VERT Index Research Articles

A Pilot Study on the Relationship between Obstructive Sleep Apnoea-Hypopnea Syndrome, Neurodevelopment, and Ricketts' Cephalometry.

Background: The aim of this research is to achieve the early detection of facial characteristics in patients diagnosed with neurodevelopmental deficits and obstructive sleep apnoea-hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS) through the analysis of the VERT index and Ricketts' cephalometry to minimise the neurocognitive morbidity associated with these disorders. Methods: This clinical study was conducted on 44 patients aged 4 to 15 years. Participants completed an initial questionnaire about sleep disturbances, followed by a polysomnography, a radiographic study, and an oral examination. Results: The maximum variability in the data was obtained in the mandibular plane angle, where we observed that the measurement was higher in patients diagnosed with OSAHS. The relative and normalised indices of facial depth and the mandibular plane showed variations between patients with a clinical picture compatible with OSAHS and the control group without pathology. Conclusions: Our findings indicate that Ricketts' VERT index by itself is unable to provide evidence of a diagnosis compatible with OSAHS in patients with early neurodevelopmental deficits, but, after analysing the results obtained, we observed that for the cephalometric measurements of the mandibular plane angle and facial depth relative to the patient's age, there are sufficiently strong variations for creating a solid method of differential diagnosis, thus preventing complications at the neurocognitive level.

Associations between skeletal discrepancies, breathing pattern, and upper airway obstruction in Class III malocclusions.

To verify the associations between sagittal and vertical skeletal discrepancies, changes in upper airways, and breathing pattern in children and adolescents with Angle Class III and Class III subdivision malocclusions. Eighty-five children and adolescents with a mean age of 9.5±1.74 years were selected. Cephalometry assessed the sagittal relationship (AO-BO measurement), facial types (Ricketts VERT index), nasopharynx, and oropharynx. An otorhinolaryngologist analyzed the breathing pattern and upper airway obstruction during anamnesis, physical examination, anterior rhinoscopy, and nasofibroscopy. Medical records were also reviewed. For statistical analysis, ordinary one-way ANOVA, Kruskal-Wallis (Tukey's post-hoc), unpaired t-test, Pearson's correlation, chi-square, and Fisher's exact tests (p<0.05) were used. The nasopharyngeal cephalometric dimension and pharyngeal tonsil hypertrophy were associated, whereas the oropharyngeal cephalometric dimension and palatine tonsils hypertrophy were not. Sagittal discrepancies were associated with septum deviation, while facial type was associated with inferior turbinate and palatine tonsils hypertrophy. However, facial type was not associated with breathing pattern, septum deviation, and pharyngeal tonsils hypertrophy. Sagittal discrepancies and type of malocclusion were not associated with breathing pattern and changes in upper airways, except for the severity of septum deviation and Class III malocclusions, which were associated with large sagittal discrepancies. Although the facial types analyzed presented signs of airway obstruction, the highest prevalence of inferior turbinate and palatine tonsils hypertrophy were found in patients with dolichofacial type.

Evaluation of WALA ridge in different facial patterns: A cone-beam computed tomography study

This retrospective study evaluated the buccal bone thickness in mandibular canine, premolar, and molar areas, using as a reference the WALA ridge in patients with various facial patterns. The sample comprised 51 cone-beam computerized tomography scans of subjects divided into 3 groups according to the facial pattern, determined by the Ricketts' VERT index, brachyfacial (group 1), mesofacial (group 2), and dolichofacial (group 3). A quantitative analysis of the buccal bone thickness was made in cone-beam computerized tomography scans in the region of the mandibular dental arch corresponding to the WALA ridge. The intergroup comparison of buccal bone thickness was performed with a 1-way analysis of variance and Tukey tests. Buccal bone thickness was similar among the groups, and it increased progressively from the mandibular first to the second molars. In the canine and premolar regions, the thickness was less and often not visible on tomography. There was no difference in the buccal bone thickness in the mandibular dental arch region corresponding to the WALA ridge reference among facial patterns, except for the mesial roots of the second molars, which were thicker in brachyfacial subjects than in dolichofacial subjects. The use of the WALA ridge as a clinical reference for individualized orthodontic arch diagramming should be made with caution and independent of the facial pattern.

