Vertical Ribs Research Articles

The Origins of Fan Vaulting

In the second half of the fourteenth century a new type of vaulting known today as fan vaulting appeared in England but not on the Continent; this development defies easy explanation. The purpose of this study is to clarify the emergence of the new mode of building, and, in the process, to inquire into the nature of Late Gothic architectural innovation. The fan vault has specific interrelated visual and structural characteristics: (1) conoids of geometric form, (2) vertical ribs, each of consistent curvature, (3) a distinct central spandrel panel, (4) ribs perpendicular to the vaulting surface, and (5) applied surface patterning (Figs. 1–3).1 When these elements are defined, analyzed, and placed in historical perspective, they can add to our understanding of the evolution of the form.

DESCRIPTIONS OF SOME BUTTERFLY LARVÆ FROM YOSEMITE (V.), AND THE LIFE HISTORY OF CALLIDRYAS EUBULE

Pyrameis cardui, Linn.The life history of this well known species has not been written, to judge from the references given by the late Mr. Henry Edwards in his useful catalogue, so I present it here:-Egg.—Cylindric-conical, the base flat with the usual vertical ribs: colour pale yellow; diameter .6 mm. Laid singly.

DESCRIPTIONS OF SOME BUTTERFLY LARVÆ FROM YOSEMITE.—II

Junoniacœnia, Hubn.Egg.—Spherical, a little flattened at the base, with about twelve vertical ribs running to the micropyle; colour, shining pale green; diameter; .5 mm.First Stage.—Head rounded, black and shiny; width, .25 mm. Body sordid greenish, with long black hairs curving forward, arising from small lustrous tubercles. Feet concolorous with the body.

PARTIAL PREPARATORY STAGES OF ERYCIDES BATABANO, Lef

Egg.— Nearly, spherical the base flattened a little. Around the sides are eighteen vertical ribs, every other one shorter, not reaching the summit. The natural color could not be ascertained.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREPARATORY STAGES OF ARGYNNIS HESPERIS, Edw

Egg.—Conodial, round-topped, nearly as broad at base as high, the top depressed; marked by about 19 thin, elevated, vertical ribs, one half running from base to summit, the others but four fifth or more the distance; the spaces between crossed by many low horizontal ridges; the micropyle surronded by two or three circles of very fine depressions, outside of which are rows of very large four or five-sided depressed cells; color yellow-green. Duration of this stage about ten days.

PREPARATORY STAGES OF CATOCALA RELICTA, Walk

Egg.—Shape of flattened sphere. Diameter, 1 mil. Color, brownish slate. There are thiry-six vertical ribs, each alternate one only reaching the apex; and numerous horizontal parallel stritations. The eighteen ribs which reach the apex there unite with the horizontal lines, forming an irregular network. Duration of this period 241 to 246 days.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREPARATORY STAGES OF PHOLISORA CATULLUS, Faericius

EGG.—Conical, the base flat, the top truncated, rounded, and divided from centre outward into eight or nine rounded, nearly equal, smooth lobes; at the micropyle a deep depression; sides marked by about 15 vertical ribs, low, rounded; the spaces between the ribs a little excavated, and crossed horizontally by many fine striæ; color pale yellow-brown, or luteous. Duration of this stage about five days.YOUNG LARVÆ.—At 12 hours from egg, length .04 inch; slender, the middle segments somewhat thickest; color green-orange, under side green-yellow, as are the feet and legs; segment 2 is whitish, with a black chitinous dorsal collar in front; head sub-globose, black-brown, shining. Duration of this stage three days.

