Vertical Scale Research Articles

Unraveling microbial assembly and co-occurrence relationship at seasonal and vertical scales in an aged organic-contaminated site

Unraveling microbial assembly and co-occurrence relationship at seasonal and vertical scales in an aged organic-contaminated site

Breaking Internal Waves on Sloping Topography: Connecting Parcel Displacements to Overturn Size, Interior-Boundary Exchanges, and Mixing

Abstract Internal waves impinging on sloping topography can generate mixing through the formation of near-bottom bores and overturns in what has been called the “internal swash” zone. Here, we investigate the mixing generated during these breaking events and the subsequent ventilation of the bottom boundary layer across a realistic nondimensional parameter space for the ocean using three-dimensional large-eddy simulations. Waves overturn and break at two points during a wave period: when the downslope velocity is strongest and during the rapid onset of a dense, upslope bore. From the first overturning bore to the expulsion of fluid into the interior, there is a strong dependence on the effective wave height, a length scale defined by the ratio of wave velocity over the background buoyancy frequency, an upper bound on the vertical parcel displacement an internal wave can cause. While a similar energetically motivated vertical length scale is often seen in the context of lee-wave generation over topography, the results discussed here suggest this readily measurable parameter can be used to estimate the size of near-boundary overturns, the strength of the ensuing turbulent mixing, and the vertical scale of the along-isopycnal intrusions of fluid ejected from the boundary layer. Examining a volume budget of the near-boundary region highlights spatial and temporal variability that must be considered when determining the water mass transformation during this process.

Probabilistic analysis of crack width and deflection of an anchored diaphragm wall installed in sands

This paper deals with the probabilistic modelling of an anchored diaphragm wall installed in normally consolidated sand. The analysis uses the random finite element method and is based on N = 1000 Monte Carlo simulations. The model's geometry is based on the benchmark of the triple-anchored wall installed in the Berlin sand, published by Schweiger (Part i: Results of benchmarking. Part ii: Reference solution and parametric study. Technical Report CGG_IR006_2002, Institute for Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, Graz University of Technology, Austria, 2002). A single spatially variable soil layer is assumed. The variability of the soil is modelled by two random fields that describe the normalised CPTu parameters Qtn and Fr. The probability distribution, cross-correlation coefficient and vertical scales of fluctuations SOF for both random fields are identified based on CPTu tests from the central part of Poland. The Hardening Soil-brick model is used as the constitutive model of the soil. Its parameters are derived based on local values of normalised corrected tip resistance Qtn and normalised friction ratio Fr according to the correlations found for this soil type by Truty (Sci Rep 140(1):15102, 2024). Based on the initial analysis conducted for mean soil parameters, steel reinforcement for the wall has been designed. The probabilistic analysis involves both the ultimate (ULS) and the serviceability (SLS) limit states; however, it is focused on the latter. In particular, the crack width and the wall deflection are investigated. The estimation of system probability considering both SLSs is based on the Nataf transformations. As shown, both states can significantly impact the failure’s probability, resulting in the system failure probability being substantially more significant than that for individual SLS.

Well logging super-resolution based on fractal interpolation enhanced by BiLSTM-AMPSO

Enhancing the level of geological characterization and analysis has always been a challenging task in the exploration and development of unconventional oil and gas reservoirs. In order to address these challenges, geophysical logging is one of the most important data for characterizing target reservoir model. However, the vertical resolution of conventional well logging data is often insufficient to handle the fine-scale characterization tasks of complex unconventional reservoirs. Therefore, several vertical resolution enhancement techniques have been devised to attain as fine as possible reservoir characterization. Nevertheless, local sharp structure with sufficient high frequency information cannot always been well recovered. In this paper, to improve the vertical resolution of well-logging data, a novel fractal interpolation based well logging super-resolution method was proposed by employing bidirectional long short-term memory (BiLSTM) and adaptive mutation particle swarm optimization (AMPSO). Specifically, mutation factors are introduced into the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm to enhance search accuracy. The AMPSO is utilized to obtain optimal solutions for the vertical scaling factors in the fractal interpolation iterated function system (IFS), ensuring these factors adhere to fractal theory constraints. This approach constructs an IFS that aligns closely with the fractal characteristics of the logging curves, thereby enabling more effective extraction of structural information and finer-scale information recovery. Experimental results indicate that, compared to well logging super-resolution methods such as bicubic interpolation, convolutional neural networks, and random forests, the proposed method not only effectively preserves the overall contours and detailed information of the well logging curves but also exhibits good stability across different regions and various well logging curves.

