Verification Scheme Research Articles

A Hybrid Key Generation and a Verification Scheme

By introducing high randomness with reduced computational cost, physical layer (PHY) key generation is one of the candidate tools that can be used for the security of the Internet of Things applications. Nonidentical secret keys are one of the main problems of the physical layer (PHY) key generation schemes. In order to address this problem, key verification schemes, which are based on information reconciliation, are used in this article. In the current key verification techniques, the legitimate nodes reveal some information related to their secret keys to eliminate nonidentical bits. In this article, by jointly using PHY key generation with an embedded key, we propose a hybrid key generation and key verification scheme, where the revealed information during the key verification process is negligible, and the verified keys are identical. Numerical results and software-defined radio-based tests show that the proposed verification scheme achieves the requirements of the Industrial Internet of Things systems.

Joint Transaction Relaying and Block Verification Optimization for Blockchain Empowered D2D Communication

Device to device (D2D) communication is a promising paradigm to support data sharing in the fifth generation (5G) small cell networks. However, D2D communication is more vulnerable to security and privacy threats due to direct wireless connection between the proximity devices. In this paper, we exploit blockchain technology to propose a new distributed and secure data sharing framework named D2D blockchain, where we deploy a set of Access Points (APs) to verify end users’ transactions. Besides, in order to enable the end users to receive the required data on time in the D2D blockchain, we propose two new schemes for the transaction confirmation procedure including a relay-assisted transaction relaying scheme and a Delegated Proof-of-Stake (DPoS) based lightweight block verification scheme. Furthermore, to incentivize the relay devices to help in relaying transactions in congested areas, and to encourage the verifiers to contribute their resources in block verification, we design a two-stage contract theory based joint optimization scheme. To measure the quality of the relayed transaction and the verified block, we formulate two models: value of transaction relaying (VoTR) and value of block verification (VoBV), and then design the optimal contract for each relay device and each verifier. Security analysis and numerical results illustrate that the proposed D2D blockchain and the designed joint optimization scheme are secure and efficient for data sharing among end users.

A Robust Active Safety Enhancement Strategy With Learning Mechanism in Vehicular Networks

Driving safety has been a hot topic in recent vehicular research. However, research on active control strategy, by which an accident might be avoided before it really happens, is still lacking, especially those appealing to machine learning methods with real traffic data. In addition, previous works constructed models with only one or a few factors considered, while the impact of multiple factors on a collision probability is overlooked. In this paper, based on machine learning methods with an actual traffic dataset, we propose a multi-level active safety control strategy taking the Multi-source, Multi-parameter, and Multi-purpose (3M) properties of an accident into consideration. First, by analyzing the impact of different conditions on an accident with the AHP (Analytic Hierarchy Process)-Ridge regression and bisecting K-means clustering model, the safety inter-vehicle distance is derived by learning from an actual traffic dataset. Besides, ELM(Extreme Learning Machines) is adopted as a verification scheme for safety distance calculation. Subsequently, we design a three-level active safety control scheme using the LQG (Linear Quadratic Gaussian) optimal-control model based on the obtained safety inter-vehicle distance. Numerical results show that by comparing with some classical braking and car-following models, our strategy can always keep the distance of two followed vehicles at a safety state. To further explore the impact of the time complexity on the rear-end collisions, we also implemented a road-test and verified that our model can timely respond to the risks and keep two cars always in safety.

Blockchain for secure location verification

In location-sensitive applications, dishonest users may submit fake location claims to illegally access a service or obtain benefit. To address this issue, a number of location proof mechanisms have been proposed in literature. However, they confront various security and privacy challenges, including Prover–Prover collusions (Terrorist Frauds), Prover–Witness collusions, and location privacy threats. In this paper, we utilize the unique features of the blockchain technology to design a decentralized scheme for location proof generation and verification. In the proposed scheme, a user who needs a location proof (called a prover) broadcasts a request to the neighbor devices through a short-range communication interface, e.g. Bluetooth. Those neighbor devices that decide to respond (called witnesses) start to authenticate the requesting user. We integrate an incentive mechanism into the proposed scheme to reward such witnesses. Upon successful authentication, a transaction is generated as a location proof and is broadcast onto a peer-to-peer network where it can be picked up by verifiers for final verification. Our security analysis shows that the proposed scheme achieves a reliable performance against Prover–Prover and Prover–Witness collusions. Moreover, our prototype implementation on the Android platform shows that the proposed scheme outperforms other currently deployed location proof schemes.