The influence of facial types on the morphology and location of the greater palatine foramen: a CBCT study.

This study aimed to assess the morphology and location of the great palatine foramen (GPF) of different facial types using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans. Sixty CBCT scans were divided into: brachyfacial (n = 20), dolichofacial (n = 20) and mesofacial (n = 20) using Ricketts' VERT index for the determination of cephalometric facial type and imported into ImageJ software. GPF shape was characterized as: round, elongated in the anteroposterior direction (EAP), or elongated in the latero-medial direction (ELM). The distances between the GPF and the palatine suture (PS), the center of the GPF and the center incisive foramen (IF), the GPF and the palatine alveolar ridge (PAR), right side GPF (GPFr) and left side (GPFl) GPFs; and the angles formed from the intersection of the GPF, IF and PS were assessed. The position of the GPF was evaluated in relation to the molars. GPFr and GPFl mean distances from PAR presented higher values for dolichofacial patients (p < 0.05). GPFr and GPFl location distally to the third molar (3M) was higher for brachyfacial type, while their location distally to the second molar was higher for mesofacial and between the mesial and distal surfaces of the 3M for dolichofacial (p < 0.05). The GPF was more distant from the PAR in the dolichofacial-type group. The location of the GPF in relation to the molars varied according to the facial type. However, the morphology of the GPF was similar in the three facial types, and the elongated in the anteroposterior direction morphology was more frequent.

Guideline for manual classification of the facial profiles by CBCT image

Aim: To describes step by step for the procedures for manual cephalometric analysis of the facial profile was performed using the Ricketts' VERT index through software not specific for cephalometric analysis which accepts any DICOM format for cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) images. Material and methods: The facial profile classification was performed by means of the arithmetic mean of the values obtained (facial axis, facial height, mandibular plane angle, lower facial height and mandibular arch angle). Results: The present step by step can be performed by any CBCT imaging software for manual cephalometric analysis can obtain good results for the Ricketts' VERT. Conclusion: Dentists, undergraduate students, educational institutions and research that does not have access to specific software for cephalometric analysis may use the present methodology.

O perfil facial e a prevalência de canal mandibular bífido

Objetivo: Avaliar a prevalência dos canais mandibulares bífidos (CMB) e correlacioná-los com os tipos faciais (TF) por meio de tomografia computadorizada de feixe cônico (TCFC). Material e método: A amostra, composta por 180 hemimandíbulas (90 pacientes), foi determinada por: TF, sexo, idade e lado da face. O TF foi determinado utilizando o índice VERT de Ricketts. As TCFC foram dispostas em três grupos de acordo com os TF: 30 pacientes braquifaciais, 30 mesofaciais e 30 dolicofaciais. Os CMB foram classificados de acordo com Naitoh et al. (2011). As imagens foram classificadas e avaliadas por um radiologista treinado, utilizando os softwares Dolphin Imaging® 11.0 e XoranCat®. A comparação entre os grupos em relação ao sexo, lado acometido e classe do CMB foi feita pelo teste Qui-quadrado ou Exato de Fisher; a influência da idade em relação ao sexo e presença de CMB, pelo teste de Mann-Whitney e, em relação ao TF, pelo teste de Kruskal-Wallis. A relação entre o sexo dos pacientes e presença do CMB, pelo teste Exato de Fisher. O nível de significância considerado foi de 5% para todos os testes. Resultados: A proporção de pacientes com CMB na amostra foi de 14.4%, sendo o mais frequente o tipo C sentido alveolar (53.8%), seguidos dos tipos D sentido retromolar (15.4%), tipo E sentido lingual (15.4%) e tipo F sentido base da mandíbula (7.7%). Quando o CMB estava presente, não houve predominância de lado nem influência pelo sexo. Conclusão: O TF não afeta a presença ou o tipo de CMB. Objetivo: Avaliar a prevalência dos canais mandibulares bífidos (CMB) e correlacioná-los com os tipos faciais (TF) por meio de tomografia computadorizada de feixe cônico (TCFC). Material e método: A amostra, composta por 180 hemimandíbulas (90 pacientes), foi determinada por: TF, sexo, idade e lado da face. O TF foi determinado utilizando o índice VERT de Ricketts. As TCFC foram dispostas em três grupos de acordo com os TF: 30 pacientes braquifaciais, 30 mesofaciais e 30 dolicofaciais. Os CMB foram classificados de acordo com Naitoh et al. (2011). As imagens foram classificadas e avaliadas por um radiologista treinado, utilizando os softwares Dolphin Imaging® 11.0 e XoranCat®. A comparação entre os grupos em relação ao sexo, lado acometido e classe do CMB foi feita pelo teste Qui-quadrado ou Exato de Fisher; a influência da idade em relação ao sexo e presença de CMB, pelo teste de Mann-Whitney e, em relação ao TF, pelo teste de Kruskal-Wallis. A relação entre o sexo dos pacientes e presença do CMB, pelo teste Exato de Fisher. O nível de significância considerado foi de 5% para todos os testes. Resultados: A proporção de pacientes com CMB na amostra foi de 14.4%, sendo o mais frequente o tipo C sentido alveolar (53.8%), seguidos dos tipos D sentido retromolar (15.4%), tipo E sentido lingual (15.4%) e tipo F sentido base da mandíbula (7.7%). Quando o CMB estava presente, não houve predominância de lado nem influência pelo sexo. Conclusão: O TF não afeta a presença ou o tipo de CMB.