The Response of Large Diurnal Warm Layers to Short-Term Variability in Solar and Wind Forcing: Observations and Physical Modeling

Abstract In conditions of low winds and high insolation, near-surface stratification develops in the ocean that is typically referred to as a Diurnal Warm Layer (DWL). These layers can have a substantial effect on sea surface temperature and air-sea fluxes, yet are rarely accounted for in modern global models due to their small vertical scale. Here we present co-located measurements of vertical temperature and turbulence structures in large DWLs made from a Lagrangian float featuring a robotic lead screw T/S profiler and pulse-to-pulse coherent ADCP as well as a comprehensive suite of meteorological observations above the ocean surface, yielding novel observations of the response of large DWLs to variability in wind and solar forcing at sub-hourly timescales. Comparison between the observations and a hierarchy of upper ocean models reveals the importance of an accurate solar heating parameterization, and suggests a modification to the critical bulk Richardson number used by default in the K-Profile Parameterization. Comparison to a simple scaling for DWL evolution highlights its potential as a means of incorporating DWL effects into global-scale modeling, and a new extension to the scaling is developed to remedy its inaccuracy in cases of wind decrease. None of the models tested are able to reproduce the observed response to sudden insolation loss on one of the stations.

Scientific response to the 2021–2022 seismic swarm in the Monts Dore volcanic province (France): structural insights from punctual surveys (1/2)

Long-dormant volcanic provinces remain excellent proxies in studying active edifices. The Monts Dore volcanic province (French Massif Central) has been recently the site of a unique seismic episode. Geophysical surveys were conducted at different horizontal and vertical spatial scales. Magnetic anomalies highlight mechanical heterogeneities consistent with the regional tectonic context. Low-conductive structures imaged suggest the presence of fluid rising along main paths at various depths. Although we cannot strictly exclude a purely tectonic explanation, our data seem to support the origin of seismicity as being linked to the injection of fluids at depth controlled by internal structural constraints.

Turbulence in protoplanetary disks: A systematic analysis of dust settling in 33 disks

The level of dust vertical settling and radial dust concentration in protoplanetary disks is of critical importance for understanding the efficiency of planet formation. Here, we present the first uniform analysis of the vertical extent of millimeter dust for a representative sample of 33 protoplanetary disks, covering broad ranges of disk evolutionary stages and stellar masses. We used radiative transfer modeling of archival high-angular-resolution (≲0.1″) ALMA dust observations of inclined and ringed disks to estimate their vertical dust scale height, which was compared to estimated gas scale heights to characterize the level of vertical sedimentation. In all 23 systems for which constraints could be obtained, we find that the outer parts of the disks are vertically settled. Five disks allow for the characterization of the dust scale height both within and outside approximately half the dust disk radius, showing a lower limit on their dust heights at smaller radii. This implies that the ratio between vertical turbulence, αz, and the Stokes number, αz/St, decreases radially in these sources. For 21 rings in 15 disks, we also constrained the level of radial concentration of the dust, finding that about half of the rings are compatible with strong radial trapping. In most of these rings, vertical turbulence is found to be comparable to or weaker than radial turbulence, which is incompatible with the turbulence generated by the vertical shear instability at these locations. We further used our dust settling constraints to estimate the turbulence level under the assumption that the dust size is limited by fragmentation, finding typical upper limits around αfrag ≲ 10−3. In a few sources, we find that turbulence cannot be the main source of accretion. Finally, in the context of pebble accretion, we identify several disk regions that have upper limits on their dust concentration that would allow core formation to proceed efficiently, even at wide orbital distances outside of 50 au.

