Compound Verbs Research Articles

The categorization of causatives in modern Chinese

The article presents a model for applying methods of corpus linguistics to the categorization of causatives that convey semantics of causality in contemporary Chinese. The author employs the core functions of the corpus manager Sketch Engine, including thesaurus, concordance and word list in order to select contextual synonyms, search to find illustrative material and generate lexical units with preset parameters accordingly. Specifically, online corpus of Chinese Web 2017 (zhTenTen17) Simplified, which contains approximately 16.6 billion tokens, was used to conduct the study.Notably, in modern Chinese, the category of causality is primarily realized through causative constructions, which/whose type is determined by the causative predicate. The present paper studies both lexical and grammatical causatives. The results illustrate that lexical causatives include mono- andmulti-component types, while grammatical causatives are divided into those formed by two full verbs; those formed by a full verb and a resultative component; and those formed by a combination of light and non-causative verbs. Besides, grammatical causative constructions are divided into two main subtypes: morphological and analytical. The morphological one conveys semantics of causality either through causative affixes or phonological changes, while the analytical one being the most prevalent in modern Chinese are further classified into three models, namely: those formed with causative markers; those formed with the causative preposition 把; and those formed with the word 得. Future research may focus on the pragmatics of the choice in different types of causative constructions, with a regard to the conceptual and linguistic worldview of the Chinese people.

Examination of Compound Verbs in the Persian Language through Corpus Analysis [In Persian

Examination of Compound Verbs in the Persian Language through Corpus Analysis [In Persian

Семантико-структурные компоненты каузативных конструкций эмоционального воздействия в бурятском языке

This paper describes syntactic constructions expressing the impact on the emotional sphere in the Buryat language. Consideration is given to the semantics, structure, and means of expression of the basic components of the situation of emotional impact, with a focus on the interaction between the categories of emotivity and causativity. The analysis identifies the semantic and structural components of causative constructions denoting emotional impact in the Buryat language. These are causative stimuli, causative emotives, causable subjects, and intensifiers of emotionality. The distinct characteristics of expressing emotive semantics within causative constructions are determined. It is noted that the non-typical, non-aggressive causer prevails in the constructions in the meaning of the cause-stimulus expressed by the nominative. This causative stimulus represents a force or a source of energy that causes a reaction of the subject. A causable subject experiencing certain emotions takes the position of an accusative in an emotive construction. In such constructions, the focus is on representing the emotional state of the subject being influenced, acting as a direct complement. Furthermore, the analysis demonstrates that causative emotives in the Buryat language are represented by morphological causatives. These causatives are formed by adding special causative affixes to the corresponding non-causative counterparts. Alternatively, the semantics of emotional impact in the Buryat language can be expressed by phraseological combinations of causative verbs with names representing an emotive meaning. Finally, the paper identifies the components-intensifiers of emotivity of causative construction, such as adverbial parts, adverbs, particles, paired verbs, tautological combinations, and others.

Object Incorporation in Latin: Towards Macro- and Micro-Typology of Incorporation

In this paper, the Latin language is analyzed in the context of typology of object incorporation. The authors draw on the research of Mithun, who considers incorporation on the basis of two obligatory conditions: first, the noun must be embedded in the verb, and second, the language must have parallel syntactic paraphrases with non-incorporated noun. The second criterion is so important that the phenomenon of incorporation is acknowledged to exist even in those languages where there is no complete integration of the noun into the verb, but only a certain syntactic compactness, provided there are parallel constructions. The latter type has been coined “noun stripping” and has launched the division of incorporation into two types, viz. “strong” and “weak” incorporation. Another important point of divergence between the incorporating languages is the change of the argument structure of the source verb, namely, the preservation or loss of transitivity of the incorporated complex. Taking all these parameters into account, the authors propose a new typology of object incorporation, including languages that have not previously been considered in the context of this phenomenon. This typology is not based on a strict opposition of incorporating and non-incorporating languages, but represents a kind of continuum in which the place of a language depends on whether it demonstrates: 1) full incorporation or only a close syntactic Noun–Verb compactness; 2) the presence of parallel syntactic paraphrases; 3) the detransitivisation of the resulting compound verb. The authors examine each criterion in detail as applied to Latin and show the place of Latin in this typology.

