Vertical Projection Research Articles

Reconstructing the Ocean Interior from High-Resolution Sea Surface Information

AbstractWhen evaluated against the 1/30°-resolution, submesoscale-resolving OFES model outputs, the previously published “interior + surface quasigeostrophic” method (from the 2013 study by Wang et al., denoted W13) for reconstructing the ocean interior from sea surface information is found to perform improperly in depicting smaller-scale oceanic motions (associated with horizontal scales smaller than about 150 km). This could be attributed to the fact that the W13 method uses only the barotropic and first baroclinic modes for the downward projection of sea surface height (SSH), while SSH at smaller scales significantly reflects other higher-order modes. To overcome this limitation of W13, an extended method (denoted L19) is proposed by employing a scale-dependent vertical projection of SSH. Specifically, the L19 method makes the projection via two gravest modes as proposed in the W13 method only for larger-scale (>150 km) signals, but for smaller scales (≤150 km) it exploits the framework of the “effective” surface quasigeostrophic (eSQG) method. Evaluation of the W13, eSQG, and L19 methods shows that the proposed L19 method can achieve the most satisfactory subsurface reconstruction in terms of both the flow and density fields in the upper 1000 m. Our encouraging results highlight the potential applicability of L19 method to the high-resolution SSH data from the upcoming Surface Water and Ocean Topography (SWOT) satellite mission.

Мотивеми подорожі міфічного й казкового героя до потойбіччя (вертикальна проекція)

Мотивеми подорожі міфічного й казкового героя до потойбіччя (вертикальна проекція)

Telescope method for characterizing the spatial structure of a pine-oak mixed forest in the Xiaolong Mountains, China

ABSTRACTForest structure is largely determined by nearest neighbor interactions, and reveals detailed interpretations of the current situation and development potential of the stand. A structure-based method is needed to analyze the relationship of nearest neighbor tree groups and therefore to characterize the forest spatial heterogeneity in a comprehensively and systematically way. A natural mixed forest of Quercus aliena var. acutiserrata and Pinus tabulaeformis in the Xiaolong Mountains, China was taken as an example to demonstrate the telescope method (i.e. N-variate distributions). Each tree with DBH ≥ 5 cm was investigated and located, and the frequencies of N-variate distributions flexibly combined with four structure parameters, uniform angle index, mingling, dominance and crowding were calculated using Excel pivot tables and the Winkelmass software. The telescope method could systematically interpret the forest structural characteristics at different resolutions. Especially, the quadrivariate distribution provides the most detailed and comprehensive spatial structure information. Based on the vertical projection dimension reduction and marginal probability distribution function, the continuous recursive process well revealed the inherently quantitative relationships among different distributions. This could be conducive to flexibly optimizing and reconstructing forest structure, and effectively selecting the trees to be removed.

Woody Plant Cover Estimation in Texas Savanna from MODIS Products

Abstract Woody plant cover, the area of the vertical projection of woody plants (trees, shrubs, and bushes), plays an important role in the structure and function of savanna ecosystems and is needed by the savanna modeling community. Recent problems facing savanna ecosystems such as woody plant encroachment and subsequent habitat fragmentation further underscore the relevance of regional-scale and even larger-scale woody plant cover mapping. The mixture of woody plants and herbaceous vegetation in savanna landscapes lends woody plant cover mapping to fractional representation. This study endeavors to develop a simple and reliable approach for fractional woody plant cover mapping in savanna ecosystems. It was tested in the savanna of central Texas, which features a wide woody plant density gradation. A multiple linear regression model was calibrated between orthophoto-based fractional woody plant cover and metrics derived from time series MODIS products of surface reflectance (MOD09A1) and fraction of photosynthetically active radiation (MOD15A2H). By applying this model, woody plant cover was extrapolated to Texas savanna at MODIS scale (500 m). Validation suggests a mean absolute error of 0.098 and an R-squared value of 0.60. This study demonstrates a potential approach for woody plant cover mapping in other savanna ecosystems of the world. It also highlights the utility of time series MODIS products in savanna woody plant cover estimation.

