Mesophase pitch-based carbon fibers (CFs) with ultrahigh axial thermal conductivity can significantly enhance through-plane heat transfer in thermal interface materials by vertical alignment, yet raise short-circuiting and electromagnetic interference (EMI) risks. Although incorporating insulating fillers or coating CFs can suppress electron migration, it often compromises thermal performance. Herein, we engineer multi-functionally trunk-branch hierarchical heterostructures to address above limitations. Vertically aligned trunk-like CF scaffolds ensure superior through-plane heat transfer. Branch-like boron nitride (BN) networks optimize impedance matching by enhancing electrical insulation and consequently improve electromagnetic wave (EMW) absorption. Meanwhile, in situ BN networks interconnect CF scaffolds, extending bidirectional thermally conductive and EMW propagation paths. At only 20.17 vol% filler, the composite exhibits a through-plane thermal conductivity of 57.96 W·m-1·K-1 (specific thermal conductivity enhancement of 1431.62 %·(vol%)-1) and an in-plane thermal conductivity of 2.93 W·m-1·K-1, together with excellent electrical insulation and absorption-dominated EMI shielding, addressing the challenge of thermal-electrical-electromagnetic coupling for next-generation electronics.

Spectrally stable pure-red light-emitting diodes (LEDs) are essential for wide-gamut displays, yet halide-mixing approaches commonly suffer from spectral drift under electrical bias due to phase segregation. Here, we report a phase-distribution engineering strategy based on formation energy to achieve quasi-two-dimensional CsPbI3 perovskites possessing spectrally stable electroluminescence (EL) properties. By introducing two organic spacer cations whose corresponding n = 1 phases exhibit distinct formation energies , phenylethylammonium (PEA+) and 1-naphthyl-methylammonium (NMA+), the phase distribution of quasi-2D CsPbI3 is successfully converged into moderate-n phases, enabling efficient carrier transport and suppressed emission from other extreme-n-phases. It is further discovered that the strength of quantum confinement plays a critical role in modulating the excitonic absorption peak positions, and there exists a composition-dependent crystal growth mode, where PEA-rich films favor a more horizontal alignment of the [PbI6]4- octahedral layers, while NMA-rich films promote a more vertical alignment. Through regulating thermodynamic phase preference, crystal growth kinetics, and quantum confinement effects, the developed perovskites deliver a film photoluminescence quantum yield >60% and a pure-red PeLED with a peak EL of 645 nm, a spectral shift <1 nm, a CIE (0.693, 0.306) aligning with the Rec.2020 standards, a peak external quantum efficiency of 6.21%, and a maximum brightness of 800 cd·m-2.

Abstract We investigate the linear onset of convection in a rotating plane layer permeated by a uniform horizontal magnetic field perpendicular to the rotation axis, a configuration relevant to dynamics within Earth’s tangent cylinder and complementing recent investigations [Barman and Sahoo 2025. Phys. Scr. 100 125018]. The primary objective is to examine how partial thermal stratification modifies convective initiation across three thermal states—fully unstable, weakly stable, and strongly stable—over rotation rates corresponding to Ekman numbers E = 10 −3 , 10 −4 , 10 −5 , thermal-to-magnetic diffusivity contrasts characterized by Roberts numbers q = 0.01, 1, 10, and magnetic field strengths spanning Elsasser numbers 0 ≤ Λ ≤ 10. Analysis of convective onset, supported by locally derived scaling relations, shows that introducing a stable segment raises the critical threshold for convection and promotes smaller-scale structures, particularly under rapid rotation. When magnetic forcing is weak, rotational effects dominate, strengthening the vertical alignment of convective motions and enhancing the stabilizing influence of stratification, thereby delaying convective onset. In contrast, strong magnetic forcing maintains broader convective rolls even at rapid rotation, although penetration into the stable layer remains limited. Magnetic damping is most pronounced at low to moderate diffusivity contrasts and weakens when magnetic diffusion becomes dominant, while the penetration depth decreases with increasing rotation and magnetic intensity in strongly stratified regimes. This study shows that partial stable stratification significantly modifies the onset of rotating magnetoconvection under a horizontal magnetic field by increasing the instability threshold, favoring smaller-scale structures, and limiting convective penetration into the stable layer, with the combined effects of buoyancy, rotation, and magnetic forces shaping the flow morphology. These results extend classical plane-layer magnetoconvection models and provide insight into planetary core dynamics—such as within Earth’s tangent cylinder—where stable stratification and magnetic feedback coexist, while also highlighting contrasts between weak-field planetary interiors and strong-field stellar environments.