句法学视角下探究V-V型复合动词的非宾格性和非作格性

句法学视角下探究V-V型复合动词的非宾格性和非作格性

A semantic analysis of bilingual compound verbs in two contact Spanish communities

Although previous work has contributed to our knowledge of bilingual compound verbs (BCVs) in different code-switching varieties, there is scant research on the semantic nature of these innovative constructions. To fill this gap, the present study examines semantic aspects of BCVs in Northern Belize and the Yucatan Peninsula in Mexico, two sociohistorically connected communities where Spanish hacer ‘do’ BCVs have been attested. Drawing on two datasets, we analyzed the semantic domains that are most open to other-language lexical verbs as well as the potential use of these structures as identity markers. The analysis of 1,140 BCVs (903 in Northern Belize and 237 in Yucatan) revealed that whereas ‘education’ particularly favored English lexical verbs in Northern Belize, ‘nourishment’ was the semantic sub-category most open to Yucatec Maya lexical verbs in the Yucatan Peninsula. Notably, only hacer BCVs from Yucatan evince the incorporation of cultural elements and linguistic practices such as albur ‘word play’ to index a Yucatec Maya ethnolinguistic identity. Our findings highlight the importance that the nature of bilingualism and community linguistic norms have on the semantic use of BCVs.

Семантика неполноты действия в русском, украинском и английском языках

Semantic categories can be studied effectively using a comparative approach, since it allows to determine the general and specific features of the object under study against the background of the languages under consideration, but also to see the peculiarities of native speakers’ perception of the surrounding world. This is also relevant for the category of aspectuality. The discoveries of Slavic aspectology of the 20th century were actively used to study aspectual semantics in other Indo-European languages, including Germanic ones, in which the category of aspectuality has a different character and structure. Some questions in this field still remain controversial, with certain aspectual meanings requiring further study. This research focuses on the semantics of incomplete action in verbs and verb combinations of the attenuative mode of action in the Russian, Ukrainian, and English languages. The type of aspectual meaning under consideration is related to the idea of a partially complete action, action lasting for a short period of time, or insufficient to obtain a full result. Prefixal verbs with diminutive and related meanings are numerous in Slavic languages, which is explained by a developed verbal prefixation in general and special features of speakers of Slavic languages. A comparison of “attenuative” verbs and verbal units in Russian, Ukrainian, and English makes it possible to identify the main meanings of incomplete action in these languages and assess the productivity of their formation patterns in the compared languages. The study has demonstrated the variety of means to express the incompleteness of an action (prefixes, suffixes, adverbial combinations, etc.) in the compared languages, as well as the synthetic way of expressing the specified semantics in Russian and Ukrainian and the analytical way in English. This is explained both by the predominantly analytical structure of English as a whole, and by the likely lesser significance of attenuative meanings for English speakers when actualizing the inner parameters of the action. The analysis has demonstrated the following meanings of the studied units in the languages under consideration: 1) incompleteness of an action and its lesser result; 2) limited action in terms of its duration; 3) simultaneous incompleteness of an action and its complementarity, an addition of something to it; 4) lesser degree of an action, its sporadic character. Individual aspects of the meanings of incompleteness in compared languages do not coincide and and are in the relations of intersection.

Types of verb combinations in English and their conterparts in Azerbaijan

Types of verb combinations in English and their conterparts in Azerbaijan

Word compounding as a morphological process in Efik language

This study was carried out to examine Word Compounding as a morphological process in Efik Language. Compounding is a word formation process based on the combination of lexical elements. Words can be considered as a complex part in language since it has many different forms. Compound words are words formed through one of the word formation processes by combining one lexical item with another and thus produces a new word with a new meaning. This research work investigates to know how compound words are formed in Efik language. This work describes the forms of compound words, the meaning of words in their individual lexical categories as well as the meaning of words in their compounded state. It was discovered that some compound words in Efik could be literally realized or figuratively realized when undergoing the word formation process of compounding. It was also discovered that lexical categories resulting from the process of compounding are noun compound, verb compound, adjective compound and reduplication in the case of adverb. Most of the times, coined Efik counterparts of words are formed mostly by compounding and analogy. The use of English equivalents for compound words by the Efik-English bilinguals in their code-mixing utterance counts as an appropriate statement or reply. Sometimes, just as word compounding is in English, so it is Efik

Vaste combinaties van werkwoorden met voorzetsels in het Nederlands en het Tsjechisch

This paper describes the results of a pilot contrastive study that focused on the differences and similarities between Dutch combinations of verbs with fixed prepositions and their Czech equivalents. Since the use of the correct prepositions in the combinations with verbs belongs to the typical learning problem of Czech students of Dutch as a foreign language, the results of the research can help clarify the causes of these difficulties. The pilot study showed that the majority of Dutch constructions have an equivalent construction with a fixed preposition in Czech. Only more than a tenth of the Czech equivalents do not contain a preposition. However, the bigger issue for students may be the fact that one Dutch preposition can correspond to several Czech prepositions and that some Dutch verbs are combined with various fixed prepositions.

