Vertical Links Research Articles

Steel slit shear walls with an efficient geometry

This paper presents the results of a study to improve the seismic behavior of steel shear walls with vertical slits. In this system, the steel plate segments between the slits behave as a series of flexural links, which provide a fairly ductile response without the need for heavy stiffening. An efficient slit geometry is proposed, which assures simultaneous yielding of the plate along the vertical links and prevents strain localization. Experimental study and finite element modeling are used to verify the proposed steel slit shear wall and to study its nonlinear behavior under monotonic and cyclic loading. Out-of-plane buckling of the wall and the effects of buckling restraining clamps on this phenomenon is also studied. The results show satisfactory performance of this system, when used as a seismic force resisting system. The important geometric parameters that result in the desired behavior of the wall, including appropriate stiffness and strength, as well as stable hysteresis curve, are determined and evaluated.

Experimental investigation of smart shear dampers with re-centering and friction devices

Eccentrically braced frames (EBFs) with vertical shear links are lateral load resisting systems having considerable strength and ductility. In this study, an innovative hybrid damper, consisting of four shape memory alloy (SMA) plates, two friction devices, and six polyurethane springs, is proposed and evaluated as a replacement for the vertical shear link. The proposed smart shear dampers are designed to lessen the frequency and severity of deformation and damage to the main structure by earthquakes. Because the proposed smart shear damper is independent of the main structure, it can be repaired rapidly, which lowers the cost of maintenance. Other advantages include ease of assembly and installation. In this study, the seismic performance of the proposed damper is experimentally investigated and evaluated. Quasi-static cyclic loading with displacement control is applied to the side of the damper, and the components of the damper are considered individually. Eight shear dampers, including four SMA plates and four steel plates, are tested under identical loading protocols, and then the effect of each component is measured. The results show that the proposed SMA damper decreases residual displacement by 50%–95% depending on the type of damper system and that the polyurethane springs of the proposed shear damper provide considerable re-centering capability.

Optimizing Vertical Link Placement and Congestion Aware Dynamic Elevator Assignment for Partially Connected 3D-NoCs

The fully connected 3D-NoCs in which all routers are vertically connected with their neighbors above and below need a lot of Through-Silicon-Vias (TSVs), and they will occupy a large silicon area and reduce the fabrication yield. Thus, the idea of partially connected 3D-NoCs has emerged. The optimal number and placement of the vertical links (elevators) must be determined at the chip design stage, which is a multiobjective optimization problem of the performance and the cost. However, optimizing the static elevator placement needs a great amount of calculation and we can not examine all possible solutions at design time. Therefore, we propose a hybrid heuristic strategy for the static elevator placement and assignment, in which the genetic algorithm and the tabu search are combined. The dynamic assignment method is essential for the partially connected 3D-NoCs, and it leads to different traffic distributions and therefore has a huge impact on performance. Many previous static assignment methods can not dynamically change the elevator assignment according to the real-time states of the network, thus it may lead to network congestion. A congestion-aware dynamic assignment (CDA) scheme is proposed in this article, which considers the impact of the distance factor and the congestion factor on the network performance. Experiments show that the proposed CDA method can improve the network performance by 67%-86% compared with the random selection algorithm and can improve the reliability of the partially connected 3D-NoC as well. The key component for the CDA method, the path selection module (PSM), is implemented in FPGA, and the results show that its area cost is negligible compared with a router.

Multimode laser beam scintillations in weak atmospheric turbulence for vertical link laser communications

Scintillation index of multimode laser beams used for communication systems in vertical paths of weak atmospheric turbulent medium are examined by employing the Rytov method. On-axis scintillation index is examined versus the source size, propagation distance and zenith angle for vertical link including uplink and downlink. At the selected values of source sizes and propagation distances, scintillation responses of multimode laser beams are evaluated. In general, it is found for both uplink and downlink that the laser beam with multimode content has larger scintillation noise as compared to a Gaussian laser beam. However, for the downlink at L=700 km, at the chosen parameters, the multimode beam possessing larger mode content, is found to attain slightly smaller scintillations.