Background. The research into Islamic boarding school (pesantren) curricula has mainly centred on the process of institutional change, whereas the internal workings of fiqh turath have received scant attention from the perspective of the modern theory of curriculum. It is noteworthy that turath may be regarded as a means for realizing the idea of a vertical curriculum because the point has never been considered theoretically before. Purpose. This study aims to analyze the vertical continuity of fiqh learning in pesantren and to examine the extent to which the structure of classical texts reflects the characteristics of a spiral curriculum. Method. A qualitative longitudinal case study was conducted at Darullughah Wadda’wah Islamic Boarding School. Data were collected through curriculum documents, examination archives, classroom observations across three instructional levels, and semi-structured interviews with key stakeholders. The analysis employed qualitative curriculum mapping and cognitive task analysis based on the revised Bloom’s taxonomy. Results. The findings show that core fiqh themes recur systematically across instructional levels, accompanied by progressive argumentative deepening and increasing cognitive complexity. This pattern reflects an implicit spiral structure embedded in the mukhtashar–syarah textual tradition, indicating a consistent form of vertical alignment without formal curriculum engineering. Conclusion. This paper contributes theoretically to the discussion by reinterpreting the idea of a spiral curriculum through a text-based epistemology, where it is shown that coherence in curricula can result from the inherent structures in classical texts. This theory is used to develop the Turath-Based Spiral Curriculum Model, which seeks to integrate traditional Islamic education with modern curricular theory. Due to the limitations of the single case study design, this theory is not a general theory but rather a theoretical proposition.

Methane (CH4) is a major component of natural gas and a potent greenhouse gas. Increasing atmospheric methane concentrations are attributed to emissive anthropogenic activities by an average of 13 ppb per yr since 2020 and are linked to a changing global climate. Mitigating CH4 emissions from oil and gas production sites has recently become a target to reduce overall greenhouse gas emissions; however, monitoring the efficacy of mitigation strategies depends on accurate quantification of CH4 emissions at the facility-level. Near-field quantification of methane (CH4) emissions from oil and gas (O&amp;G) facilities remains challenging due to the effects of atmospheric variability and sensor configuration on atmospheric dispersion models. This study evaluates the performance of two atmospheric dispersion models, the Gaussian plume (GP) and backward Lagrangian stochastic (bLS), by comparing calculated CH4 emissions to controlled single-point emissions between 0.4 and 5.2 kg CH4 h−1. Emissions were calculated by both models using 121 individual sets of measurements comprising five-minute averaged downwind methane mixing ratios and matching meteorological data. The comparison shows that the bLS approach achieved a higher proportion of emission estimates within a factor of two (FAC2) of the known emission rates compared to the GP approach. The emissions calculated by the bLS model also had a lower multiplicative error and reduced bias relative to GP. Other error-based metrics further confirmed the bLS model performed better, as it yielded lower RMSE and MAE than GP. Statistical analysis of the emission data shows that the lateral and vertical alignment of the source and the sensor plays a critical role in emission estimations, as measurements made closer to the plume centerline and at a distance between 40 and 80 m downwind yielded the best FAC2 agreement. High wind meander degraded the ability of both approaches to generate representative emissions, particularly with the GP approach, as it violates the modeling approach’s assumption of steady-state emissions. Data suggest emissions calculated by the bLS model are comprehensively in better agreement, but the computational demands of the modeling approach and integration into fenceline systems limit real-time applicability. While these results provide insight into model performance under controlled near-field conditions, their applicability to more complex or heterogeneous oil and gas production environments (e.g., the regions Marcellus or Unita Basins) remains limited and uncertain.