Morphometric Analysis of The Mandibular Incisive Canal in Different Facial Patterns

The study evaluated the morphometry of the mandibular incisive canal correlating with the different patterns of facial growth. The sample consisted of 90 cone beam computed tomography scans, divided into 3 groups: brachyfacial (n=30), mesofacial (n=30) and dolicofacial (n=30). For the determination of these groups, the acquisitions were arranged in the Dolphin 3D software to perform the Ricketts 3D cephalometric tracing and the VERT index. Next, the images were worked on the Ondemand3d software to perform the morphometric analysis of the incisive canal. For data analysis, the Kruskal-Wallis and Mann Whitney test were performed to test the interference of facial patterns, sex and age in the Mandibular Incisive Canal Extension. In the intragroup analysis of the MICE, the Friedman test was used, considering a 95% confidence interval and a significance level of 5%. The sample consisted of 54.4% of males and 45.6% of females. Sex and age had no effect on morphology and incisive canal extension. When the relationship between facial patterns and MICE was observed, brachyfacials (11.09 mm) presented a larger extent (p&lt;0.001) than dolicofacial (4.10 mm) and mesofacial (5.55 mm). When the morphology of the MIC was analyzed, most individuals presented the linear horizontal format, and there was no direction between the groups. Thus, we can conclude that the facial pattern influences the MICE and sex, age and morphology were not influenced by the facial pattern.

Mandibular ramus height and condyle distance asymmetries in individuals with different facial growth patterns: a cone-beam computed tomography study.

This study aimed to quantify mandibular ramus height and condylar distances asymmetry indexes in adult patients with different vertical facial growth pattern using Cone Beam computed tomography (CBCT). An observational cross-sectional study was conducted by using CBCT of 159 patients (mean age 26.36 ± 5.32years). Vistadent 3D® software was used to determine the facial pattern in 3 groups (N = 53): hypodivergent, normodivergent and hyperdivergent-by Ricketts VERT index. Mandibular ramus height and the condylar linear distance in relation to the median sagittal plane were evaluated. The asymmetry index was calculated considering the right and left sides. Data were analyzed by generalized linear models and Tukey post-hoc test (α = 0.05). Significantly lower values were found for the left and right mandibular ramus height in the hyperdivergent skeletal pattern (P < 0.05). There was no statistically significant difference for condylar and intercondylar distances among the facial groups (P > 0.05). Asymmetry indexes (mandibular ramus height and condylar distance) were similar, and no statistically significant differences were found among the skeletal patterns. In most subjects, the severity of mandibular ramus height asymmetry varied from light to not clinically significant independently of the facial type. The findings suggest that vertical facial growth pattern not affected the asymmetry index of mandibular ramus height and the intercondylar distance. The results also demonstrated significantly shorter mandibular ramus height for the hyperdivergent skeletal pattern individuals.

