Vertical Display Research Articles

First record of male-male combat in the Yellow-bellied Puffing Snake Spilotes sulphureus (Wagler, 1824)

Abstract Male ritual combat is an intraspecific agonistic interaction associated with competition for food, mating and territory and has been described for several neotropical snakes. Here, we provide the first record of male-male combat in Spilotes sulphureus in Brazilian Atlantic Forest based on one fortuitous videotaped encounter. Males remained partially coiled in a vertical position during combat and performed various displays (e.g., downward push, tumble, vertical display and orientation, dorsal hyperextension, pinning and lyre-shaped) including some that were also observed during defensive behaviour (e.g., gular inflation, neck S-coil and latero-lateral flattening). Our observations bring new information about the natural history of S. sulphureus and show that this species shares some aspects of male-male combat with other colubrids, including S. pullatus, but a more in-depth study is necessary to understand the reproductive biology of this species.

Congruent Indirect Touch vs. mouse pointing performance

We study Congruent Indirect Touch (CIT) interaction in a desktop context. CIT only differs from direct touch in that the motor and display spaces are separated: touch occurs on the horizontal desk; while users’ visual focus is on a vertical display where small pointers show the position of the fingers. We introduce an accurate fingertip tracking approach based on optical tracking and fingertip modeling as a sphere. This allows updating the pointer when the finger is hovering above the surface and implementing an efficient CIT interaction. This interaction was evaluated in a longitudinal user study. Six participants with no experience with CIT performed target acquisitions on eight different days. Throughput was measured with CIT and mouse. In the last session, two participants had similar throughput with both interactions; the four others were notably more efficient with CIT. Averaged across all participants, throughput improved by 14%. This study promotes the study of CIT as a potential efficient replacement for the mouse on the desktop.

Eliciting Multimodal and Collaborative Interactions for Data Exploration on Large Vertical Displays.

We examined user preferences to combine multiple interaction modalities for collaborative interaction with data shown on large vertical displays. Large vertical displays facilitate visual data exploration and allow the use of diverse interaction modalities by multiple users at different distances from the screen. Yet, how to offer multiple interaction modalities is a non-trivial problem. We conducted an elicitation study with 20 participants that generated 1015 interaction proposals combining touch, speech, pen, and mid-air gestures. Given the opportunity to interact using these four modalities, participants preferred speech interaction in 10 of 15 low-level tasks and direct manipulation for straightforward tasks such as showing a tooltip or selecting. In contrast to previous work, participants most favored unimodal and personal interactions. We identified what we call collaborative synonyms among their interaction proposals and found that pairs of users collaborated either unimodally and simultaneously or multimodally and sequentially. We provide insights into how end-users associate visual exploration tasks with certain modalities and how they collaborate at different interaction distances using specific interaction modalities. The supplemental material is available at https://osf.io/m8zuh/?view only = 34bfd907d2ed43bbbe37027fdf46a3fa.

Up or down? The effect of vertical display on consumers’ attitude toward recycled product advertisements

Recycled products are the products derived from remanufacturing waste materials. This research investigates how the vertical position of recycled products relative to their raw materials changes consumers' evaluation of recycled products advertisement. Across three experimental studies, this research demonstrates that under the metaphorical effect of "recycled products-up, raw materials-down", when the recycled products are displayed above their raw materials instead of below, consumers can perceive higher processing fluency, and thus better attitude toward the recycled products advertisements. However, placing products in a higher vertical position does not always lead to better consumer response. For consumers with low metaphor accessibility of "recycled products-up, raw materials-down", the effect of vertical position on processing fluency attenuates, resulting lower consumer attitude. Our findings advance existing knowledge about the recycled products, and provide enlightening suggestions for how marketers promote their recycled products effectively.

The energy efficiency and environmental analysis of open-type commercial display cabinet with a multi-flow air curtain design

Open vertical display case refrigerators are often preferred as commercial refrigerators. This is because, despite their high energy consumption they have a higher marketing potential with the product display and offer easy access. Commercial refrigeration system accounts for half of the energy consumption in supermarkets. Air curtains of different designs are used in open vertical cabinets to reduce heat and mass transfer between the cooled air and the indoor environment. Hence, an experimental study was conducted to evaluate the multi-flow designed air curtain effects on the energy efficiencies of open display case-type commercial refrigerators. The experiments were conducted with ISO 23953:2005 standard in a controlled test room. During the trials, four different temperatures of air flowed to the refrigerator: +25 °C, +11 °C, +2°C, and 0 °C respectively through the air curtains. As a result of the experiments, a higher Coefficient of Performance COP value and lower Energy Efficiency Index (EEI) value were obtained with multi-flow air curtains. The multi-flow designed air curtain has nearly 40 % eliminated the air entrained from the outside to the indoor environment. It has ensured that the interior temperature values remain at the desired level. The second polyurethane body has reduced heat transfer through the surface by about 30 %, thereby reducing cooling load and energy consumption.