Retrospective study. This study explores the associations between thoracic inlet angle (TIA) and key cervical alignment measures, including T1 slope (T1S), cervical lordosis (CL), and cervical sagittal vertical alignment (cSVA), to provide insight into alignment relationships and postoperative recovery following multilevel posterior cervical fusion. Patients were stratified using an exploratory preoperative TIA-CL difference (PreopΔ) to examine descriptive recovery patterns in the context of demographic factors such as body mass index (BMI), age, and smoking status. TIA is a morphologic, anatomically fixed parameter that has been shown to correlate with cervical sagittal alignment. However, its association with postoperative recovery patterns remains incompletely defined, and its role is distinct from validated mismatch parameters such as T1S-CL. A total of 157 patients undergoing multilevel posterior cervical fusion were analyzed for associations between TIA and T1S, CL, and cSVA at preoperative, 1-month, 1-year, and 2-year time points. Patients were stratified into 3 exploratory subgroups based on PreopΔ (TIA-CL) values. Significant associations were observed between TIA and T1S ( r =0.76, P <0.001) and between TIA and CL ( r =0.63, P <0.001). Subgroup analyses demonstrated descriptive differences in radiographic and functional outcomes; however, demographic factors such as BMI, age, and smoking status differed between groups and were strongly associated with outcome variability. Among patients in the lowest PreopΔ subgroup, smokers demonstrated higher 2-year ODI scores ( P <0.001). TIA is anatomically associated with cervical sagittal alignment and provides a morphologic reference for understanding postoperative alignment patterns. Observed subgroup differences represent descriptive, hypothesis-generating associations rather than predictive or causal relationships.

The performance of three-dimensional (3D) perovskite solar cells (PSCs) is predominantly limited by interfacial non-radiative recombination and instability. Although low-dimensional (LD) interlayers, particularly two-dimensional (2D) perovskites, are widely adopted for surface passivation, their heterogeneous n-values and quantum-well confinement often impede charge transport. One-dimensional (1D) perovskites offer a promising alternative due to their structural flexibility and superior passivation capabilities, yet their potential has been underexploited by challenges in controlled crystallization and ordered orientation. Here, we constructed a 3D/PDAI2/1D heterojunction through sequential deposition of propane-1,3-diammonium iodide (PDAI2) and 4-amidinopyridinium chloride (4APyCl). The pre-anchored PDAI2 not only provides field-effect passivation but also templates the subsequent vertical alignment of 1D Pb-I chains assembled with 4APyCl. This configuration establishes continuous out-of-plane charge transport channels, enabling effective surface defect passivation, favorable energy-level alignment, and enhanced interfacial carrier extraction. The resulting inverted PSCs achieved a champion power conversion efficiency of 25.8% and retained 85% of the initial performance after 1000h of maximum power point tracking under 1-sun illumination. By demonstrating the critical role of molecular orchestration in LD interlayers, this work provides a blueprint for establishing structure-property relationships and guides the rational design of stable and efficient 3D/1D perovskite photovoltaics.

Directed self-assembly (DSA) of block copolymers (BCPs) with a density-multiplication capability is a promising approach for next-generation nanolithography. However, achieving well-ordered, vertically oriented nanostructures remains challenging due to the stringent requirement for precise interfacial-energy balance between the BCP and the substrate. Here, we report a cost-effective and scalable substrate-neutralization strategy based on a random copolymer of polystyrene-r-poly(methyl methacrylate)-r-poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (PS-r-PMMA-r-PHEMA). By tuning the feed ratio of HEMA, the hydroxyl density and surface energy of the copolymer can be controlled, thereby optimizing the wetting behavior of the PS-b-PMMA thin films. Critically, the side-chain hydroxyl groups in PS-r-PMMA-r-PHEMA formed multisite hydrogen bonds with SiOx substrates, achieving interfacial equilibrium in 5 min, far faster than the 72 h required for conventional end-hydroxylated PS-r-PMMA-OH brushes. Moreover, we demonstrated the application of BCP films for the controlled coercivity of CoFe/SiO2 films. This work provides a facile substrate-neutralization route, offering strong potential for large-scale nanolithography.