The Use of Compound Words in the Guardian News Website

This study aims to find out the types of compound words and formation of compound words found in the Guardian News Websites. The data were classified and analyzed by applying the theory from Delahunty & Garvey (2010) and supported by the theory from McCarthy (2002), about the types and the formation of compound words. This study applied descriptive qualitative research and the data were collected using observation and documentation technique. The results of this study found that there were 164 compound words in fourteen selected news articles on the Guardian News Website. The first result showed that there are four types of compound words found in this study: 101 (62%) compound nouns, 33 (20%) compound verbs, 25 (15%) compound adjectives, and 5 (3%) prepositions compound. The second result showed that there are four types of compound word formation: 103 (63%) closed compound, 29 (18%) open compound, 22 (13%) hyphenated compound, and 10 (6%) mixed compound.

Morphological Analysis of Compound Form (Fukugoudoushi) Verb+Ageru in Japanese

This study aims to investigate the formation and meaning of fukugoudoushi or compound verb formed from the Verb+ageru. This study is a qualitative descriptive research. The total of 35 data is in the form of sentences in data sources taken from the 2021 edition of the NHK Japan articles. The data collection method is the note-taking method. Data analysis uses the distributional method with advanced techniques for direct elements, namely by dividing the fukugoudoushi forming elements into front and back elements. Furthermore, it explains the characteristics of the front elements based on the theory of Kindaichi (1989) which divides doushi into 4 groups, namely joutaidoushi, keizokudoushi, shunkandoushi, and daiyonshu-doushi. The results showed that out of 35 data analyzed there were front elements of fukugoudoushi ~ageru in the form of tadoushi-keizokudoushi (20 data), tadoushi-shunkandoushi (9 data), jidoushi-keizokudoushi (1 datum), jidoushi-shunkandoushi (3 data), and futsuumeishi (2 data). The meanings resulting from the formation of fukugoudoushi ~ageru include showing direction, showing improvement, showing high value, expressing self-demeaning, and ending an activity.

The ho-V construction in Taiwanese Southern Min and the degree-introducing morpheme ho and u

Abstract In this study, I first provide an in-depth study on the TSM ho-V construction with a monosyllabic V, especially on the morpho-syntactic function and the degree-introducing function of the morpheme ho ‘hoVD’. Then, based on Liu’s (2020) study on the TSM u-V construction, I comprehensively compare these two constructions, which reaches two major points. First, the ho-V sequence and the u-V sequence are intransitive compound verb. The V that u ‘uVD’ merges with can be a lexical verb or an aspectual verb; however, the V that ho ‘hoVD’ merges with must be a lexical verb. When forming a compound verb with a lexical verb, u ‘uVD’ has the same morpho-syntactic function as ho ‘hoVD’. Second, these two morphemes differ in how to introduce the degree meaning for their corresponding construction. Namely, the dimension of measurement carried by the measure function introduced by u ‘uVD’ is determined by what is measured; however, the morpheme ho ‘hoVD’ intrinsically carries a dimension of measurement. Depending on what the morpheme ho ‘hoVD’ modifies is the entity denoted by the subject in question or the eventuality argument of V, the dimension of measurement carried by it can be interpreted as ‘be good for one to V’ or ‘it is easy for one to V’.

Endocentrism and analytic naming as communication strategies of the Danish language

ABSTRACT This article proposes a correlation between Michael Herslund’s concepts of “endocentric and exocentric languages” and Per Durst-Andersen’s concepts of “hearer-oriented and reality-oriented languages”, correspondingly. The article argues that the Danish syntagmatic tendency to discrete expression of meanings is manifested both in verbal and nominal naming. This syntagmatic tendency is interpreted as a manifestation of an addressee-friendly naming strategy, since it allows the addressee to reconstruct the meaning by referring to a general semantic category. The sections of the article are devoted to the implications of analytic naming as a reflection of the Danish hearer-oriented communication strategy and syntagmatic tendency to discreteness, modularity and distancing in expressing complex meanings. In this regard, the following phenomena are considered: systemic analytical tendencies in the Germanic languages, manifested at different language levels; analytical tendencies in the structural and semantic organization of Danish compounds; the modular nature of Danish verbal compounds and their correlation with analytic complexes.

πολιτοκοπέω (Phryn. PS 99.14–9, Poll. 9.26)

This article provides a philological and linguistic commentary on the compound verb πολιτοκοπέω discussed in the Atticist lexica Phryn. PS 99.14–9, Poll. 9.26.

The Meaning and Formation of the Japanese Compound Verb <i>～tomeru</i> (～留める)

This study discusses "Compound Verbs ~tomeru (～留める) in Japanese Sentences." The purpose of this study is to describe the structure and meaning of the compound verb tomeru as it appears in Japanese sentences. The data consists of a variety of sentences containing the compound verb ~tomeru that were taken from a Japanese news website. This study collects data through the use of library techniques. The structure and meaning of the compound verb tomeru were then analyzed using the apportion method (agih) in conjunction with the basic technique for direct elements. The data analysis indicates that the compound verb tomeru is most frequently associated with progressive verbs. Volitional verbs can also be attached to the compound verb ~tomeru. The compound verb ~tomeru has seven meanings which are divided into five meanings that express the progressive aspect and two meanings that express the perfective aspect.