Alternative blends of CO2 for transcritical refrigeration systems. Experimental approach and energy analysis

As a natural refrigerant, Carbon Dioxide (CO2) has been extended in almost all refrigeration fields due to its environmental friendliness, high availability, and high technological development in the main components of the cycle. However, despite the benefits, CO2 is limited to high-capacity applications due to the cost of components and the complex cycle arrangements to overcome the low coefficient of performance (COP) at high ambient temperatures. A simple but effective method to solve this issue involves mixing CO2 with other refrigerants obtaining a new refrigerant mixture with higher critical points, lower working pressures and low global warming potential (GWP). Depending on the mixture percentage, the mixture flammability can be suppressed, and the performance of the refrigeration plant can be increased.Building on this, this work determines theoretically different CO2­based zeotropic blends as an alternative to pure CO2 with the restrictions of non-flammability, GWP below 150 and higher COP than pure CO2. The results suggest two blends of CO2/R1270 and CO2/R32 that have been prepared and energetically tested in a vertical display cooler using pure CO2 as a reference. The results revealed that CO2-blends reduce energy consumption by up to 17.2 % at the ambient temperature of 25 °C and up to 12.2 % at 30 °C. Moreover, the results with CO2-blends were closest to those obtained with pure R1270 and better than R134a under the same operating conditions.

Investigation the role of contrast on habituation and sensitisation effects in peripheral areas of graphical user interfaces

Graphical user interfaces are designed so that the most important elements are usually located in the central part of the screen, where they catch the user’s attention. However, there are situations where it is necessary to attract the user’s attention to make him/her notice, e.g., a critical alert, which is customarily displayed in the peripheral area so as not to interact with the main content. Therefore, our focus is to deliver an increased visibility of content in the peripheral area of the display in a non-intrusive way. Thus, the main purpose of this work is to analyze the visibility of the stimulus (in the form of colored discs), displayed in the peripheral area of a screen, which distracts users from the central part of the interface. The habituation and sensitization effects were considered to study which parameters catch and hold the user’s attention, despite the length of their interaction with the system. The experiments performed indicated how the parameters should be set to reduce the habituation effect without the need to use content with the highest visual intensity. The results showed that a high visual intensity is not necessarily needed for the best impact. A medium contrast level, a horizontal or vertical display localization, and a flashing frequency of 2 Hz are sufficient to obtain the best visibility in the peripheral area. In the case of critical alerts and the need for short-term intensive stimuli, it is worth highlighting these with high contrast. This configuration should be the most effective if it is not a continuous operation. However, they can cause unnecessary irritation or even cognitive load for more extended usage.

Vertical versus horizontal Spatial-Numerical Associations (SNA): A processing advantage for the vertical dimension.

Humans have associations between numbers and physical space on both horizontal and vertical dimensions, called Spatial-Numerical Associations (SNAs). Several studies have considered the hypothesis of there being a dominant orientation by examining on which dimension people are more accurate and efficient at responding during various directional SNA tasks. However, these studies have difficulty differentiating between a person's efficiency at accessing mental representations of numbers in space, and the efficiency at which they exercise motor control functions, particularly bilateral ones, when manifesting a response during an explicit directional SNA task. In this study we use a conflict test employing combined explicit magnitude and spatial directional processing in which pairs of numbers are placed along the diagonal axes and response accuracy/efficiency are considered across the horizontal and vertical dimensions simultaneously. Participants indicated which number in each pair was largest using a joystick that only required unilateral input. The experiment was run in English using Arabic numerals. Results showed that directional SNAs have a vertical rather than horizontal dominance. A moderating factor was also found during post-hoc analysis, where response efficiency, but not accuracy, is conditional on a person's native language being oriented the same as the language of the experiment, left to right. The dominance of the vertical orientation suggests adopting more vertical display formats for numbers may provide situational advantages, particularly for explicit magnitude comparisons, with some domains like flight controls and the stock market already using these in some cases.