Magnetically assisted vertical alignment of boron nitride nanosheets via viscosity modulation for thermal interface materials with low thermal resistance

Disposal facilities for cementitious waste forms containing radionuclides are being developed for long-term immobilization of radioactive and hazardous contaminants. Performance and risk assessments require an understanding of contaminant release rates from cementitious waste, which are influenced by evolving hydrological conditions and waste placement methodology. A variably saturated flow model was developed to evaluate how hydrologic conditions in a disposal facility are affected by placement strategies, to identify approaches that constrain contaminant release. Key factors examined included the hydraulic properties of backfill materials, the arrangement of cementitious waste blocks, and the degradation of the waste form (e.g., oxidation and carbonation). Their impact on water flow paths and degree of saturation in waste and backfill was evaluated for three operational periods: (1) preclosure without a cover (high meteoric infiltration), (2) early postclosure with an intact cover (low infiltration), and (3) late postclosure with a degraded cover (intermediate infiltration). Results indicate that vertical alignment of cementitious waste blocks and backfill promotes rapid flow, shorter water–waste contact times, and reduced contaminant release. More permeable backfill diverts water away from the waste, enabling faster drainage and reduced contact with the waste. Waste degradation slightly increases water exchange between waste and backfill but has a minimal effect on saturation. Compared to preclosure, backfill fluxes and saturation decrease substantially during early postclosure due to reduced infiltration by the intact cover. As the cover degrades, water fluxes and saturation in the backfills increase again. Cover placement also diverts water toward facility peripheries, reducing backfill saturation and extending residence times within the interior. These findings highlight the significance of backfill properties, waste arrangement, and cover performance in minimizing water–waste interactions and constraining contaminant release in cementitious waste disposal facilities.

Ferroelectric nematic liquid crystals (FNLCs) exhibit strong polarization responses, yet accurate evaluation of their dielectric properties without polarization contribution, that is, soft-mode-like dielectric permittivity, remains challenging because fluctuations of spontaneous polarization can lead to an apparent overestimation of permittivity. Here, we investigate the dielectric response of a DIO-based FNLC material under DC electric fields and show that the soft-mode-like contribution can be isolated once the director is reoriented perpendicular to the substrates. At field strengths sufficient to induce this vertical alignment, the peak dielectric relaxation strength becomes independent of cell thickness, consistent with effective suppression of the polarization-related contributions. Using this approach, we determine the DC-field dependence of the transition temperature to the ferroelectric phase and show that the relationship between the transition temperature and the DC field changes across field-induced intermediate phases, consistent with differences in the symmetry of their molecular alignment. In particular, at high fields, the transition from a nematic-like intermediate phase to a ferroelectric phase exhibits characteristics of a second-order phase transition. These results establish a practical route to extract reliable dielectric properties of FNLCs and provide a basis for quantitative physical characterization of this class of materials.

Forward Head Posture (FHP) is a common postural abnormality characterized by anterior positioning of the head relative to the bodys vertical alignment, often associated with neck pain, muscle imbalance, reduced cervical mobility, and functional limitations. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of manual therapy on pain reduction and postural modulation in individuals presenting with forward head posture. Manual therapy techniques, including soft tissue mobilization, joint mobilization, and myofascial release, are widely used in physiotherapy to restore musculoskeletal function, improve alignment, and decrease discomfort. The intervention focuses on relieving muscular tension, enhancing cervical spine mobility, and correcting postural deviations. The expected outcomes include significant reduction in pain intensity, improvement in craniovertebral angle, better postural alignment, increased range of motion, and enhanced functional performance in daily activities. The findings of this study may support the clinical use of manual therapy as an effective non-invasive treatment approach for managing pain and improving postural control in individuals with forward head posture, thereby contributing to better quality of life and long-term musculoskeletal health.