Securing Fog Storage Nodes u sing a n Attribute b ased Encryption Scheme a nd Multi Factor Authentication

Fog computing is an extended and distributed infrastructure where the application processes are managed between the end devices and the edge of the grouped system for better and reliable services. Fog computing is a non-insignificant augmentation of cloud which comes in to the same security and production difficulties of cloud computing. Existing conventional techniques like digital certificates and signature verification schemes suffers due to the advancement of cyber criminals in revoking the certificates. To enable authentication and confidentiality among a group of gathered fog nodes, in this paper, a novel CP-ABE based scheme along with multi-factor user authentication (CP-ABE-MA) is proposed. Further, the paper uses some obfuscation technique which obscures the data to evade the illegal user access. In general, the cloud is a RAW data type which consists of any data format, hence respective on the data type the encryption conversion can be used. CP-ABE can be connected to letters in order and alphanumeric sort of information and jumbling can be connected to a numeric kind of information. Applying encryption methods on the cloud information will give more security against unapproved use. Privacy could be accomplished with a blend of encryption and confusion. In order to evaluate the efficiency, the proposed protocol is implemented and tested in AVISPA and compared with the certificate-based schemes. Further, the proposed protocol outflanks the existing certificate based schemes with 97% accuracy.

SIV: a structural integrity verification approach of cloud components with enhanced privacy

Private data leakage is a threat to current integrity verification schemes of cloud components. To address this issue, this work proposes a privacy-enhancing Structural Integrity Verification (SIV) approach. It is made up of three processes: proof organization, proof transformation, and integrity judgement. By introducing a Merkle tree technique, the integrity of a constituent part of a cloud component on a node is represented by a root value. The value is then masked to cipher texts in proof transformation. With the masked proofs, a structural feature is extracted and validated in an integrity judgement by a third-party verification provider. The integrity of the cloud component is visually displayed in the output result matrix. If there are abnormities, the corrupted constituent parts can be located. Integrity is verified through the encrypted masked proofs. All raw proofs containing sensitive information stay on their original nodes, thus minimizing the attack surface of the proof data, and eliminating the risk of leaking private data at the source. Although some computations are added, the experimental results show that the time overhead is within acceptable bounds.

Aero-hydrodynamic loads investigations for different constructions in turbulent flows with special verification approach

The paper is devoted to the analysis of numerical modeling data exact as it possible to determine aero-hydrodynamic loads from high-speed trains on different constructions and objects of transport infrastructure. These investigations include pressure and flow velocities distributions definition on the surfaces for specified objects and also with special investigation of amplitude-frequency characteristics for the individual construction elements. According to proposed special verification methodical approach it confirms efficiency and correctness of the results obtained by authors. This includes too the application of the main original combined numerical approach as for calculation process so as for effective verification of these results with support of special analysis in case of different proposed verification schemes.

A big data anonymous batch verification scheme with conditional privacy preservation for power injection over vehicular network and 5G smart grid slice

Abstract Internet of Things (IoT) is a new paradigm that has changed the way we live in our society by providing many intelligent applications such as smart healthcare, precision agriculture, smart city, smart supply chain, smart home, smart grid, and intelligent transportation. As an integration of smart grid and intelligent transportation, vehicle-to-grid (V2G) technology can make the power grid to communicate with the plugin electric vehicles (EVs), allowing the EVs to store greenpower energy from renewable energy sources and inject overplus power back to the power grid during the peak demand hours for financial gains. Nevertheless, security of transmitted information and users’ privacy preservation are very crucial to ensure fairness in the energy market and enhance users’ acceptability of this propitious technology. For instance, there is need to expeditiously authenticate massive power bids injected by EVs without exposing the owners’ private information. Therefore, a big data anonymous batch verification for injection of power over vehicular network and 5G smart grid slice based on a new ultraefficient certificateless aggregate signature (CL-AS) algorithm is proposed. The proposed scheme achieves batch-verifiable authentication of all the injected bids in an anonymous manner without compromising the privacy of participants. Moreover, we prove that the scheme is secure, assuming the Discrete Logarithm Problem (DLP) is intractable. The performance evaluation demonstrates its superiority in terms of efficiency over the related schemes.