The Southeast Indian Ridge: A Hotspot for Cross-Frontal Exchange

Abstract Cross-frontal exchange facilitated by mesoscale eddies in the lee of major topographic features of the Southern Ocean is fundamental to the global overturning circulation. Despite the outsize importance for meridional heat flux, we lack an accurate estimation of fluxes across the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) due to the challenges of observing mesoscale eddy fluctuations on the temporal and spatial scales required. Here, 12 years of Argo data are used to observe patterns of cross-frontal exchange in the Southeast Indian Ridge system, a relatively underobserved region, known to be a hotspot of exchange. Spice variance along ACC streamlines is used as a proxy for cross-frontal exchange. Elevated exchange is observed downstream of the ridge system in nearly every streamline and is particularly prominent in the core of the ACC. Notably, exchange peaks progressively downstream at each poleward streamline suggesting a systematic north-to-south handoff across nearly the full breadth of the ACC. Employing a mixing length framework, lateral stirring is parameterized as an eddy diffusivity on the isopycnal of peak exchange. We find a highly localized pattern of diffusivity, peaking between the crest and trough of the first standing meander in the lee of the ridge system. Spatially, this diffusivity pattern correlates with an along-stream increase in eddy kinetic energy. Along-stream vertical wavenumber spectra of spice anomaly profiles indicate that the vertical scales of intrusions, which are initially large (approximately 800 m), rapidly evolve downstream to smaller wavenumbers (100–300 m) presumably in response to intense vertical shear and filamentation.

Box dimension of generalized affine fractal interpolation functions (II)

Let f be a generalized affine fractal interpolation function with vertical scaling functions. In this paper, we estimate \operatorname{dim}_{B} \Gamma f , the box dimension of the graph of f , under the assumption that vertical scaling functions are of bounded variation. The main tool we use is vertical scaling matrices introduced in our previous work from 2023. We conduct a much deeper analysis of the properties of these matrices compared to our previous work. We prove the monotonicity of spectral radii of vertical scaling matrices without additional assumptions. We also obtain the irreducibility of lower vertical scaling matrices under weaker conditions than that in our previous work.

Revisiting the Stratigraphy and Structure of the Faroe Islands Flood Basalts for Large‐Scale CO2 Storage in Basalt Reservoirs

ABSTRACTComprehensive mapping of the stratigraphy and structures is essential when exploring basaltic reservoirs for CO2 storage. A major task in analysing the storage potential of the reservoir is to bring all relevant geological data within a single framework for integration and joint interpretation. In this study, we illustrate how data integration facilitates an improved understanding of the geological evolution of the Faroe Islands, the North Atlantic Igneous Province, and how the data integration forms a foundation for future carbon capture and storage campaigns. We have integrated new and existing data including geological field observations, digital elevation models, digital outcrop models, lithological logs, seismic profiles, and bathymetry in a single, consistent, and quality‐controlled toolbox. Two key findings are that (a) we have mapped stratigraphic markers in the central Faroe Islands across the islands, and there is no indication of large‐scale strike‐slip faults that offset the volcanic stratigraphy; (b) our analysis provides no clear onshore evidence of transfer zones in the Faroe Islands. We show that a high density of data and integration of data types across different vertical and horizontal scales is crucial for mapping the highly heterogeneous basaltic reservoir.

Cloud Database Scalability: Meeting Modern Enterprise Demands

Cloud database technologies have emerged as a critical solution for enterprises grappling with explosive data growth and unpredictable workload patterns. This comprehensive article examines how modern cloud database systems address enterprise scalability challenges through dynamic resource allocation, distributed architectures, and automated management capabilities. Further, we deep dive into the core scalability technologies, including horizontal and vertical scaling approaches, automatic scaling mechanisms, and distributed database architectures that enable organizations to handle exponentially growing datasets. The article further analyzes various database service models (DBaaS, cloud-native distributed databases, self-managed deployments), resource optimization strategies (connection pooling, query optimization, workload management), and crucial implementation considerations for successful cloud database migrations. Through real-world examples across industries, this article demonstrates how properly implementing these technologies allows enterprises to balance performance requirements with cost optimization while maintaining the business agility required in today's data-driven landscape.