Consistent, Continuous, and Customizable Mid-Air Gesture Interaction for Browsing Multimedia Objects on Large Displays

Browsing multimedia objects, such as photos, videos, documents, and maps represents a frequent activity in a context of use where an end-user interacts on a large vertical display close to bystanders, such as a meeting in a corporate environment or a family display at home. In these contexts, mid-air gesture interaction is suitable for a large variety of end-users, provided that gestures are consistently mapped to similar functions across media types. We present Lui (Large User Interface), a ready-to-deploy and to-use application for browsing multimedia objects by consistent mid-air gesture interaction on a large display that is customizable by mapping new gesture classes to functions in real-time. The method followed to design the gesture interaction and to develop the application consists of four stages: (1) a contextual gesture elicitation study (23 participants × 18 referents = 414 proposed gestures) is conducted with the various media types to determine a consensus set satisfying consistency, (2) the continuous integration of this consensus set with gesture recognizers into a pipeline software architecture, (3) a comparative testing of these recognizers on the consensus set to configure the pipeline with the most efficient ones, and (4) an evaluation of the interface regarding its global quality and specific to the implemented gestures.

Optimizing the Power Usage of Anti-Sweat Heaters in Glass-Door Refrigerators According to the Dew Point

Putting glass doors on the display cases of refrigerators is one of the most efficient ways to reduce the energy consumption of supermarkets. However, the glass fogs up when opening the door because of the difference in air temperature inside and outside of the refrigerator, thereby obscuring the view. To defog the glass, anti-sweat heaters (ASHs) are used. In this paper, the power usage of ASHs according to changes in the dew point (DP) inside a supermarket were evaluated for two types of ASH, i.e., the door-frame ASH and the glass ASH. The evaluation was based on measurements of the condensation on the glass doors of vertical display cases, used for the preservation of frozen foodstuffs. A mathematical model of the correlation between the ASH’s power usage and the DP was developed and used for predicting the long-term energy savings. The savings were calculated based on the measured DPs inside the supermarket, which were extrapolated over a longer time period based on their correlation with the outside DPs. Regulating the door-frame ASH according to the DP resulted in an 84.6% reduction in energy consumption and a 90.1% reduction in the case of the glass ASH, compared to the current state. The correlation between the DPs inside and outside the supermarket served as a basis for the proposed implementation of the power usage regulation of the ASH according to the DP.

Experimental study on the operating characteristics of a display refrigerator phasing out R134a to R1234yf

• The recommended refrigerant charge is the same for the three refrigerants. • R513A reduces the total electric energy input per hour of operation in 3.9% for 32°C. • Isobaric assumption in the evaporator under-predicts the cooling duty up to 18.7%. • The experimental EER does not give a clear guide to the refrigerant charge. In this study, an experimental determination of the refrigerant charge and the operating conditions in a vertical display refrigerator using R134a, R513A, and R1234yf is presented. The three refrigerants' energy inputs under ambient temperatures of 24, 32, and 40°C are compared. The refrigerator is instrumented with a mass flow meter, thermocouples, and pressure transducers. The evaluations are carried out inside a room with controlled temperature and air recirculation. For each analysis, the refrigerator is operated for a period long enough until differences among operation on/off cycles are negligible. Batch loads of 15 g are used for determining an adequate refrigerant charge. The results show a recommended charge of 175g for the three refrigerants and the range of temperatures. The electric energy consumption increase on average 20 kJ per hour of operation for every degree the ambient temperature increases. Compared with R134a, the R513A results in lower energy input in 3.8, 3.9, and 0.3% for 24 and 32 and 40°C, respectively. The experimental determination of EER values does not give accurate guidance for the adequate refrigerant charge. The assumption of isobaric heat exchange results in a maximum deviation of the actual cooling duty of 13, 18.7, and 16.6% for R134a, R1234yf, and R513A, respectively.

Effects of screen-responsive visualization on data comprehension

Visualization interfaces designed for heterogeneous devices such as wall displays and mobile screens must be responsive to varying display dimensions, resolution, and interaction capabilities. In this paper, we report on two user studies of visual representations for large versus small displays. The goal of our experiments was to investigate differences between a large vertical display and a mobile hand-held display in terms of the data comprehension and the quality of resulting insights. To this end, we developed a visual interface with a coordinated multiple view layout for the large display and two alternative designs of the same interface – a space-saving boundary visualization layout and an overview layout – for the mobile condition. The first experiment was a controlled laboratory study designed to evaluate the effect of display size on the perception of changes in a visual representation, and yielded significant correctness differences even while completion time remained similar. The second evaluation was a qualitative study in a practical setting and showed that participants were able to easily associate and work with the responsive visualizations. Based on the results, we conclude the paper by providing new guidelines for screen-responsive visualization interfaces.