Blockchain data-based cloud data integrity protection mechanism

Despite the rapid development of cloud computing for many years, data security and trusted computing are still the main challenges in current cloud computing applications. In order to solve this problem, many scholars have carried out a lot of research on this, and proposed many models including data integrity test and secure multi-party calculation. However, most of these solutions face problems such as excessive computational complexity or lack of scalability. This paper studies the use of blockchain techniques to improve this situation. Blockchain is a decentralized new distributed computing paradigm. Applying blockchain technology to cloud computing, using the security mechanism of the former to improve the performance of the latter’s secure storage and secure computing is a promising research topic. In this paper, the distributed virtual machine agent model is deployed in the cloud by using mobile agent technology. The virtual machine agent enables multi-tenants to cooperate with each other to ensure data trust verification. The tasks of reliable data storage, monitoring and verification are completed by virtual machine agent mechanism. This is also a necessary condition for building a blockchain integrity protection mechanism. The blockchain-based integrity protection framework is built by the virtual machine proxy model, and the unique hash value corresponding to the file generated by the Merkel hash tree is used to monitor the data change by means of the smart contract on the blockchain, and the data is owned in time. The user issues a warning message for data tampering; in addition, a “block-and-response” mode is used to construct a blockchain-based cloud data integrity verification scheme.

Efficient oblivious transfer with membership verification

In this article, we introduce a new concept of oblivious transfer with membership verification that allows any legitimate group users to obtain services from a service provider in an oblivious manner. We present two oblivious transfer with membership verification schemes, differing in design. In the first scheme, a trusted group manager issues credentials for a pre-determined group of users so that the group of users with a valid group credential can obtain services from the service provider, while the choices made by group users remain oblivious to the service provider. The second scheme avoids the trusted group manager, which allows any user in the group to be a group manager, thus it is more suitable in distributed systems. In particular, we prove that the two oblivious transfer with membership verification schemes can achieve receiver’s privacy and sender’s privacy under a half-simulation model.

Creating Reference Standards for the Implementation of the State Verification Scheme for Water Content Measurement

The results of the development of methods for the transfer of units of water content in solid and liquid substances and materials are presented. Four types of comparison standards have been created for the transfer of units of water content, reproduced at the State Primary Standard of units of mass fraction, mass (molar) concentration of water in solid and liquid substances and GET 173–2017 materials. The procedures for the preparation of reference standards materials based on a mixture of organic solvents that are stable in water content and sodium molybdate dihydrate, which has chemically bound (crystallized) water, are described. The methods of reproducing the units of water content used in determining the characteristics of reference standards are presented: coulometric and volumetric Karl Fischer titration, air-heat drying and thermogravimetric analysis with mass spectrometric detection. The characteristics and standard uncertainties of the comparison standards, due to the characterization method, heterogeneity, long-term and short-term instabilities, are evaluated. The main changes adopted within the framework of the processing of the State verification scheme for means of measuring the water content in solid and liquid substances and materials are described.

A Modeling and Measurement Approach for the Uncertainty of Features Extracted from Remote Sensing Images

The reliability of remote sensing (RS) image classification is crucial for applying RS image classification results. However, it has received minimal attention, especially the uncertainty of features extracted from RS images. The uncertainty of image features constantly accumulates, propagates, and ultimately affects the reliability and accuracy of image classification results. Thus, research on the quantitative modeling and measurement of the feature uncertainty of RS images is very necessary. To make up for the lack of research on quantitative modeling and measurement of uncertainty of image features, this study first investigates and summarizes the appearance characteristics of the feature uncertainty of RS images in geospatial and feature space domains based on the source and formation mechanisms of feature uncertainty. Then, a modeling and measurement approach for the uncertainty of image features is proposed on the basis of these characteristics. In this approach, a new Local Adaptive Multi-Feature Weighting Method based on Information Entropy and the Local Distribution Density of Points is proposed to model and measure the feature uncertainty of an image in the geospatial and feature space domains. In addition, a feature uncertainty index is also constructed to comprehensively describe and quantify the feature uncertainty, which can also be used to refine the classification map to improve its accuracy. Finally, we propose two effectiveness verification schemes in two perspectives, namely, statistical analysis and image classification, to verify the validity of the proposed approach. Experimental results on two real RS images confirm the validity of the proposed approach. Our study on the feature uncertainty of images may contribute to the development of uncertainty control methods or reliable classification schemes for RS images.