Strategic Human Resource Management (SHRM) has emerged as a key driver of organizational performance across sectors, yet its application in educational institutions remains underdeveloped, particularly in resource-constrained contexts such as Nigeria. This conceptual paper addresses three research questions: how SHRM principles can be conceptualized within educational settings, what theoretical mechanisms link SHRM to performance, and what conceptual framework explains this linkage. Drawing on Resource-Based View, Behavioral Perspective, AMO Framework, High-Performance Work Systems, and Contingency Theory, the paper defines SHRM as the vertical and horizontal alignment of HR practices with institutional strategic goals. Organizational performance in education is conceptualized across academic, operational, and stakeholder outcomes, mediated by psychological climate, human capital, and organizational citizenship behavior. Applying the framework to the Nigerian situation, the paper identifies practical strategies for enhancing HR management despite severe funding constraints, teacher shortages, and brain drain. The analysis reveals that fragmented, administrative HR approaches dominate Nigerian institutions, while strategic alignment remains rare. The paper concludes that context-adapted SHRM—emphasizing workforce planning, developmental performance management, participative decision‑making, and external partnerships—can drive sustainable performance. Theoretical contributions extend SHRM to non‑profit, service‑intensive bureaucracies. Practical implications guide educational leaders and policymakers in designing coherent HR systems under resource limitations

Anisometropia, marked by unequal refractive errors, can cause amblyopia and persistent binocular dysfunction even after visual acuity correction. This study evaluated fine, dynamic, and coarse stereopsis, along with perceptual eye position (PEP), in anisometropic individuals with optimal best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA). In a cross-sectional study, 204 anisometropic patients and 57 age-matched controls underwent synoptophore-based PEP testing and stereopsis assessment, including the Titmus test. Participants were classified as hyperopic, myopic, or astigmatic. Statistical analysis used chi-square and Kruskal–Wallis tests. Anisometropes showed significantly reduced binocular function. Only 35.6% had normal fine stereopsis versus 86.0% of controls (p &lt; 0.001), and Titmus scores were worse (median 100 vs. 40 arcsec, p &lt; 0.001). Vertical PEP was higher in anisometropes (median 3 pixels, p &lt; 0.001), while horizontal PEP did not differ. Hyperopic anisometropia was most affected, with only 12.8% demonstrating normal fine stereopsis. Even with corrected BCVA, anisometropic patients—especially hyperopes—show persistent stereopsis and vertical alignment deficits. PEP and stereopsis assessments should be part of routine clinical evaluation and rehabilitation planning. Keywords: Anisometropia, Stereopsis, Binocular vision, Perceptual eye position, Amblyopia, Hyperopia, Titmus test

Road transportation is a major contributor to global CO2 emissions, yet the influence of road geometry on vehicular emissions remains insufficiently quantified under real-world conditions. This study investigates the effects of horizontal and vertical alignments on CO2 emissions of a light-duty gasoline passenger vehicle using Portable Emissions Measurement System (PEMS) data collected along a 62.4 km highway section. Six geometric parameters longitudinal grade, cross slope, horizontal curve radius, horizontal curve length, vertical curve radius, and vertical curve length were analyzed in combination with second-by-second vehicle dynamics. The results indicate that transient CO2 emissions exhibit substantial variability, with instantaneous emission rates exceeding 7.0 g/s under high-load conditions. Longitudinal slope gradient shows the strongest linear association with emission rate (r = 0.63), while speed and acceleration exhibit weaker but statistically significant correlations (r = 0.21 and r = 0.28, respectively). Vehicle Specific Power (VSP), representing integrated tractive power demand, demonstrates stronger association with instantaneous CO2 emissions than individual kinematic variables. In contrast, cross slope and horizontal curvature parameters display minimal direct correlations under the tested highway conditions. A nonlinear polynomial regression model modestly improves explanatory performance relative to a linear formulation (R2 = 0.21 versus 0.15; RMSE approximately 56 g/km), although a substantial portion of variability remains unexplained, reflecting the complexity of transient real-world processes. Overall, vertical alignment and transient driving conditions dominate CO2 emission variability, while horizontal parameters play supplementary roles. These findings provide empirical evidence for refining emission models and highlight the importance of incorporating vertical alignment into sustainable roadway design and carbon reduction strategies.