Wide-temperature-range liquid-crystal display with liquid-crystal material of negative dielectric anisotropy

A vertical alignment mode liquid-crystal display (VA-LCD) with a wide nematic temperature range was developed in this work. For development of this LC cell, a negative dielectric anisotropy liquid-crystal material (nega-LCM) with wide nematic temperature range from −40 to +90 °C (nega-WNT-LCM) was selected. The fabricated VA mode LC cell showed twice faster response time at −20 °C compared with the conventional negative-type LCM, and significantly high contrast ratio (2910:1). In addition, the VA mode LC cell with the nega-WNT-LCM would be used in a severe environment with remarkably high- and low-temperature region. Thus, the developed VA mode LC cell would be useful for outdoor-use applications, such as the automotive application.

PERCEPTION OF AESTHETICALLY PLEASING VERTICAL DISPLAY OF MAXILARY TEETH IN COMPLETE DENTURE IN POSED SMILE AMONG EDENTULOUS PATIENTS

Objective:
 To determine the perception of aesthetically pleasing Vertical display of maxillary teeth of complete denture in posed smile among edentulous patients.
 Materials and Methods:
 Fifty-three edentulous patients, age range 35 to 85 years, who visited department of Prosthodontics at Sardar Begum Dental College and Khyber College of Dentistry Peshawar to seek complete denture treatment, were included in this cross-sectional descriptive study. Picture of an edentulous patient wearing complete denture was modified using ADOBE PHOTOSHOP software. Six pictures with different vertical display of maxillary teeth were shown to edentulous patients and their perception was recorded in specially designed questionnaire.
 Results:
 Out of 53 edentulous patients, 31 were males and 22 were females. Picture 5 (80% of vertical display of maxillary teeth) was selected as most attractive by 34% patients. The same picture was considered most natural by 16 (30.2 %) patients. Picture 1 (with no maxillary teeth display) was considered as most artificial by 52 (98.11 %) patients.
 Conclusion:
 According to this study, the most appealing smile perceived by our edentulous population is when there is 80% of vertical display of maxillary teeth.

Eliminate the backflow effect by polymer monomer RM257 in VA-LCD

ABSTRACT The mutual influence between the tilt angle change and the flow effect in the liquid crystal display (LCD) is called the backflow effect. The backflow effect is manifested in the form of optical bounce (OB) in the applying voltage vertical alignment liquid crystal display (VA-LCD). The OB phenomenon greatly increases the response time and limits the application of the VA-LCD in LC devices that require fast response speed. In this article, a small amount of bi-functional linear polymer monomer RM257 added in VA-LCD can eliminate the OB phenomenon after polymerisation, and fast response speed is achieved. A small amount of RM257 increases the saturation voltage, and slightly reduces the transmittance of the bright state. The polarising optical microscope (POM) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) is used to analyse the physical mechanism of the lower transmittance and eliminating the backflow effect. The VA-LCD with polymer monomer has the simple manufacturing process and fast response speed, and has an important significance for the broad application of VA-LCD.

MEAN VERTICAL LENGTH OF LABIAL SURFACE DISPLAY OF WAX RIM WITH RESTING LIP AND DURING POSED SMILE IN EDENTULOUS PATIENTS WITH DIFFERENT LENGTHS OF MAXILLARY LIP IN RELATION TO GENDER

Objective:
 To determine mean vertical length of labial surface display of wax rim with resting lip and during posed smile.
 Materials and Methods:
 Subjects fulfilling the inclusion and exclusion criteria were invited to take part in the study. The purpose, procedures, risk and benefits of the study were explained to them. The mentioned measurement for the vertical display of the labial surface of the occlusal rim was performed by predefined technique. All measurements were repeated 3 times and mean value deduced for entry in the data collection proforma. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 17.
 Results:
 Out of total 221 participants, mean age was 60± 6.64 yers. with male to female ratio of 1:1.15. Females shows shorter lip lengths while males had long lip lengths. Subjects with shorter upper lips display more maxillary rim than subjects with longer upper lips both at smile and at rest.
 Conclusion:
 It was found that males shows high proportion of long and medium upper lip while female shows high proportion of short upper lip , this can be considered as a feminine feature, as well as this also explains why conspicuous maxillary central incisors are associated with the females. It was founded a high significant differences between males and females regarding upper lip length.