Association between the Anatomy of the Mandibular Canal and Facial Types: A Cone-Beam Computed Tomography Analysis.

We evaluated the anatomical variations of the mandibular canal associated with various facial types, age, sex, and side of the face studied. We analyzed 348 hemimandibles in subjects without a history of trauma, lesions in the lower arch, or orthognathic or repair surgery in the posterior mandible. Facial type was determined using the VERT index. The canal path was classified as Type 1 (a large, single structure passing very close to the root tips); Type 2 (a canal passing closest to the mandibular base); and Type 3 (a canal present in the posterior mandibular region, with a lower canal running through the mandibular branch, reaching the anterior region). Bifid canals (type 3) were classified into four categories according to the course and number of mandibular canals. The brachyfacial and mesofacial types presented a Type 1 canal in 95.5% (n=166) of subjects, in dolichofacial types, 68.2% (n=45) presented a Type 2 canal, while in the mesofacial type, a lower prevalence of the bifid mandibular canal was observed (13.0%, n=23) than in the other facial types. The bifid canal showed significant association with facial type only (p < 0.05), but no significant association was observed with the anterior loop type (p > 0.05). Facial type is significantly associated with the path and morphological variations of the mandibular canal, independently of the side of the face studied, age, and sex.

Comparison of clinical and electromyographic rest vertical dimensions in dolichofacial and brachyfacial young adults: A cross-sectional study

Statement of problemTherapeutic procedures that increase occlusal vertical dimension (OVD) may have different responses in patients with different craniofacial vertical patterns. The effect on these patients of increasing their OVD is not well understood. PurposeThe purpose of this clinical study was to compare measurements of vertical jaw separation (VJS) in patients with brachyfacial and dolichofacial craniofacial patterns in 2 vertical dimensions: the clinical rest/postural vertical dimension (CR/PVD) and electromyographic rest vertical dimension (EMGRVD). Material and methodsSixty healthy dental students were selected at random after a lateral skull radiograph was made. The Ricketts (VERT index) analysis was used to determine 30 brachyfacial (G1) and 30 dolichofacial (G2) types. The VJS was measured for G1 and G2 types in the 2 rest vertical dimensions specified. CR/PVD was recorded using 2 methods: swallowing (CR/PVD-P1) and the phonetic breathing method (CR/PVD-P2). The Shapiro-Wilk test was used for data distribution, and the Mann-Whitney U test was used to accept or reject the null hypothesis (α=.05). ResultsMean VJS in CR/PVD-P1 was 1.92 ±1.14 mm for the brachyfacial and 1.36 ±0.58 mm for the dolichofacial facial group (P=.05). The mean VJS in CR/PVD-P2 was 1.89 ±1.17 mm for the brachyfacial and 1.31 ±0.58 mm for the dolichofacial group (P=.03). The mean VJS in EMGRVD was 8.23 ±2.21 mm for the brachyfacial and 16.55 ±4.29 mm the dolichofacial group (P<.001). ConclusionsCR/PVD measurements in dolichofacial individuals were lower than those in brachyfacial individuals. EMGRVD measurements were higher in dolichofacial individuals than those in brachyfacial individuals. Biomechanical, physiological, and behavioral reasons might explain such diversity.

Comparison of airway dimensions in skeletal Class I malocclusion subjects with different vertical facial patterns.

ABSTRACTObjective: The aim of this study was to compare upper airway widths among skeletal Class I malocclusion subjects with different vertical facial patterns. Methods: The sample included a total of 99 lateral cephalograms of post pubertal individuals (18.19 ± 1.76 years old). The vertical facial pattern was determined by the Vert index. The McNamara method was used to quantify upper airway widths. ANOVA test and Student’s t test for independent groups were used, when normal distribution was not supported Kruskal-Wallis test and U-Mann-Whitney test were used. A multiple linear regression analysis was also performed. Results:Statistically significant differences in several nasopharyngeal widths were found among the distinct vertical facial patterns. Subjects with brachyfacial pattern presented larger nasopharyngeal widths than subjects with mesofacial (p= 0.030) or dolichofacial (p= 0.034) patterns. The larger the Vert value, the larger the nasopharyngeal widths (R2= 26.2%, p< 0.001). At the level of oropharynx no statistically significant differences were found. Conclusion: It was concluded that nasopharyngeal linear anteroposterior widths in Class I malocclusion brachyfacial are larger than in mesofacial and dolichofacial individuals. The Vert index only explained 25% of the total variability. No correlation was found for the oropharyngeal widths.