Mechanism of strategic management of development of integration interaction of enterprises

Introduction. The impact of globalization processes of the world economy motivates the revision of traditional ap-proaches to strategic management of enterprises in today's dynamic environment, including the establishment of integra-tion. This approach allows you to establish horizontal and vertical economic links between different network participants and get a synergistic effect for each of them. The purpose of the research is to improve the scientific approach to understanding the functional sphere of influ-ence of the mechanism of strategic management of the development of integration interaction of enterprises and to identify strategies of the appropriate level detailing their features and target results. Results. The nature of the concept of "mechanism" is studied and the role of the mechanism of strategic management of the development of integration interaction of enterprises is established, which reflects the system of interconnected ele-ments-components of economic mechanisms of separate subjects of business processes. The need for joint activities of enter-prises on the example of agricultural market participants has been proved: cooperation and integration contribute to the creation of a number of advantages for members of such associations, including the formation of product prices. Features of network organizational structure of management and vertical integration are considered. Variants of strategic decisions are systematized with their target result of application and peculiarities of proceedings. Conclusions. Any company has two basic options for development strategy: internal development and external growth. The specificity of the latter strategies is formed by the fact that small enterprises operate in limited market niches, which narrows the range of possible strategic decisions. The set of possible strategies includes direct, reverse, horizontal integration, market capture or development, product development, concentric, conglomerate, horizontal diversification, joint venture, reduction, rejection, liquidation and combination. The introduction of a mechanism for strategic management of the development of integration interaction of enterprises will help increase competitiveness, reduce production and transaction costs, expand market position, maximize profits and more. Keywords: integration, integration process, integration interaction, enterprise development, strategic management, strategy, management, network structures, mechanism.

Experimentally Analyzing Diverse Antenna Placements and Orientations for UAV Communications

A vast array of potential applications is emerging for drones and other devices to collaborate from disaster relief and search and rescue missions to smart agriculture and IoT systems. As drones move across multiple altitudes, they must have the ability to communicate across any direction in a three-dimensional (3D) space. However, due to the heterogeneous nature of the drone body and its interaction with the mounted antennas, different antenna positions on the drone can result in variations in the radiation pattern. While there have been a fair number of airborne communication works, few consider the role that antenna positioning has on the resulting transmission along the azimuth and elevation planes. In this work, we study the effects of the drone body and various antenna placements on the radiation pattern and fading of drone-based channels. Through systematic anechoic chamber and in-field measurements, we show that the drone body alters the radiation pattern of the mounted antennas, rendering the common assumption of a constant azimuth radiation pattern invalid. In addition, the body increases polarization mixing of drone-based channels, resulting in significant degradation of the cross-polarization discrimination (XPD). Hence, we propose using effective radiation pattern and XPD values instead of relying on measurements and/or assumptions that disregard drone-antenna interaction. We then analyze the shadowing and losses associated with the drone body for many antenna setups at various elevation angles and show that when mounted on the opposite side from the ground transmitter, shadowing increases with relatively-higher drone elevations. To account for these body-induced effects, we introduce rotational loss that results in better prediction results of the large-scale fading behavior compared to conventional models that neglect these body effects. Then, we analyze the small-scale fading for various antenna setups and show that the Rician K-factor is strongly dependent on elevation for polarization-matched vertical links, while it is approximately flat for cross-polarized links. To do so, we conduct a set of drone-to-drone (DtD) experiments at high altitudes with no surrounding reflectors and compare results to those obtained by our ground-to-drone (GtD) measurements. We find that, while at low elevations the ground can reduce the K-factor by 10 dB, at higher elevations, small-scale fading is dominated by the antennas, not the ground.

Spectrum and Energy Efficiency in Dynamic UAV-Powered Millimeter Wave Networks

This letter investigates a dynamic scheme to analyze and optimize unmanned-aerial-vehicle-(UAV)-to-ground millimeter-wave (MMW) networks. First, a downlink energy transfer is proposed, followed by the uplink information transfer process between the UAV base stations (BSs) and a ground Internet of things (IoT) network. The UAVs fly above the ground IoT network in the energy transfer phase with the dynamic regulation to minimize the path loss fading. Afterwards, the ground-based IoT devices use the received energy to transmit the uplink information using vertical links. The UAV BSs are modeled with gain from multiple three-dimensional uniform linear antenna arrays. After deriving new statistical properties, we analyze the spectrum efficiency and energy efficiency for the system. Our numerical results have shown that the dynamic scheme in UAV-to-ground IoT networks provides great advantages than a traditional static deployment.

