disturbed lipid profile in common variable immunodeficiency - a pathogenic loop of inflammation and metabolic disturbances.

The relationship between metabolic and inflammatory pathways play a pathogenic role in various cardiometabolic disorders and is potentially also involved in the pathogenesis of other disorders such as cancer, autoimmunity and infectious diseases. Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) is the most common primary immunodeficiency in adults, characterized by increased frequency of airway infections with capsulated bacteria. In addition, a large proportion of CVID patients have autoimmune and inflammatory complications associated with systemic inflammation. We summarize the evidence that support a role of a bidirectional pathogenic interaction between inflammation and metabolic disturbances in CVID. This include low levels and function of high-density lipoprotein (HDL), high levels of triglycerides (TG) and its major lipoprotein very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), and an unfavorable fatty acid (FA) profile. The dysregulation of TG, VLDL and FA were linked to disturbed gut microbiota profile, and TG and VLDL levels were strongly associated with lipopolysaccharides (LPS), a marker of gut leakage in blood. Of note, the disturbed lipid profile in CVID did not include total cholesterol levels or high low-density lipoprotein levels. Furthermore, increased VLDL and TG levels in blood were not associated with diet, high body mass index and liver steatosis, suggesting a different phenotype than in patients with traditional cardiovascular risk such as metabolic syndrome. We hypothesize that these metabolic disturbances are linked to inflammation in a bidirectional manner with disturbed gut microbiota as a potential contributing factor.