This study presents a systematic review (SR) of research conducted by the author between 1989 and 2007 on Arabic L1 reading in Saudi Arabia. The corpus comprises 14 studies examining the reading product and process skills embedded in reading textbooks for Grades 1-12, as well as the assessment and remediation of reading weaknesses. The studies were organized into three thematic clusters: high school reading, skills developed or overlooked in reading textbooks, and reading assessment and remediation. Results showed that reading product and process skills are insufficiently taught, or entirely absent. The textbooks provide limited explicit instruction in decoding, cohesion, context analysis, text structure awareness, and study skills. Reading questions and exercises mostly emphasize literal comprehension and details. No questions address critical comprehension, appreciation, character traits, comparison and contrast, sequence of events explicitly or implicitly stated in the text, the setting, plot, conflict and resolution, author’s style and mood, and inferring the meaning of difficult words from context. Diagnostic studies reveal early weaknesses in word identification, particularly sound-symbol association and structural analysis. This means that students progress through the grades with fragile decoding skills, and inadequate preparation for the complex reading tasks required in high school and beyond. This SR highlights the need for a coherent, developmentally sequenced approach to reading instruction in Arabic. It provides clear implications for strengthening vertical alignment, improving textbook content and design, enhancing teacher preparation, and expanding assessment practices. Although the studies in this SR were conducted on earlier generations of Saudi reading textbooks before 2007, the operational lists of product and process skills, subskills, and evaluative criteria developed by the author remain a lasting contribution to Arabic reading pedagogy as they were grounded in reading theory, developmental models, instructional methods, and diagnostic principles and therefore extend beyond the specific textbooks analyzed. As textbooks continue to be revised, these conceptual frameworks continue to provide a systematic, theory based reference for developing and evaluating reading instruction. They will also guide future research, curriculum and textbook design, and thesis work, where many researchers, especially young ones, have not received specialized training in reading theory or assessment.

Electrical devices that are small and have high power provide heat management issues. The rate of rapid heat dissipation is currently limited by the thermal conductivity of thermal interface material (TIM) and their capacity to direct heat toward heat sinks. Here, magnetically assisted orientation casting (MAOC) is used to fabricate high thermal conductivity composites based on a boron nitride nanosheet (BNNS). These composites can transmit heat into specific areas by spatial orientation of magnetically functionalized BNNS microplatelets. With a 50% concentration of magnetic responsive BNNS (M-BNNS) in the composite, the network of polyurethane (PU) and the high degree of alignment all contribute to the extraordinarily high thermal conductivity along the alignment direction, up to 1.21 W m-1 K-1. This method is unique in its use of a peak magnetic field to establish a vertical alignment of BNNS. The rational design of TIM microstructures to strategically route heat offers a viable approach to effective thermal management in integrated circuits.