Variable Guide Vane Scheduling Method Based on the Kinematic Model and Dual Schedule Curves

The variable guide vanes (VGV) of gas turbine engines are commonly utilized to expand operating range and to improve efficiency of the compressor. Guiding air flow using the VGVs in the compressor prevents aerodynamic instability by making proper incidence angle to the blades. In this study, we dealt with rig-type three-stages VGVs for developed engine tests. The three link mechanism of VGVs are linked to each other with two hydraulic actuators, and inevitably, induced hysteresis exists between vane rotations and actuators strokes, due to links with non-fully constrained degree of freedoms for easy installation and instrumentation, as well. Therefore, the adjustment of each VGVs link mechanism is required to satisfy vane angle demands. To adjust coupled three-stages VGVs link mechanism, an analytical VGV-link kinematic model was derived, and effects of two adjusting parameters (lengths of bell cranks and vertical links) were discovered. Lastly, we obtained two vane angle schedule curves from the experiments according to link moving directions, and applied them to the engine controller to minimize hysteresis of the variable inlet guide vane (VIGV). The proposed VGV adjusting and controlling method can be simply applied to the pre-designed or pre-manufactured VGVs system without mechanical compensation or additional cost.

Analysis of interconnections between technical systems on hierarchically connected technological levels of steel sheet production by hot rolling

Complexity of modern metallurgical plants, presence of great number of horizontal and vertical interactions between their various structural subdivisions makes it necessary to apply a systems analysis to elaborate effective measures for stable development of a plant operation. Among such measures, digitalization of a plant is widespread at present. To implement the digitalization it is necessary to have clear vision about links at all the levels of the technological system of a plant. A terminology quoted, accepted in the existing regulatory documents for defining of conceptions, comprising the technological system. It was shown, that the following four hierarchical levels of technological systems are distinguished: technological systems of operations, technological systems of processes, technological systems of production subdivisions and technological systems of plants. A hierarchical scheme of technological systems of hot-rolled sheet production at an integrated steel plant presented. Existing horizontal and vertical links between the basic plant’s shops shown. Peculiarities of flows of material, energy and information at the operation “rolling” of the technological system “hot rolling of a steel sheet” considered. As a technical system of the technological process of the hot rolling, the hot rolling mill was chosen. A structural diagram of the hot rolling mill was elaborated, the mill being consisted of reheating furnaces, roughing and finishing stand groups, with an intermediate roll-table between them, and down-coilers section. Since the rolling stands are the basic structural elements of the hot rolling mill, structural diagrams of a roughing and a finishing stands were elaborated. Results of the systems analysis of the technological and technical systems, hierarchically linked in the process of steel sheet hot rolling, can be applied for perfection of organization structure of the whole plant, as well as for elaboration mathematical models of a system separate elements functioning, which is a necessary condition for a plant digitalization.

ИННОВАТИЗАЦИЯ КАК ОСНОВА ОБЕСПЕЧЕНИЯ БЕЗОПАСНОСТИ ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКОЙ СИСТЕМЫ

In modern conditions, ensuring the security of economic systems is interconnected with the categories “sustainability” and “development”. Sustainability of an economic system reflects the reliability and strength of its constituent elements, the efficiency and inviolability of horizontal and vertical links within the system itself. Development is one of economic security components, since the lack of development significantly reduces the ability to resist and adapt to internal and external threats. The security of the national economic system is considered as the ability to survive and develop steadily in the conditions of turbulence and the influence of hard-to-predict factors. The success of economic development is largely determined by significant structural changes based on innovation. Consequently, dynamic innovative development must have an adequate innovative structure. “Innovatization” as an economic category is a process of accumulation, preservation, use and development of the innovative potential of the economic system’s acting entities. The economic theory of economic systems’ innovatization is one of the demanded economic paradigms of our time for most developed and developing countries of the world, including Russia. This is due to the decisive role of innovations in the development of economic systems and, as a result, this is as a source and one of the criterion indicators of economic security. The authors, using the holistic approach and the method of structural-logical decomposition in the study, revealed the content and forms of innovatization in economic development structures as a basis for ensuring economic security.