ESCBV: energy-efficient and secure communication using batch verification scheme for vehicle users

Presently, vehicles are not only used for moving from one place to another location but also for various purposes, e.g., location tracking, entertainment, environment monitoring, traffic congestion, smart transportation, and related applications. Moreover, it is possible because of information communication technology. Therefore, we need a communication system to establish a connection between two or more objects on the road networks. However, road-side-units and vehicles communicate with each other in a public environment, and vehicles always change their locality. Thus, vehicle users/systems may face data security issues in this architecture. Recently, Xie et al. suggested an authentication method using identity to deal with reliability, conditional privacy, and integrity in the vehicular ad-hoc networks. However, we identify some security flaws (impersonation, modification, man-in-the-middle, and stolen device) in Xie et al.’s scheme. Thus, we propose an energy-efficient and secure communication using batch verification (ESCBV) protocol to address the present problems of the Xie et al.’s method. Further, we present security proofs to ensure that the suggested method resists different attacks. Moreover, we analyze performance outcomes of the proposed approach to compare with other related schemes, and we notice that the ESCBV system performs better in the implementation time, communication overhead, memory requirement, and energy consumption compared to other related protocols.

Nonadaptive fault-tolerant verification of quantum supremacy with noise

Quantum samplers are believed capable of sampling efficiently from distributions that are classically hard to sample from. We consider a sampler inspired by the classical Ising model. It is nonadaptive and therefore experimentally amenable. Under a plausible conjecture, classical sampling upto additive errors from this model is known to be hard. We present a trap-based verification scheme for quantum supremacy that only requires the verifier to prepare single-qubit states. The verification is done on the same model as the original sampler, a square lattice, with only a constant overhead. We next revamp our verification scheme in two distinct ways using fault tolerance that preserves the nonadaptivity. The first has a lower overhead based on error correction with the same threshold as universal quantum computation. The second has a higher overhead but an improved threshold (1.97%) based on error detection. We show that classically sampling upto additive errors is likely hard in both these schemes. Our results are applicable to other sampling problems such as the Instantaneous Quantum Polynomial-time (IQP) computation model. They should also assist near-term attempts at experimentally demonstrating quantum supremacy and guide long-term ones.

An efficient scheme for SDN state consistency verification in cloud computing environment

SummarySoftware‐defined networking (SDN) decouples the control and data planes to simplify network management and function deployment. SDN provides a solution for managing large‐scale virtual networks in the cloud environment. However, in the process of SDN network update, various attacks can lead to network state inconsistency. In this paper, a comprehensive and efficient verification scheme is proposed to defend the security threats and guarantee the network state consistency in the cloud environment. The scheme verifies the consistency of network update from two stages of network update request and response. Firstly, the flow path model and the security space are abstracted to quickly verify whether the network request is allowed. Then, a novel forwarding path probing and verification method is designed to validate the actual forwarding path and locate the abnormal path in real time. With the two‐stage verification, the scheme can prevent the spread of illegal flow rules and ensure the correct delivery and execution of flow rules. Finally, we carry out a series of experiments in OpenStack. The results show that the proposed scheme can detect security threats and label the abnormal forwarding path in real time to ensure the network state consistency, while introducing negligible performance overhead.

Some Aspects of the Implementation of Hierarchical Schemes and Traceability Chains of Measuring Instruments

The article is devoted to the problematic issue of the regulatory framework governing the procedure for transferring units of measurement from the state primary (national) standards to the working facilities of measuring equipment. This concerns the need for further application of existing verification schemes, which have exhausted themselves from the point of view of practical application, since they now concern only the lower link, that is, working measuring instruments to be verified. The authors proposed, in accordance with the current regulatory documents, to supplement the list of documents submitted to the commission when approving new state (national) standards of physical units in terms of including hierarchical schemes. The current DSTU OIML D 5 was also analyzed in detail, in terms of the need to ensure the uncertainty relations between the steps of the hierarchy pyramid. It has been substantiated that there is no need to deliberately degrade the metrological characteristics of the standards in order to maintain the established ratio, since this is an irrational approach. For example, the authors have developed a hierarchical scheme for measuring the volume and volume of gas flow in a gaseous medium at a pressure of up to 1.6 MPa, which is headed by the National (State) primary standard for units of volume and volume flow of gas in a gaseous medium at a pressure of up to 1.6 MPa. As a practical implementation of the hierarchical scheme, the traceability chain of the Pasichna calibration unit has been demonstrated, the calibration procedure of which is carried out using the Reynolds number balancing method.