Epidemiological survey on third molar agenesis and facial pattern among adolescents requiring orthodontic treatment.

BackgroundThe aim of this study was to determine the association between facial pattern according to Ricketts cephalometric analysis, and prevalence of third molar agenesis, taking subject age and gender as control variables.Material and MethodsAn epidemiological survey was conducted based on a sample of 224 candidates for orthodontic treatment aged 12 to 24 (n=224). Third molar agenesis was recorded using Ricketts cephalometric analyses of lateral teleradiographs and panoramic radiographs. The risk for agenesis was predicted considering the 5 Vert Index parameters (facial axis, facial depth, mandibular plane angle, lower facial height and mandibular arch), facial type (brachyfacial, mesofacial, dolichofacial) and sociodemographic variables (age and sex), using odds ratio (OR) calculated by logistic regression.ResultsThird molar agenesis was observed in 25% of the sample. Risk for agenesis is significantly determined by sociodemographic factors (age, OR: 1.2), cephalic patterns (mesofacial vs dolichofacial, OR:4.3; and brachyfacial vs dolichofacial OR: 3.2) and cephalometric patterns (facial axis, OR: 0.8; lower facial height, OR: 0.8; and mandibular plane angle, OR:0.9).ConclusionsFacial parameters (facial axis, lower facial height, and mandibular plane angle) proved to be strong predictors of the risk for third molar agenesis, the prevalence of agenesis being significantly lower in dolichofacial individuals. Key words:Facial Pattern, Ricketts Analysis, Third Molar Agenesis.

Differences in bite force between dolichofacial and brachyfacial individuals: Side of mastication, gender, weight and height

PurposeDue to the bite force importance in functionality of the masticatory system, this study aimed to characterize it in dolichofacial and brachyfacial individuals. MethodsA sample comprised by 190 patients was divided into two groups: 90 severe dolichofacial, and 100 severe brachyfacial individuals classified according to the VERT index and the face height ratio (Jarabak quotient). Bite force was measured by using an adjusted digital dynamometer and proper methodology. ResultsThe sample met the parametric assumptions and presented statistical significance when right and left sides of dolichofacial and brachyfacial individuals were compared. However, within the same group, no differences between the left and right sides were found. Generally, bite force was higher for male, left masticator, age between 41–50 years, weighing over 100kg and between 1.81 and 1.90m tall. ConclusionsBased on the results of this cross-sectional study, it was possible to conclude that the bite force in severe brachyfacial individuals was significantly higher than in severe dolichofacial individuals, being influenced by gender, weight and height.

A Study of Facial Pattern in Patients with Fanconi Anemia

This study is aimed to evaluate craniofacial features in patients with Fanconi anemia (FA) through cephalometric analysis and to classify the facial growth pattern to observe possible facial discrepancies. This is a cross-sectional study which employed a quantitative approach to compare linear and angular measurements of cephalometric analysis in lateral teleradiographic images of a clinical type sample of patients with FA. A retrospective cephalometric study was performed using cephalometric analyses of Ricketts and Steiner; growth patterns according to Ricketts' vertical growth pattern (VERT index) were also analyzed. Fifty patients diagnosed with FA who were undergoing anti-aplasia treatment at the outpatient Hematology service at the Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil were included in the study. The patients were evaluated in the School of Dentistry of the Pontifical Catholic University of Paraná (PUCPR), Curitiba, Brazil. Exclusion criteria included patients who had used or were using growth hormone medication, had undergone bone marrow transplant, or had been previously subjected to dental treatment. Cephalometric points were plotted in order to set up linear and angular cephalometric measurements. Angular and linear measurements from 17 factors proposed by Ricketts' cephalometric analysis were assessed. Dolicofacial appearance was observed in 52% of individuals; braquifacial in 28%, and mesofacial in 20%. Significant maxillary/mandibular discrepancy was observed. It was concluded that upon anteroposterior evaluation of facial bone structures, the FA sample presented smaller median measurements in most variables evaluated; it also presented mandibular micrognathism and mainly dolicofacial vertical growth pattern. These findings, together with other features such as skin pigmentation and microphthalmia, may lead to a possible recognition of a FA condition from a patient's facial features.