Web-Traffic Predication using Python Incremental Machine Learning for Enhancing Business Infrastructure Management

The In today's digital era, every organization prioritizes the end- user experience while accessing websites and important business assets, since it directly reflects the company's online visibility. Most businesses have migrated their infrastructure to cloud platforms such as AWS and Azure, ensuring optimal performance and user experience. These cloud applications offer both horizontal and vertical scaling of infrastructure. This means that they may adjust the amount of resources allocated to the application based on factors such as application response time and the threshold for bottleneck due to abrupt increases in web traffic load. The infrastructure can be automatically scaled up or down as needed. Objective of the research: To enhance the effectiveness of the infrastructure configuration employed or defined by the Business, these papers propose a novel solution to the industry by utilizing a Python-based incremental learning technique. It aids in forecasting the volume of web traffic on an application. This will assist in organizing and managing resources and infrastructure during periods of high web traffic. The Python programming language is a versatile and adaptable tool that may be utilized to generate these models in many business contexts and data sources. This study aids businesses in optimizing customer satisfaction, reducing operational downtime, and proactively allocating resources by accurately predicting web traffic patterns. This study report emphasizes the superiority of the incremental model compared to the classic machine learning approach when dealing with continually evolving Web traffic data. Traditional machine learning models require retraining on the entire dataset when new data becomes available, which can be computationally expensive and time-consuming, especially for constantly evolving web traffic data. Incremental machine learning enables the ongoing updating of models with new data points, enhancing flexibility and decreasing computing expenses. In addition, we examine previous studies on forecasting web traffic and emphasize the constraints of conventional machine-learning methods within this domain. Next, we analyse the many elements and sub-elements that impact online traffic and examine the possible advantages of utilizing Python tools such as sci-kit-learn and Python for creating incremental learning models. Lastly, we delineate the subsequent actions to be taken for future research in this field.

Ultimate Scaling of the Metal-MoS2 Interface Achieving High Performance Nanoscale Schottky Diodes via Conductive Atomic Force Microscopy.

Ultrascaling of Schottky diodes is a key challenge of modern nanoelectronics. Recently, typical approaches have focused on the use of vertically stacked 2D van der Waals layered materials (2D vdWLMs), yet lacking deeper insights into the effect of vertical and lateral scaling to the nanoscale on Schottky diodes. Here, the study demonstrates high-performance nanoscale Schottky (nano-Schottky) diodes using conductive atomic force microscopy (CAFM), which simultaneously enables a reduction in diode length and the scale of Schottky junction within the metal tip-MoS2-ultraflat Au structure. The nano-Schottky diodes, which range from 0.65 to 19 nm, exhibit an outstanding rectification ratio of 19.6 for 4 layers (4L)-MoS2 and record high on-current value of 2.93 × 105 Acm-2 for the 9.9 nm-thick MoS2 due to their ultrascaled structure. Furthermore, the nano-Schottky junction is demonstrated as a photodiode, showing distinct behavior depending on the diode length, the wavelength, and the power of the incident light. The study analyzes the underlying mechanism through simulations of the depletion region according to electrode size. These results not only lead to deeper understanding of the carrier transport mechanisms and optoelectronic properties of nano-Schottky diodes, but also provide novel tools to investigate carrier behavior or light-matter interaction at nanoscale volume.