Vehicle License Plate Recognition Based on Wavelet Transform and Vertical Edge Matching

With the improvement of our country’s economic level and quality of life, the numbers and scales of highway networks and motor vehicles are constantly expanding, which makes the current road traffic burden more and more serious. As an important means of traffic automation management, license plate recognition (LPR) technology plays an important role in traffic surveillance and control. However, the recognition rate and accuracy of the traditional license plate recognition methods still need to be improved. In the case of poor surrounding environment, it is prone to localization failure, vehicle license plate recognition errors or unrecognizable phenomena. Wavelet transform, as another landmark signal processing method after Fourier transform, has been widely used in the field of image processing. In China, the number of horizontal lines is usually larger than that of vertical lines. If the two vertical boundaries of the license plate can be detected successfully, the four angles of the license plate can be determined efficiently to complete the license plate positioning. In view of the advantages of wavelet transform technology and the characteristics of vehicle license plate, in this paper, a vehicle license plate recognition algorithm based on wavelet transform and vertical edge matching is proposed. The edge of the license plate is detected by wavelet transform technology, and then the license plate is located by vertical edge matching technology. After the location is realized, the characters are segmented by vertical projection method and the characters are recognized by improved BP neural network algorithm. The experimental results show that the proposed vehicle license plate recognition algorithm based on wavelet transform and vertical edge matching performs well in algorithm performance, which provides a good reference for the development of vehicle license plate recognition system.

Characterization of two- and three-dimensional morphological properties of fragmented sand grains

The geometric shape and size of sand grains are key factors that affect the mechanical and hydraulic properties of sandy soils. These morphological properties are commonly quantified via analysis of two-dimensional microscopy photos while three-dimensional measurements, such as using X-ray micro-computed tomography, are being adopted to understand and characterize the behaviours of granular materials. This study explores the relationship between two- and three-dimensional morphological properties for fragmented sand grains. Three-dimensional morphological properties of representative grains with different combinations of elongation and flatness were measured with X-ray micro-computed tomography. A framework that integrates discrete element modelling and sand grain imaging is introduced for obtaining the two-dimensional vertical projections of these grains after freefalls onto a horizontal surface. Matlab code was developed to extract the 2D silhouette outline of each grain for measuring 2D morphological properties. The relationships between 2D and 3D morphological properties were quantified, and useful empirical equations were developed. The results show that five 3D morphological properties (length, breadth, volume, surface area, and elongation) can be estimated from the 2D morphological properties of length2D, breadth2D, projection area, and aspect ratio. Estimates of 3D morphological properties including sphericity, volume, and surface area can be improved when flatness is known. A practical approach to obtain flatness from the 2D morphological analysis results is provided. The newly developed equations were evaluated using virtual soil samples and compared with previously published data for natural grains. Use of the developed equations to estimate specific surface area and permeability of soils was demonstrated.

Investigation of oil-water flow in concentric and fully eccentric annuli pipes

Experimental investigations are performed on co-current flow of oil (Exxsol D60) and water in concentric and fully eccentric annuli with the inner pipe located at bottom of the outer pipe. The annulus outer and inner pipe have an inside diameter of 99 mm and outside diameter of 50 mm, respectively. This yields a diameter ratio of K = 0.505. The flow conditions studied span mixture velocities and input water cuts in the range 0.50–1.75 m/s and 10–90%, respectively, at pipe inclinations of 0° and 4° upward. Flow regimes have been identified and maps constructed using instantaneous images of the flow from high-speed cameras (shadowgraph) and X-ray chordal holdup measurements along the vertical projection. Flow regimes in the concentric annulus exhibit a higher level of mixing than that observed in the fully eccentric configuration. The transition to dispersed flow occurs at lower mixture velocities in the concentric annulus. Measurements from broad-beam gamma densitometers reveal that the mean water holdup is higher in the fully eccentric annulus for a given mixture velocity and input water cut. The higher water accumulation in this annulus configuration can be attributed to a low velocity region in the narrow gap at the annulus pipe bottom. The frictional pressure gradient in the concentric annulus is higher as compared with the fully eccentric configuration. Peaks in the pressure gradient profile, for a constant mixture velocity, are observed at high water cuts (i.e. WC ≥ 50%) at the transition between dual continuous and dispersed flows. Pressure gradient data are compared with predictions using the homogeneous and two-fluid model. In general, the homogeneous model using a modified Brinkman (Brinkman, 1952)/Roscoe (Roscoe, 1952) dispersion viscosity model shows the best agreement with data in both concentric and fully eccentric annuli.