Is It Possible to use Cross-sectional and Vertical Facial Measurements to establish the Shape of the Mandibular Arch?

Given the benefits of radiographic cephalometric studies in determining patterns of dental-skeletal-facial normality in orthodontics, the aim of this study was to investigate the association between mandibular dental arch shape and cross-sectional and vertical facial measurements. It was analyzed plaster casts and teleradiographs in frontal and lateral norm belonging to 50 individuals, aged between 15 and 19 years, with no previous history of orthodontic treatment and falling into four of the six Andrews's occlusion keys. The plaster models were scanned (3D) and the images of the dental arches were classified subjectively as oval, triangular and quadrangular by three calibrated examiners, with moderate inter-examiner agreement (Kappa = 0.50). After evaluation of the method error by paired t test (p > 0.05), it was carried out the analysis of cross-sectional and vertical facial measurements to be compared to the shape of the dental arch. Data were subjected to one-way analysis of variance with a significance level of 5%. When the VERT index was compared with the three arch shapes, no measurement showed statistically significant differences (p > 0.05): triangular (0.54); oval (0.43); and quadrangular (0.73); as well as there were no differences (p > 0.05) in the widths of the face (141.20; 141.26; 143.27); maxilla (77.27; 77.57; 78.59) and mandible (105.13; 103.96; 104.28). It can be concluded that there was no correlation between different shapes of the mandibular dental arch and the cross-sectional and vertical facial measurements investigated.

Photometric analysis applied in determining facial type

INTRODUCTION: In orthodontics, determining the facial type is a key element in the prescription of a correct diagnosis. In the early days of our specialty, observation and measurement of craniofacial structures were done directly on the face, in photographs or plaster casts. With the development of radiographic methods, cephalometric analysis replaced the direct facial analysis. Seeking to validate the analysis of facial soft tissues, this work compares two different methods used to determining the facial types, the anthropometric and the cephalometric methods. METHODS: The sample consisted of sixty-four Brazilian individuals, adults, Caucasian, of both genders, who agreed to participate in this research. All individuals had lateral cephalograms and facial frontal photographs. The facial types were determined by the Vert Index (cephalometric) and the Facial Index (photographs). RESULTS: The agreement analysis (Kappa), made for both types of analysis, found an agreement of 76.5%. CONCLUSIONS: We concluded that the Facial Index can be used as an adjunct to orthodontic diagnosis, or as an alternative method for pre-selection of a sample, avoiding that research subjects have to undergo unnecessary tests.

Chewing side, bite force symmetry, and occlusal contact area of subjects with different facial vertical patterns

Craniofacial dimensions influence oral functions; however, it is not known whether they are associated with function asymmetry. The objective of this study was to evaluate chewing side preference and lateral asymmetry of occlusal contact area and bite force of individuals with different craniofacial patterns. Seventy-eight dentate subjects were divided into 3 groups according to the VERT index as follows: (1) mesofacial, (2) brachyfacial and (3) dolichofacial. Chewing side preference was evaluated using jaw tracking equipment, occlusal contact area was measured by silicon registration of posterior teeth, and bite force was measured unilaterally on molar regions using 2.25 mm-thick sensors. Statistical analysis was performed using ANOVA on Ranks, Student's t-test, and Mann-Whitney tests at a 5% significance level. Mesofacial, brachyfacial, and dolichofacial subjects presented more occlusal contact area on the left side. Only dolichofacial subjects showed lateral asymmetry for bite force, presenting higher force on the left side. No statistically significant differences were found for chewing side preference among all groups. Within the limitations of this study, it can be concluded that craniofacial dimensions play a role in asymmetry of bite force. ClinicalTrials.gov ID: NCT01286363.