This study aimed to quantitatively evaluate the vertical and horizontal esthetic alignment parameters among young adults with high facial esthetic quality, thereby establishing reference benchmarks for natural facial symmetry and deviations. A total of 220 participants aged 18-25 years were included following strict esthetic and dental inclusion criteria. Standardized frontal facial photographs were obtained and analyzed using digital design software. Vertical midline relationships (pupil-incisor, philtrum-incisor, pupil-philtrum) and horizontal planes (pupil-incisal, pupil-commissure, commissure-incisal) were measured. Vertical deviations were categorized into five groups, and horizontal relationships were classified as parallel or non-parallel. Gender-based differences were assessed using chi-square analysis (p < 0.05). Reliability was excellent for vertical measurements (ICC = 0.93 intra-observer, 95% CI: 0.90-0.96; ICC = 0.88 inter-observer, 95% CI: 0.83-0.92) and substantial for horizontal plane assessments (Fleiss' kappa = 0.80; 95% CI: 0.72-0.87). Vertical midline alignment decreased progressively from the dental to the upper facial reference lines, with the highest coincidence observed in the philtrum-incisor relationship (48.6%) and the lowest in the pupil-philtrum alignment (23.4%). Horizontal plane parallelism showed a similar decreasing pattern toward upper facial structures. Gender comparisons revealed no significant differences in vertical midline alignment (p > 0.05). Commissure-incisal parallelism was significantly higher in males (p = 0.032), while other horizontal relationships showed no significant gender differences. Vertical and horizontal esthetic relationships follow characteristic patterns across facial levels, reflecting the natural asymmetry of the human face. Gender-related differences were minimal and plane-specific rather than generalized. Objective digital measurements provide reliable reference data for clinicians in establishing facially driven esthetic treatment plans. This study provides reference data for natural facial symmetry in young adults, highlighting that minor asymmetries are normal and often esthetically acceptable. Clinicians should focus on harmony with facial flow rather than perfect geometric symmetry. From a clinical perspective, objective digital assessment of vertical and horizontal reference relationships may assist clinicians in selecting appropriate esthetic reference planes during facially driven treatment planning. Rather than defining strict normative values, these findings support an individualized approach that respects natural facial variability.

ABSTRACT To investigate void effects on cemented tailings backfill (CTB), this study combined uniaxial compression tests with particle flow simulations to analyse mechanical properties, energy evolution, and crack propagation. Specimens included single-void (5, 6, 8 mm) and double-void types with varying arrangement angles (0°, 45°, 90°). Voids significantly weakened the backfill: single-void peak strength decreased linearly by 7.4%–21.6% with increasing diameter, and elastic modulus dropped by 22.4%–55.3%. Among double-void specimens, the 90° vertical alignment exhibited the best performance, with strength 15% higher than the 8 mm single-void sample, indicating that vertical alignment optimises stress superposition and delays crack propagation. Energy analysis revealed altered storage–dissipation patterns: double-void specimens absorbed 11.2% more energy at peak, with post-peak release dominated by dissipated energy. Numerical simulations showed cracks initiating from tensile stress concentrations around voids and propagating obliquely at 45°. Damage evolution followed a Weibull distribution, and the 90° aligned specimen accumulated damage 30% slower. These findings support mine backfill design and defect repair by highlighting the role of void geometry in energy dissipation and stress field optimisation.

Lane departure can cause lateral vehicle collisions and, in severe cases, lead to vehicles running off the road. Such incidents often occur on curved sections and ramps. This study focuses on loop ramps. To quantify the impact of geometric alignment characteristics of loop ramps on lane departure behaviors, unmanned aerial vehicle (UAVs) aerial photography was used to collect operation videos of 10 loop ramps at 6 interchanges, and 762 pieces of vehicle trajectory data under free-flow conditions were extracted based on DataFromSky. Combined with the indicators of equivalent radius and trajectory design curvature difference, vehicle trajectories were systematically classified into three patterns via k-means clustering: in the direction of centrifugal force (IDCF), against the direction of centrifugal force (ADCF), and no-offset normal driving (NOND). A multinomial logistic regression model was constructed to analyze the influence of loop ramp geometric alignment characteristics on departure behaviors. The results show that for the horizontal alignment elements of loop ramps, an increase in circular curve radius, a decrease in circular curve length, and a decrease in the length of the transition curve entering the circular curve all increase the risk of IDCF; conversely, the increase in these geometric parameters tend to increase the risk of ADCF. For the vertical alignment elements, there is a significant nonlinear negative correlation between the adjacent maximum gradient difference and lane departure behaviors. For the cross-section of loop ramps, widening can significantly suppress the risk of IDCF but slightly increase the risk of ADCF. This study reveals the synergistic influence mechanism of the three-dimensional (horizontal, vertical, and cross-sectional) geometric characteristics of combined alignments on lane departure behaviors at interchange loop ramps.