Realismus als Katalysator. Der Genter Altar – vom Bildsystem zum Gattungssystem

Abstract The Ghent Alterpiece organizes twelve panels in horizontal registers in its closed, and 14 in its open state. This interpretation takes up three topics: the ordering of the individual panels in their horizontal and vertical display, the formal treatment of the two principal orders of Christian art – thematic (e.g., the Deesis) and narrative (e.g., the Annunciation) –, and the rise of new genres such as portrait, landscape, still life, and interior within the structure of the multipanel altarpiece. What can be identified as the driving force is the realistic mode. In a unique way it unites the whole – namely through acknowledging one single exterior source of light for every item – yet divides it at the same time by honoring the intrinsic qualities of particular objects and situations. This is the beginning of what Yirmiyahu Yovel has called “the adventure of immanence.”

Multitouch Interaction with Parallel Coordinates on Large Vertical Displays

This paper presents a multitouch vocabulary for interacting with parallel coordinates plots on wall-sized displays. The gesture set relies on principles such as two-finger range definition, a functional distinction of background and foreground for applying the Hold-and-Move concept to wall-sized displays as well as fling-based interaction for triggering and controlling long-range movements. Our implementation demonstrates that out-of-reach problems and limitations regarding multitouch technology and display size can be tackled by the coherent integration of our multitouch gestures. Expert reviews indicate that our gesture vocabulary helps to solve typical analysis tasks that require interaction beyond arms' reach, and it also shows how often certain gestures were used.

Randomized comparative study of child and caregiver responses to three software functions added to the Japanese version of the electronic Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory (ePedsQL) questionnaire

BackgroundPatient-reported outcomes (PROs) refer to any report of the status of a patient’s health condition, health behavior, or experience with healthcare directly from the patient, without interpretation of the patient’s response by a clinician or any other external party. While many PROs, such as the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory (PedsQL), were originally administered in paper-and-pencil format, these are now available as electronic versions (ePROs). Although ePROs might well have used the same structure as their paper versions, we developed an alternate ePedsQL incorporating three software functions: 1) a non-forcing non-response alert, 2) a conditional question branch of the School Functioning Scale that only displays for (pre) school children, and 3) a vertical item-by-item display for small-screen devices. This report evaluated the effect of these functions on item non-response rate, survey completion time, and user experience.MethodsAll surveys were conducted via the online/computer mode. We compared the dynamic format containing the three functions with the basic format in a randomized comparative study in 2803 children and 6289 caregivers in Japan.ResultsWe found that the non-response alert lowered the item non-response rate (0.338% to 0.046%, t = − 4.411, p < 0.001 by generalized linear mixed model analysis). The conditional question branch had mixed effects on survey completion time depending on the respondents’ age. Surprisingly, respondents rated the vertical question display for handheld devices less legible than the matrix format. Further, multigroup structural equation modelling revealed that the same configuration for both formats showed an acceptable fit (CFI 0.933, RMSEA 0.060, SRMR 0.038) but the errors of observed variables were larger for the dynamic format than the basic format.ConclusionsWe confirmed the robustness of the ePedsQL in different formats. The non-response rate of ePedsQL was very low even in the absence of an alert. The branch and item-by-item display were effective but unnecessary for all populations. Our findings further understanding of how humans respond to special software functions and different digital survey formats and provide new insight on how the three tested functions might be most successfully implemented.

Reading habits contribute to the effects of display direction on product choice

It has been shown that people process assortment variety more efficiently in horizontal displays than in vertical displays, owing to human visual characteristics that favor the horizontal direction. Consequently, the number and variety of products chosen tends to increase when they are arranged horizontally. I show that this horizontal display advantage can be modulated by culture, especially writing and reading habits. When Japanese participants, who write and read text vertically as well as horizontally, chose products in horizontal and vertical displays, horizontal displays did not consistently increase the variety of products chosen. In other words, the horizontal display advantage was eliminated (Experiments 1A and 1B). However, when Japanese readers initially read horizontally, it led to a robust advantage for the horizontal display. Similarly, initial vertical reading resulted in a vertical display advantage (Experiments 2 and 3). These results suggest that horizontal displays are not always advantageous, and that optimal display direction for product choice is affected by reading habits.