Association between overbite and craniofacial growth pattern

The purpose of the present study was to assess the association between overbite and craniofacial growth pattern. The sample comprised eighty-six cephalograms obtained during the orthodontic pretreatment phase and analyzed using the Radiocef program to identify the craniofacial landmarks and perform orthodontic measurements. The variables utilized were overbite, the Jarabak percentage and the Vert index, as well as classifications resulting from the interpretation of these measurements. In all the statistical tests, a significance level of 5% was considered. Measurement reliability was checked by calculating method error. Weighted Kappa analysis showed that agreement between the facial types defined by the Vert index and the direction of growth trend established by the Jarabak percentage was not satisfactory. Owing to this lack of equivalency, a potential association between overbite and craniofacial growth pattern was evaluated using the chi-square test, considering the two methods separately. No relationship of dependence between overbite and craniofacial growth pattern was revealed by the results obtained. Therefore, it can be concluded that the classification of facial growth pattern will not be the same when considering the Jarabak and the Ricketts anayses, and that increased overbite cannot be associated with a braquifacial growth pattern, nor can openbite be associated with a dolichofacial growth pattern.

Avaliação da atresia maxilar associada ao tipo facial

OBJETIVOS: associar a atresia maxilar aos tipos faciais, verificar o dimorfismo entre os gêneros masculino e feminino, bem como a correlação entre os gêneros e os tipos faciais. MÉTODOS: inicialmente, a amostra constou de 258 telerradiografias da cabeça, em norma lateral. Após aplicada a análise do Vert de Ricketts, foram excluídas 108 telerradiografias, por não satisfazerem o critério de seleção. Portanto, a amostra final foi de 150 telerradiografias e 150 modelos pertencentes a 150 indivíduos brancos na faixa etária de 14 anos a 18 anos e 11 meses, independentemente do tipo de má oclusão. A mesma foi dividida em: 50 mesofaciais; 50 braquifaciais e 50 dolicofaciais. Para os 150 modelos, aplicou-se a análise de Schwarz. RESULTADOS: a presença da atresia maxilar na amostra selecionada correspondeu a 64% nos dolicofaciais, 58% nos braquifaciais e 52% nos mesofaciais. CONCLUSÕES: não houve evidência de associação da atresia com o tipo facial. Quanto ao dimorfismo de gênero, foi proporcionalmente maior para o dolicofacial masculino enquanto o feminino não apresentou proporções diferentes.

Relação entre cefalometria e análise facial na determinação do tipo de face

OBJETIVO: correlacionar os achados cefalométricos com os da análise facial realizada por meio de fotografias para classificar o tipo facial, segundo o sexo. MÉTODOS: participaram 105 adultos leucodermas, 34 (32,4%) homens e 71 (67,6%) mulheres, com idades entre 20 e 40 anos, de uma clínica particular de ortodontia de Belo Horizonte/MG. Os achados da análise cefalométrica para determinação do tipo facial a partir do índice VERT de Ricketts foram comparados com a classificação da face realizada por meio da análise facial clínica baseada na observação de duas fotografias. Para essa análise, participaram três fonoaudiólogos especialistas em motricidade orofacial. RESULTADOS: não houve correspondência satisfatória ao se comparar as duas formas de classificação do tipo facial apresentadas neste estudo. A maioria dos indivíduos masculinos dolicofaciais foi classificada como face média a partir da análise facial, ou seja, quatro entre sete sujeitos (57,14%). Os 11 mesofaciais foram identificados como face média (N=5; 45,45%) ou curta (N=4; 36,36%) e os 16 braquifaciais como face média (N=9; 56,25%) ou curta (N=7; 43,75%). No sexo feminino, observou-se que 11 entre 20, ou seja, 55% dos indivíduos dolicofaciais foram apontados como face média. Dos 26 sujeitos mesofaciais, 16 (61,53%) também foram classificados como face média. Com relação aos 25 braquifaciais, 12 (48%) foram identificados como face curta e 11 (44%), como média. CONCLUSÃO: a classificação do tipo de face apenas a partir da análise facial realizada por meio de fotografias não foi considerada confiável, se utilizada isoladamente, quando comparada à classificação obtida a partir da análise cefalométrica.