Making a Case for Partially Connected 3D NoC

3D Network-on-Chip (3D NoC) enables design of high-performance and energy-efficient manycore computing platforms. Two of the commonly used vertical interconnection technologies are: through silicon via (TSV) and near-field inductive coupling (NFIC). Both TSV- and NFIC-based links introduce additional area overhead. One of the possible ways to reduce the area overhead is to design partially connected 3D NoC with minimal effect on overall performance. The achievable performance of the partially connected 3D NoCs depends on the area, energy, and bandwidth of the vertical links. Moreover, the electromigration-induced failure of TSV is more severe than the misalignment-induced error in NFIC. By considering all these pertinent factors, we demonstrate that it is indeed possible to design a partially connected NFIC-based 3D NoC that performs as good as a fully connected TSV-based counterpart when the data rate is below a certain limit. For higher data rates, the partially connected TSV-based 3D NoC is a viable solution. However, NFIC-based 3D NoC is always more robust than the TSV-based counterpart.

Anomalous statistics of particle spreading in quenched random velocity field

We study the motion of a random walker in two dimensional randomly oriented Manhattan lattice where each horizontal and vertical link in a regular square lattice is assigned a random direction. This model describes the anomalous diffusion properties of the tracer particles that are driven by a random unidirectional zero mean velocity field. By means of numerical analysis and with the use of qth order moment 〈xq(t)〉∼tqβ, we find the anomalous scaling exponent β=2∕3 that perfectly agrees with previous studies. We develop some precise results to understand the anomalous nature of random motion in random environments. This is done by the study of non-Gaussian properties of the probability density function, logarithmic scaling of the diffusion entropy and weak ergodicity analysis. It is also found that the mean exit times from a bounded domain is related to the fractal nature of the process.

Enhancement of SOA-Based Scintillation Mitigation by PS-OOK Transmission in FSO Communication

This paper proposes an enhancement of semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA)-based scintillation mitigation by polarization shift on-off keying (PS-OOK) transmission in free-space optical (FSO) communication. The scintillation effect is a critical issue in a vertical FSO link. The issue of the extinction ratio (ER) degradation of the received OOK signal caused by the high dynamic gain frequency of the SOA limits the performance of the turbulence-induced scintillation effect mitigation using a gain-saturated and polarization-independent SOA. Therefore, a PS-OOK signal, which has the characteristics of orthogonal polarization of bits “1” and “0,” is transmitted at the transmitter end and a linear polarizer is deployed after the gain saturated SOA at the receiver end. Based on the polarization orthogonality of PS-OOK, the performance of the scintillation-effect suppression is significantly improved by the mitigation of the ER degradation by the blocking of the polarization of bit “0” of the received optical PS-OOK signal using the linear polarizer. The proposed scheme is experimentally verified utilizing the Mach-Zehnder modulator (MZM)-based fading simulator accommodated various turbulence channels. The experimental results illustrate that the scintillation effect is effectively suppressed by the proposed technique compared to the SOA-based conventional single-polarized OOK detection and balanced PS-OOK detection.

Vertical Underwater Visible Light Communication Links: Channel Modeling and Performance Analysis

Underwater visible light communication (UVLC) has been introduced to support emerging high data rate applications such as real-time image and video transmission. Initial works on UVLC build upon the assumption of fixed turbulence strength through the transmission range which can be justified only for horizontal links. In vertical underwater links, the gradient of temperature and salinity changes with depth. This effectively results in ocean stratification where water with different values of salinity and temperature form non-mixing layers. In this paper, we first model the vertical underwater link as a cascaded fading channel where fading coefficients associated with different layers are modeled as independent and non-identical distributed. Based on the cascaded lognormal and Gamma-Gamma distributions respectively for weak and moderate/strong turbulence conditions, we first derive closed-form expressions for the bit error rate (BER) performance of UVLC systems. Then, we analyze the asymptotic BER performance and determine the diversity orders. In addition, we derive closed-form expressions for the average ergodic capacity of underwater cascaded fading channels under consideration. We present simulation results to confirm the analytical findings.

Structural transformations of the regional political and state-administrative elite in the processes of ensuring the strategic development of the state