Efficient verification of bosonic quantum channels via benchmarking

We aim to devise feasible, efficient verification schemes for bosonic channels. To this end, we construct an average-fidelity witness that yields a tight lower bound for average fidelity plus a general framework for verifying optimal quantum channels. For both multi-mode unitary Gaussian channels and single-mode amplification channels, we present experimentally feasible average-fidelity witnesses and reliable verification schemes, for which sample complexity scales polynomially with respect to all channel specification parameters. Our verification scheme provides an approach to benchmark the performance of bosonic channels on a set of Gaussian-distributed coherent states by employing only two-mode squeezed vacuum states and local homodyne detections. Our results demonstrate how to perform feasible tests of quantum components designed for continuous-variable quantum information processing.

An Uncertainty Descriptor for Quantitative Measurement of the Uncertainty of Remote Sensing Images

Reliable image classification results are crucial for the application of remote sensing images, but the reliability of image classification has received less attention. In particular, the inherent uncertainty of remote sensing images has been disregarded. The uncertainty of a remote sensing image accumulates and propagates continuously in the classification process and ultimately affects the reliability of the classification results. Therefore, quantitative description and investigation of the inherent uncertainty of remote sensing images are crucial in achieving reliable remote sensing image classification. In this study, we analyze the sources of uncertainty of remote sensing images in detail and propose a quantitative descriptor for measuring image uncertainty comprehensively and effectively. In addition, we also design two verification schemes to verify the validity of the proposed uncertainty descriptor. Finally, the validity of the proposed uncertainty descriptor is confirmed by experimental results on three real remote sensing images. Our study on the uncertainty of remote sensing images may help the development of uncertainty control methods and reliable classification schemes of remote sensing images.

Experimentalist Interactions: FLEGT and the Transnational Timber Legality Regime

This paper analyzes the interactions between the European Union’s Forest Law Enforcement, Governance and Trade (FLEGT) initiative and other components of the emerging transnational timber legality regime, both public and private. It examines how far, and through what institutional channels and mechanisms, these interactions are producing a joined-up transnational regime, based on a shared normative commitment to combat illegal logging and cooperative efforts to implement and enforce it. The paper argues that the experimentalist architecture of the EU FLEGT initiative has fostered productive, mutually reinforcing interactions both with public timber legality regulation in other consumer countries and with private certification schemes. But this emerging regime remains highly polyarchic, with broad scope for autonomous initatives by NGOs and private service providers, along with national governments, international organizations, and multi-donor partnerships. Hence horizontal integration and coordination within it depend on a series of institutional mechanisms, some of which are distinctively experimentalist, while others can also be found in more conventional regimes. These mechanisms include cross-referencing and reciprocal endorsement of rules and standards; mutual learning and peer review through information pooling and comparison of enforcement approaches; public oversight and joint assessment of private certification and legality verification schemes; and the “penalty default” effect of public regulation in consumer countries, which have pushed both exporting countries and transnational firms to comply with the norms and procedures of the emerging transnational regime. The findings of this paper thus provide robust new evidence for the claim advanced in previous work that a joined-up transnational regime can be assembled piece-by-piece under polyarchic conditions through coordinated learning from decentralized experimentation, without a hegemonic power to impose common global rules.

A Privacy Preserved Scheme for Data Verification and Integrity Protocol

Remote data integrity is a crucial technology in the cloud environment .In Recent years, many have been focusing on providing data dynamics. Existing protocol /algorithm can support with the help of third party auditor. When the data is no longer under user’s direct control, the data security and integrity in cloud environment becomes obstacles. Integrity is a method for protecting the consistency of the put away data in cloud server and guaranteeing the innovation of the data put away in the cloud server innovation of the same. It implies that the data can be altered just by approved people, along these lines expanding the certification, confirmation and dependability of the cloud service provider.