Geochemical assessment and transfer of potential effects of metallic trace elements around abandoned mining sites in Kettara region (Morocco)

Geochemical assessment and transfer of potential effects of metallic trace elements around abandoned mining sites in Kettara region (Morocco)

Vertical Structure of Baroclinic Instability in a Three-Layer Quasigeostrophic Model over a Sloping Bottom

Abstract We use a three-layer quasigeostrophic model to study the effects of sloping bottom topography on baroclinic instability in an ocean-like setting. Three layers allow for an interior potential vorticity gradient, a feature that is precluded by the use of a two-layer model. Material conservation of quasigeostrophic potential vorticity (QG PV) is expressed in terms of sloping background density interfaces, perturbations to the sloping interfaces, and the bottom slope. Linear stability analysis and numerical simulations of initial linear growth are used to demonstrate the dependence of topographic modifications to baroclinically unstable modes on background shear and stratification. Instabilities are classified according to their vertical structure, and the nature of topographic modification to baroclinically unstable modes is shown to correspond to instability type. Surface-intensified vertical shear of the background flow supports surface-intensified baroclinic instability that is less sensitive to bottom topography, compared to uniformly sheared background flow. When background shear is constant or close-to-constant, topography has a leading order effect on the vertical structure of the most baroclinically unstable mode. Upper-ocean stratification changes the lateral and vertical scales of the most unstable mode, with weaker upper-ocean stratification supporting high-wavenumber surface-intensified baroclinically unstable modes that are less sensitive to topography. We also present and assess a novel criterion that predicts the degree of surface intensification of the fastest-growing baroclinically unstable mode using only prescribed background properties, highlighting the role of interior potential vorticity in setting the most unstable mode’s vertical structure. Significance Statement Mesoscale eddies dominate ocean transient kinetic energy at time scales longer than a few days, playing a critical role in ocean dynamics, ocean biogeochemistry, and the climate system. Ocean eddies not captured by a model’s resolution are represented through parameterizations. The changing strength of an eddy with depth, an important aspect of realistic parameterizations, has been attributed to the baroclinic instability that generates the eddy. We use a three-layer model to demonstrate and explain the essential mechanics of the vertical structure of baroclinic instability and clarify the relative roles of upper-ocean mean flow, upper-ocean stratification, and sloping bottom topography. We exhibit the importance of interior ocean dynamics when studying topographic effects on vertical structure, a feature precluded by two-layer models.

Microscale vertical distribution of meiofauna in a coral reef protected area in northeastern Brazil

The study of community structure in microzones on reef walls is extremely relevant, since changes in coastal ecosystems, particularly due to predicted climate change scenarios and associated sea level rise events, can result in the reduction of natural populations and loss of biodiversity. Here, we present the first dataset highlighting meiofauna microzonation of southwestern Atlantic tropical coral reefs. We studied the spatial distribution (i. e., vertical microzonation in tenths of a meter) of meiofauna taxa (e. g., copepods, nematodes) within a Marine Protected Area (MPA), along a coastal reef wall. We subdivided the reef into three microzones in the lower midlittoral, one in the Mean Low Water Springs zone (MLWS or Point 0.0 cm) and three microzones in the shallow infralittoral. A total of seven microzones were studied, organized at vertical differences of up to 30 cm between each pair (Midlittoral +60 cm, +50 cm and +20 cm; Point 0.0 cm; Infralittoral –15 cm, –30 cm, and –40 cm) and related to the position of the tide level 0.0 m (MLWS). We observed a decrease in meiofauna abundance in the upper reef (i. e., Midlittoral +60 cm and +50 cm) compared to the infralittoral microzone. Our study also indicates significant differences (P < 0.0001) in meiofauna community structure composition when comparing the midlittoral to the infralittoral microzones. Differences in community structure also occurred between very close microzones (i. e., 25 to 30 cm) within the midlittoral or the infralittoral microzones, indicating that the distribution of meiofaunal organisms varies over cm-level vertical scales within a complex reef habitat.

Construction of a Vertical Scale for Mathematics in Japanese Elementary Schools Using a Post-Hoc Anchor Test:

Construction of a Vertical Scale for Mathematics in Japanese Elementary Schools Using a Post-Hoc Anchor Test:

Candidate Sites for Millimeter and Submillimeter Ground-Based Telescopes: Atmospheric Rating for the Eurasian Submillimeter Telescopes Project.