In this article has been analyzed the structural transformation of the regional political and state-administrative elite, on the basis of which it has been identified as a set of independent, professionally trained leadership groups whose activities are oriented towards the realization of nationally regulated regional interests, which clearly correlates with the development of the institutional system. public administration of the state; the vertical and horizontal levels of interaction between the regional and national elites are specified, their status differentiation is revealed. To establish links between the regional and national elites, D. Pinto proposed the idea of the feasibility of establishing channels of vertical ties that characterize their structural transformation and effective functional impact on the processes of strategic development of the state, which include scientists: economic, political, personal.The article deals with the concept of E.Eleisen on the need to justify the three levels of the regional elite (won by the regional power elite, regional political elite, regional elite), classification of approaches to structural analysis of D. Bradley's regional elite (socio-genetic, geographical).The purpose of the article is to analyze the structural transformation of regional political and state-administrative elites.The article also specifies the vertical and horizontal levels of interaction between the regional and national elite, reveals their status differentiation, develops a strategic set of tactical methods for establishing interaction between them, sets out the basic conditions that affect the system of relations between the regional and nation-wide etheric-elite multivariate strategic political functions of the regional elite that ensure the establishment of technological vertical interaction region at the center of systematized model of interaction between regional elite center, which provides internal structural adjustment of cooperation between regional elites. The article considers the relevant conditions that affect the system of vertical links between regional and national elites in the strategic development processes of the state, proposed by S. Edelswell and D. Epstein.

ILP formulation and heuristic method for energy-aware application mapping on 3D-NoCs

The rapid increase in the number of cores on chips forced the designers to invent new communication methods such as Network-on-Chip (NoC) paradigm. Advances in integrated circuit fabrications even allowed three-dimensional NoC (3D-NoC) implementations. 3D-NoCs have more advantages than their 2D counterparts such as lower area, higher throughput, better performance, and less energy consumption. However, they lack the design automation algorithms. An important design problem for a given application is mapping it on a 3D-NoC topology. In this paper, we present an integer linear programming (ILP) formulation and a novel heuristic algorithm, called CastNet3D, for application mapping onto mesh-based 3D-NoCs with energy minimization being the objective. The algorithm tries to utilize vertical links for communicating nodes as much as possible. Vertical links are shorter than horizontal ones; therefore, they are faster and consume less energy. We compared CastNet3D against ILP in terms of energy consumption and execution time on several benchmarks. Our results show that CastNet3D obtains close to optimum results in much shorter time frames.

Seismic performance assessment of eccentrically braced steel frames with energy-absorbing links under sequential earthquakes

Recent studies have indicated the need of considering aftershocks in the seismic design/assessment of structures. This article investigates the effect of sequential mainshock and aftershock earthquakes on eccentrically braced steel frames with vertical energy-absorbing links. To achieve this, 4, 8 and 12-storey frame buildings are modelled in Perform3D® software considering non-linear behaviour of materials and components. The frames are subjected to a set of 12 main earthquake records corresponding to the required hazard level, and then subsequent aftershocks are applied using incremental dynamic analysis (IDA). To reduce the computational cost, an alternative approach is also adopted by applying the main earthquakes to the system followed by pushover analyses on the damaged building assuming a lateral load distribution proportional to the shape of the first vibration mode. Subsequently, the fragility curves are obtained for different damage levels, before and after the main earthquake. The results show that the eccentric braced frames with vertical links subjected to sequential earthquakes comply well with the performance levels of the Iranian Seismic Code. This study contributes toward the assessment and seismic validation of structures with eccentrically braced steel frames with vertical energy-absorbing links to sequential earthquakes.

Methods for coherent optical Doppler orbitography

Doppler orbitography uses the Doppler shift in a transmitted signal to determine the orbital parameters of satellites including range and range rate (or radial velocity). We describe two techniques for atmospheric-limited optical Doppler orbitography measurements of range rate. The unstabilised technique determines the Doppler shift directly from a heterodyne measurement of the returned optical signal. The stabilised technique aims to improve the precision of the first by suppressing atmospheric phase noise imprinted on the transmitted optical signal. We demonstrate the performance of each technique over a $$2.2\,\hbox {km}$$ horizontal link with a simulated in-line velocity Doppler shift at the far end. A horizontal link of this length has been estimated to exhibit nearly half the total integrated atmospheric turbulence of a vertical link to space. Without stabilisation of the atmospheric effects, we obtained an estimated range rate precision of $$17\,{\upmu }\hbox {m}\,\hbox {s}^{-1}$$ at $$1\,\hbox {s}$$ of integration. With active suppression of atmospheric phase noise, this is improved by three orders of magnitude to an estimated range rate precision of $$9.0\,\hbox {nm}\,\hbox {s}^{-1}$$ at $$1\,\hbox {s}$$ of integration, and $$1.1\,\hbox {nm}\,\hbox {s}^{-1}$$ when integrated over $$60\,\hbox {s}$$ . This represents four orders of magnitude improvement over the typical performance of operational ground to space X-Band systems in terms of range rate precision at the same integration time. The performance of this system is a promising proof of concept for coherent optical Doppler orbitography. There are many additional challenges associated with performing these techniques from ground to space that were not captured within the preliminary experiments presented here. In the future, we aim to progress towards a $$10\,\hbox {km}$$ horizontal link to replicate the expected atmospheric turbulence for a ground to space link.