SEGMENTATION AND COUNTING THE NUMBER OF TEETH PANORAMIC DENTAL IMAGE

There are many methods for segmentation human teeth or dental radiographs. The most frequently used segmentation method is thresholding. In developing a system of segmentation in human teeth based on panoramic tooth photographs, several very important steps are needed. Segmentation is the separation of teeth from the background and separation of each tooth. The purpose of this study, which is to separate dental image per tooth by segmentation. In addition, the other most important process is feature extraction, which is the process of knowing the most important part of the image of the tooth to be processed. Stages in this study, namely: improving the image with CLAHE, then thresholding, the results of thresholding are segmented using integral projections, the results of segmentation extracted features using tooth centroid. Thresholding or binarization is changing grayscale image into binary forms, the algorithm used is iterative adhaptive thresholding. The accuracy value of the thresholding process or separating teeth from the background is 66.67%. Segmentation is done twice, namely: separating the maxilla and mandible, and separating each tooth. Separates the maxilla and mandible using a horizontal integral projection algorithm. Whereas to separate each tooth using vertical integral projection. In order for the separation process of each tooth to produce the best, the tooth panoramic photo is divided into three parts, namely: the left, right, and center. However, from the process of separation of each tooth the accuracy is 33.33%.

Handwritten Kannada Numerals Recognition by Using Zone Features and CNN Classifier

The proposed system presents a pre-processing, segmentation, features extraction approach and Deep Convolutional Neural Network (DCNN) classifier for recognition of handwritten Kannada numerals. Pre-processing have different steps like median filter, gray scale to binary, normalization, thinning, skew correction and slant removal. Segmentation process contains different methods like vertical projection profile for word and novel character segmentation. Collections of best discriminable features are very important part in achieving high rate of identification in automatic numeral detection systems. Kannada is the major south Indian character verbal by about 50 million people. This article presents a well-organized and novel technique for recognition of handwritten Kannada numerals using zone and distance matrix. An appropriate feature extractor and a superior classifier play most important task in achieving high detection rate for a recognition scheme. This article determines a variety of feature extraction approaches and classification techniques which are designed to recognize handwritten numerals of Kannada script. The DCNN classifier approach is used to classify the testing samples of each Kannada handwritten numerals. The experimental result gives the acceptable performance rate.

Artistic and aesthetic ideas in “Plays” for two pianos by P. Dambis

Artistic and aesthetic ideas in “Plays” for two pianos by P. Dambis

An efficient, font independent word and character segmentation algorithm for printed Arabic text

Characters segmentation is a necessity and the most critical stage in Arabic OCR system. It has attracted the interest of a wide range of researchers. However, the nature of the Arabic cursive script poses extra challenges that need further investigation. Therefore, having a reliable and efficient Arabic OCR system that is independent of font variations is highly required. In this paper, an indirect, font-in dependent word and character segmentation algorithm for printed Arabic text investigated. The proposed algorithm takes a binary line image as an input and produces a set of binary images consisting of one character or ligature as an output. The segmentation performed at two levels: a word segmentation performed in the first level, by employing a vertical projection at the input line image along with using Interquartile Range (IQR) method to differentiate between word gaps and within word gaps. A projection profile method used as a second level of segmentation along with a set of statistical and topological features, which are font-independent, to identify the correct segmentation points from all potential points. The APTI dataset used to test the proposed algorithm with a variety of font type, size, and style. The algorithm experimented on 1800 lines (approximately 24,816 words) with an average accuracy of 97.7% for words segmentation and 97.51% for characters segmentation.

Combined gully profiles for expressing surface morphology and evolution of gully landforms

The expression of gully landforms can be regarded as an indicator of the evolutionary process of gullies. Most existing studies on the expression of gully landforms focus on plane characteristics. However, the vertical characteristics of a gully should be given considerable attention because gullies have mainly eroded the surface in the vertical direction. Current studies on vertical characteristics of gullies mainly focused on a single gully or rarely a few gullies, thereby failing to express the entire gully landform in a certain area. In this study, gully profile combination (GPC) was proposed to investigate the morphology and reveal the evolution of gully landforms. It was defined as the combination of vertical projection of all gully profiles in the entire drainage basin. Then, a gully evolution index and its statistic values were used to reveal the evolution of gully landforms based on GPC. The proposed method was applied and validated in three typical loess gully landform areas (i.e., loess tableland, ridge, and hill) in the Loess Plateau of China. Results show that GPC can effectively express gully landforms. The specific geomorphological feature (monoclinic loess tableland) can also be identified using GPC. The gully evolution index results also demonstrate different magnitudes of gully evolutionary stages in a certain area, which reflect the diversity of gullies. The average and median values of the gully evolution index increase in the three typical loess gully landforms. From loess tableland, loess ridge, and loess hill, the average values are 0.653, 0.703, and 0.763, and the median values are 0.661, 0.719, and 0.783, respectively. This method is also found to be stable with gully extraction thresholds for distinguishing different loess gully landforms. Accordingly, the evolution magnitudes of loess gully are obtained.