Modern sensing technologies used in the field of ground-based telescopes still present several challenges. First of all, these challenges are associated with the development of new-generation instruments for astronomical observations and with the influence of Earth's atmosphere on radiation in various ranges of the electromagnetic spectrum. The atmosphere is often the main factor determining the technical characteristics of the instruments in both the optical and millimeter ranges. In particular, for millimeter/submillimeter telescopes, water vapor is the main gas that determines atmospheric opacity. The correct assessment of water vapor makes it possible to estimate the optical opacity of the atmosphere and, on this basis, the capabilities of the millimeter/submillimeter telescope and the limitations of its use in the mode of very long baseline interferometry. Many studies seek to effectively characterize water vapor content and dynamics for site-testing purposes regarding ground-based millimeter and submillimeter telescope application. In the present article, we study the water vapor content within a fairly large region, which has been poorly covered in the modern literature. Based on the ERA-5 reanalysis data as a site-testing-oriented tool, we obtained spatial distributions of the precipitable water vapor (PWV) within a large region (20∘N-70∘N, 35∘E-120∘E). These distributions of PWV were corrected with respect to the characteristic vertical scale of water vapor Heff and the relative height difference in the grid nodes in the ERA-5. The calculated values of PWV are highly correlated with the Global Navigation Satellite System-derived PWV, with Pearson coefficients greater than 0.9. Using the refined estimations, we determined the median values of atmospheric opacities corresponding to new prospective sites (Khulugaisha Peak and Tashanta) as well as the Special Astrophysical Observatory (the key astronomical observatory in Russia). Together with Ali in China, Khulugaisha Peak and Tashanta are considered by us as potential sites for the placement of a millimeter/submillimeter telescope within the framework of the project of the Eurasian Submillimeter Telescopes. The results obtained in this paper suggest promising atmospheric conditions for astronomic observations, at least in the millimeter range. In particular, we believe that this study will be a basis for the Eurasian Submillimeter Telescopes (ESMT) project, within the framework of which it is assumed to create a number of ground-based millimeter/submillimeter telescopes.

On Microservice-Based Architecture for Digital Forensics Applications: A Competition Policy Perspective

Digital forensics systems are complex applications consisting of numerous individual components that demand substantial computing resources. By adopting the concept of microservices, forensics applications can be divided into smaller, independently managed services. In this context, cloud resource orchestration platforms like Kubernetes provide augmented functionalities, such as resource scaling, load balancing, and monitoring, supporting every stage of the application’s lifecycle. This article explores the deployment of digital forensics applications over a microservice-based architecture. Leveraging resource scaling and persistent storage mechanisms, we introduce a vertical scaling mechanism for compute-intensive forensics applications. A practical evaluation of digital forensics applications in competition investigations was performed using datasets from the private cloud of the Hellenic Competition Commission. The numerical results illustrate that the processing time of CPU-intensive tasks is reduced significantly using dynamic resource scaling, while data integrity and security requirements are fulfilled.

StatuScale: Status-aware and Elastic Scaling Strategy for Microservice Applications

Microservice architecture has transformed traditional monolithic applications into lightweight components. Scaling these lightweight microservices is more efficient than scaling servers. However, scaling microservices still faces the challenges resulting from the unexpected spikes or bursts of requests, which are difficult to detect and can degrade performance instantaneously. To address this challenge and ensure the performance of microservice-based applications, we propose a status-aware and elastic scaling framework called StatuScale , which is based on load status detector that can select appropriate elastic scaling strategies for differentiated resource scheduling in vertical scaling. Additionally, StatuScale employs a horizontal scaling controller that utilizes comprehensive evaluation and resource reduction to manage the number of replicas for each microservice. We also present a novel metric named correlation factor to evaluate the resource usage efficiency. Finally, we use Kubernetes, an open source container orchestration and management platform, and realistic traces from Alibaba to validate our approach. The experimental results have demonstrated that the proposed framework can reduce the average response time in the Sock-Shop application by 8.59% to 12.34% and in the Hotel-Reservation application by 7.30% to 11.97%, decrease service level objective violations, and offer better performance in resource usage compared to baselines.