The institutional framework for industrial sector modernization: the essence and ways of improvement

Relevance of research topic. An institutional mechanism aimed at progressive technical and technological modernization of the production sector as the basis of the national economy is an important component of the transition of Ukrainian industry to an innovative type of development. Formulation of the problem. At the same time, the growth in the level of depreciation of the fixed assets of Ukraine's industry already accounts for two thirds of their initial value, which indicates the gaps in the structure and links between the components of the existing institutional mechanism and leads to its low efficiency. Analysis of recent research and publications. The questions of the essence of the institutional mechanism of economic development and industrial modernization were studied in the works of D. North, C. Polanyi, J. Hodgson, I. Averina, V. Heyets, A. Grytsenko, S. Istomin, G. Kleiner, N. Lebedeva, A. Plotnikova, S. Yashchenko, etc. Selection of unexplored parts of the general problem. Despite the acuteness of the problem of technological renewal of the industrial sector and increase of its competitiveness by means of transition to the innovative type of development, the aspect of industrial modernization has not been studied enough. Setting the task, the purpose of the study. The purpose of the research is to define the essence, structure and directions of development of the institutional mechanism of industrial modernization for overcoming the stagnation and increase the competitiveness of domestic industrial production. Method or methodology for conducting research. Structural-logic, specifically economic methods, method of scientific abstraction, institutional analysis, economic and statistical and expert methods are used in the research. Presentation of the main material (results of work). Institutional mechanism of industrial modernization is a multi-level formation with a large number of vertical and horizontal links between institutions, in which the necessary flows of knowledge, technology and capital are formed with the help of specific instruments, the effectiveness of which is determined by the quality of institutions. Analysis of the state of industrial modernization has revealed a significant share of outdated technologies in the basic industries, a significant outflow of foreign direct investments and insufficient capital investments, which is associated with imperfections in the existing institutional mechanism. They should be managed through a system of monitoring of state of industrial modernization and re-institutionalization of linkages between the state and industrial stakeholders as an important tasks of industrial policy. The field of application results. The results of the study can be used in the improvement of the legal and regulatory framework for industrial development, in the development of programs and action plans of the government to overcome the crisis in the Ukrainian economy. Conclusions according to the article. The research has revealed the essence of the institutional mechanism for modernization of the industrial sector, defined its structure and analyzed its components – institutions, institutes, communication channels and instruments of stimulation. It was determined that its development should be regulated by the state through monitoring of the state of industrial modernization, revision of legislation, selection of effective instruments of industrial policy, reinstitutionalization of communications and formation partnership within the framework “state - industry - science”.

Seismic performance evaluation of deficient steel moment-resisting frames retrofitted by vertical link elements

In many earthquake prone regions in developing countries, substandard steel moment resisting frame (SMRF) systems pose a profound danger to people and economy in the case of a strong seismic event. Eccentric bracing systems with replaceable vertical links can be utilized as an efficient and practical seismic retrofitting technique to reduce future earthquake damages to such structures. This paper aims, for the first time, to demonstrate the efficiency of eccentric bracing systems with vertical links as a seismic retrofitting technique for the SMRF structures with WCSB and to develop fragility curves for such structures. To achieve this aim, first, the effect of the vertical links on the behaviour of 3, 5 and 7-storey frames are studied through conducting the Nonlinear Static Analyses (NSA) as well as Nonlinear Time History Analyses (NTHA) using the artificial accelerograms compatible with the target design spectrum. The analysis results indicate that, as aimed in the design stage, the seismic damage is only concentrated at the replaceable vertical links and remaining structural members work mainly in the elastic range. In addition, the proposed retrofitting technique considerably improves the performance of the deficient SMRF systems by effectively restricting the displacement response and damage distribution in such structures. Following the NTHA, Incremental Dynamic Analyses (IDA) are performed to develop the seismic fragility curves for the retrofitted SMRF systems. The results indicate that the proposed retrofitting technique significantly reduces the fragility of such systems, and therefore, can provide a simple and efficient method to improve the seismic performance of deficient steel moment resisting frames in seismic regions.