HISTORY OF THE PREPARATORY STAGES OF PHYCIODES PICTA, Edw

EGG.—Sub-conic, truncated, the top convex, the upper part from one fourth to one third the length marked by low vertical ribs, about 24 in number; below these the surface is shallowly and irregularly indented; top similarly indented, convex; color when laid yellow green. Duration of this stage about five days.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREPARATORY STAGES OF PYRAMEIS ATALANTA, Linn

Egg.—Barrel-shaped, the ends narrowing equally and rounded; the base flattened over a little space; from the edge of this start nine vertical and straight ribs, at first low, but gradually rising in elevation and after the middle rapidly, till at the top they are very prominent, and terminate abruptly about the rim of the depressed summit; these ribs are thin and grooved on both sides perpendicularly to the surface of the egg; between them the surface is a little excavated, and smooth; color green. Duration of this stage 5 days in May, 3 to 4 in July.Young Yarva.—Length .08 inch; cylindrical, tapering posteriorly from 4th segment; each segment rounded; color greenish-brown, semitranslucent; furnished with ten rows of black curved hairs, of which two are close together on middle of dorsum, two are lateral above spiracles, one is partly in line with, partly below spiracles, and one below this; on 2 is a sub-oval black chitinous patch, with four hairs on either side the medio-dorsal line, three others in vertical line below the patch; 3 and 4 have five hairs on each side in vertical line, but from 5 to 12, while there are five hairs, they form two lines, the 1st, 3rd and 5th being in front part of the segment; the anal segment shows two hairs on the side, and a black dorsal patch, on either half of which are about five hairs; two small hairs over each foot and proleg; on 2 to 4 the hairs are curved forward, on the other segments back, but on all the lowest row is turned down; so on 2 to 4 the next row is turned down; head rounded, black, with a few black hairs. Duration of this stage in May 4 days, in August 3.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREPARATORY STAGES OF GRAPTA INTERROGATIONS, Fab.

Egg.—Conoidal, the base flattened and rounded; marked by 8 or 9 vertical ribs, which near the base are low, but on upper third are considerably elevated, increase gradually in prominence and terminate abruptly around a small flat space at summit; these ribs are thin and their sides are grooved perpendicular to the surface of the egg; color pale green. Duration of this stage from 3 to 4 days in summer, in April and early May 10 days.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREPARATORY STAGES OF GPAPTA COMMA, Harris

Egg.—Conoidal, the base flattened and rounded; marked by 10 vertical ribs which near the base are low, but on upper third are considerably elevated, inclease gradually in prominence and terminate abruptly around a small flat space at summit; these ribs are thin and their sides are cut by grooves perpendicular to the surface of the egg; the spaces between them crossed by many fine striæ; color green. Duration of this stage 5 days in April, 4 in July.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREPARATORY STAGES OF APATURA FLORA, Edw.

Egg.—Similar to egg of Clyton; nearly spherical, flattened at base, marked by 18 or 20 slightly prominent vertical ribs, and by many fine equi-distant striæ ; color yellow-green. Duration of this stage 6 to 7 days.Young Larva.—Length .8 inch; cylindrical, tapering from segment 3 ; pubescent : color pale green, translucent; head twice as broad as next segment, sub-globose, bilobed, the surface thickly pitted with shallow excavations ; color shining yellow or ochrey-brown.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREPARATORY STAGES OF GRAPTA PROGNE, Cramer.

EGG.—Conical, the base ronnded; marked by 8 or 9 vertical ribs, which near the base are depressed, but on upper third are considerably elevated, increase gradually in prominence and terminate abruptly around a small depression at summit ; these ribs are compressed and their sides are cut by grooves perpendicular to the surface of the egg; the spaces between them crossed by many fine striæ ; color green. Duration of this stage 5 days.

DESCRIPTION OF PREPARATORY STAGES OF ARGYNNIS IDALIA, Drury

EGG–Shaped like that of Diana and Cybele; conoidal, truncated, rounded at base, the sides well rounded ; depressed at summit ; marked vertically by about 18 vertical ribs, somewhat wavy, half extending from base to summit, the remainder ending irregularly at about three-fourths the distance from the base ; between each pair of ribs are equi-distant, transverse, slightly raised striæ. Duration of this stage about 25 days.

DESCRIPTION OF PREPARATORY STAGES OF PHYCIODES NYCTEIS

Egg—Ovoidal, narrowing above, the base rounded, summit depressed ; the lower third smooth ; nearly a second third marked by irregularly hexagonal, very shallow cells; and the remainder by vertical ribs, slightly raised, terminating at the rim of summit ; color whitish-green. Duration of this stage 9 to 13 days.