Mineral associations and Mo-W ore types of the Slepaya Zalezh' orebody at Tyrnyauz deposit

Slepaya Zalezh is the largest ore body of the Tyrnyauz Mo-W deposit. It is the priority object on the renewal of its operation. A dissemination of molibdoscheelite, scheelite and molibdenite, controling ore concentrations, is confined to metasomatic rocks of the productive stage, laid on skarns, near-skarn rocks, hornfelses and marbles. The types of the ores are divided accordingly of ratio in them of different facies of ore-bearing metasomatic and initial rocks, which is a working out mass of ore. 7 types of the ores are divided and maped on the ore body vertical projection. Aposkarn ores predominate clearly in the I and II types, accordingly laid over endo- (substituting hornfelses) or exo- (apomarble) skarns. In the III type there are ores laid over endo-skarns and near-skarn rocks in equal parts. Relative to it the type IV contain less of of near-skarn rocks, but more of hornfelses. Ores replacing exo-skarns and to a lesser degree (up to 25%) – marbles dominate in the V type. The type VI is an intermediate one between the types III and IV. In the type VII all initial rocks are presented. Every of the types has a stable mineral and chemical composition inherited from the initial rocks. The ores of the specific type have convenient simple distinguishing features for a hand sorting of specimens, samples, and a preliminary ore separation. The types of ores have narrow change limits in size and form of ore mineral grains and their intergrowthes, percentage of minerals harmful for the flotation. Minor differences in contents of the useful components of each ore type offer possibilities of their selective working off and burdening. Mapping results contain data of the distribution of accompany sorts of mineral resources: garnet and wollastonite in the skarns and productive metasomatic rocks, pyroxene-plagioclase near-skarn rocks and hydrothermal alterated rocks with Cu, Au and other mineralization.

Shape Verification Neural Network to Detection Personal Signature

This paper was concerned to study the standard features of the personal signature image. Independent features such as the area, height ,width, maximum vertical, maximum horizontal , and fractal dimension were taken to isomorphic of the original image . for more efficiently of this work the degree of complexity of image was studied and introduced as extra property of signature. Proposed algorithm was introduced for calculating the features of signature image. Many test image were taken for test this algorithm The executive appears that this algorithm is very sensitive and accurate when we have different and similar signature images. In this paper a method of verifying signatures using a technique of neural network is presented. static of various and dynamic of signature features are added in this model. Our proposal algorithm enhanced via neural network and Elman network. In our modified our method, many parameters of detection of digital images were added. These image parameters named as Width, Area, Maximum Vertical Projection, and Fractal Dimension. Fractal dimension is considered as the degree of complexity of the shape. Fractal dimension calculated the condensation of complexity of pure points of the shape without its boundaries. The dimension of the signature is varying between 1.0025 to 1.0584. Originally the signature is belonging to R2-Space (with dimension 2). The signature is considered as one of to the fractal shape. The fractal dimension is calculated by the Theorem of Boxes Squares Counting. The fractal signature dimension added an accuracy to our method for detection many signature shapes by the number of similarities in certain properties.

Method for discriminating of the shape of overlapped apple fruit images

The discrimination the shape of overlapped apple images was investigated. A combination of procedures was used to form the process using basic image processing to obtain a complete fruit region within the collected apple image. The connected region in the fruit image was framed by horizontal minimum rectangle and the Euclidean distance method was used to calculate the distance of each fruit in the connected region. The grey value of distance image increases from the outside to the inside, and becomes the maximum in the centre of the fruit region. Thus, a horizontal and vertical projection curve was obtained. Using the improved local extremum method, the effective peaks were extracted from the curve smoothed by the moving average method. The shape of the overlapped apple was discriminated based on the number of peaks. To verify the effectiveness of algorithm, 30 apple images including overlapped fruits were selected from captured images for experiments. Result showed that the algorithm effectively discriminated overlapped shape of apple fruits, which was superior to the previous methods.

Advanced Stroke Labeling Technique Based on Directions Features for Arabic Character Segmentation

Offline Character segmentation of text images is an important step in many document image analysis and recognition (DIAR) applications. However, the character segmentation of both writing styles (printed and handwritten) remains an open problem. Moreover, the manual segmentation is time-consuming and impractical for large numbers of documents. Based on the unconstraint-cursive handwritten perspective, the auto character segmentation is more challenging and complex. The Arabic script writing style suffers from many common problems, such as sub-words overlapping, characters overlapping, and missed characters. These challenging issues have attracted the attention of researchers in the field of DIAR for Arabic character segmentation. The proposed method combines a new advanced Stroke Labelling based on Direction Features (SLDF2) technique and a modified vertical projection histogram (MVPH) technique. This technique extracts the relationship between each text stroke pixel and its 8 neighboring foreground pixels and labels it with the proper value before identify the possible segmentation points. The text preparation for the segmentation process was achieved using multiple preprocessing steps and developing an advanced stroke labelling technique based on direction features. Several Arabic language structural-rules were made to detect the candidate segmentation points (CSP), detect many character overlapping cases, solve the missed characters problem that appears as a result of using the text skeleton in VPH, and validate the CSP. All techniques and methods are tested on the ACDAR benchmark database. The validation method used to measure segmentation accuracy was a quantitative analysis that includes Recall, Precision, and F-measurement tests. The average accuracy of the proposed segmentation method was 92.44%, which outperforms the state-of-the-art method.

The Effects of Aging on Corneal and Ocular Surface Homeostasis in Mice.

Aging is a risk factor for dry eye disease. The aim of this study was to investigate if aging is associated with a range of signs of dry eye disease, including tear hyperosmolarity, reduced nerve density, and increased dendritic cell number, in mice. Healthy C57BL/6 female mice, aged 2 months (young, n = 10) and 22 months (aged, n = 11) were used. Clinical assessments included corneal sensitivity (Cochet-Bonnet esthesiometry), tear secretion (Phenol red thread test), tear film osmolarity (TearLab osmometer), and corneal thickness (optical coherence tomography). The sum length of the corneal superficial terminals and sub-basal nerves, density of vertical nerve projections, and density and tree area of resident epithelial dendritic cells, were assessed using immunofluorescence and confocal microscopy. Aged mice had significantly higher tear secretion, lower corneal sensitivity, and a thicker corneal stroma but thinner epithelium. There was no significant intergroup difference for tear osmolarity. Aged mice showed a significantly lower sum length of nerves in the superficial terminals and sub-basal plexus, relative to young mice. Dendritic cell density and morphology were similar in both groups. In mice, aging is associated with higher tear secretion and corneal epithelial thinning, together with lower corneal nerve density and sensitivity. However, aging was not significantly associated with changes to tear osmolarity or dendritic cell density or size, despite a significant reduction in total nerve length. These findings demonstrate that aged mice exhibit some changes to ocular surface parameters that parallel the anomalies evident in dry eye disease.

Bearing Strength Formula of Roughened Concrete Considering Vertical Projection Area

Bearing Strength Formula of Roughened Concrete Considering Vertical Projection Area

Off-Line character recognition using an integrated DBSCAN-ANN scheme

<p>Handwriting character recognition involves a high degree of variability and imprecision. For that, the main factor to judge the recognition accuracy is the technique that is used to extract the features. This paper developed a novel method for handwritten Arabic characters by combining the Density-Based Clustering method with statistical and morphological features. The first stage in recognition of handwritten character image has been done by binarization the image then applies noise removal techniques. The Density-Based Algorithm used to categorize and find any shape of clusters based on pixel information positions. This technique divided the image into characters. Each character will be decomposing into four regions from the centroid followed by feature extraction. These features include vertical and horizontal projections, upper and lower profile, rectangularity and orientation. The results of the present process will transfer to the Neural Network (NN) stage which generates a high level of correctness and accuracy by training. The testing results compared with two of state-of-art researches. The total accuracy of this proposed work observes a better recognition of characters.</p>

Excited state dynamics initiated by an electromagnetic field within the Variational Multi-Configurational Gaussian (vMCG) method

The Variational Multi-Configurational Gaussian (vMCG) approach offers a framework to perform exact trajectory-based quantum dynamics. Herein we use two model vibronic coupling Hamiltonians of pyrazine to explore, for the first time, the influence of the coupling between the external field and the Gaussian basis functions (GBFs) in vMCG on the dynamics. We show that when the excitation pulse is short compared to the nuclear dynamics, vertical projection without a field and explicit description of the external field converge. For longer pulses, a sizeable change is observed. We demonstrate that comparatively few GBFs are sufficient to provide qualitative agreement to MCTDH dynamics and a quantitative agreement can be achieved using ∼100 GBFs. Longer pulses require more GBFs due to the prolonged coupling between the ground and excited states. Throughout this work the single set formalism offers the fastest convergence.