Compound predicates in Boleslav Prus's novel "Pharaoh" and in its Ukrainian translation

In Ukrainian studies, not enough attention is paid to the problems of translating Polish predicates into Ukrainian, although both theory and practice of translation need addressing the mentioned problems. The article deals with the types of compound nouns and compound verb predicates, extracted by cross-selection from the test of the novel "Pharaoh" by Boleslav Prus and from the text of the Ukrainian translation of this novel, which belongs to Maria Prygar. In the course of the study, the comparison method was used to compare predicates in the Polish language and their translations in the Ukrainian language, and the descriptive method was used to describe the obtained research results. It has been found that the constructions of compound predicates with linking verbs być, chciec, musieć, móc, poła, niepodobna, trzeba, warto, pałyda, wypada, wyłać, pałyda, etc., are typical for the Polish text. With linking verbs, infinitives appear or usually nouns, adjectives, participles in the nominal part of the compound nominal predicate. Methods of translating compound noun and compound verb predicates into Ukrainian have been identified and described in detail. The peculiarities of the translation of verb connections and nominal parts of compound predicates are characterized. It was found that the translation of predicates can be direct and can be performed using translation transformations. Such transformations as part-language replacement, replacement of the predicate form, replacement of control forms, replacement of the sentence structure, replacement with a contextual lexical counterpart are actively used in translation. It was found that the transformations presented in the text of the Ukrainian translation meet the modern requirements for translation, the main of which is compliance with the norms of the language of translation. The obtained research results will be useful for translators from the Polish language, for the formation of a coherent theory of translation from closely related languages.

Verba Majemuk Leksikal Tematik dalam Bahasa Jepang dan Pemaknaannya

The process of forming compound verbs in Japanese has different patterns and rules from Indonesian. Japanese compound verbs are formed by combining two verbs to form a new verb that carries a certain meaning. The process of combining two verbs lexically can be grouped into aspectual lexical compound verbs and thematic lexical compound verbs. This research focuses on thematic lexical compound verbs, and provides a descriptive explanation of the meanings that emerge as a result of the process of combining two verbs thematic-lexically. This research uses a qualitative descriptive method with an interpretive approach, with proportional random sampling data collection techniques using documentation methods. The results of this research show that the process of combining two verbs thematic-lexically to form a lexical thematic compound verb will give rise to new meanings that can be seen from the relationship between V1 and V2, namely the meaning of means of action, manner of motion/movement, cause-result, and parallel meaning.

Semantical peculiarities and level of usage of nominal compound verbs with non-active auxiliary verbs in “Ta`rikhi Bayhaqi” (The History of Bayhaqi) (based on the example of nominal archaic component)

The article dwells on the issue concerned with semantical peculiarities and level of usage of nominal compound verbs with non-active auxiliary verbs on the example of a nominal archaic component in the historical writing entitled as “Ta`rikhi Bayhaqi”. There is noted a large considerable number of nominal compound verbs used as auxiliary verbs in terms of their original meanings. It is worth mentioning that such kinds of verbs were used as nominal components consisting of the following items: nominal base of certain simple nominal verbs; nominal base of a number of causative forms; verbs formed from on base of the present tense of verbs by dint of suffixes; adjectives and verb adjectives, etc. Adducing the result of the analysis concerned with the theme explored one can come to the conclusion that the number of non-active auxiliary verbs is not less in terms of their usage. Some of them were active in verb-building appertaining to the Middle Persian language, but they lost this peculiarity in the new period of Tajik language development.

PECULIARITIES OF SEMANTICS AND GRAMMATICAL ORGANIZATION OF PHRASEOLOGICAL UNITS WITH THE NEBO COMPONENT

The article examines the peculiarities of semantics and grammatical organization of phraseological units (further – PUs) with the nebo component. It is noted that both phraseological macro- and microsystems in Ukrainian linguistics began to be intensively studied only in the late XX-early XXI centuries. The purpose of the proposed intelligence is to investigate the place of the PU microsystem with the nebo component in the Ukrainian phraseology, to describe the semantics features, its grammatical organization representing this microsystem. The reference base was thesaurus and phraseological dictionaries of the Ukrainian language, internet sites, as well as the author’s own phraseological catalogue where 28 Pus are subject to analysis, the theoretical and methodological basis of research is the works of Ukrainian linguists, in which individual phraseological micro- and macro-systems are studied. The analysis of the PUs with nebo component gave grounds to summarize: 1. The microsystem of the PUs with the nebo component is relatively small, but rather diverse in its semantic features and grammatical organization; 2. for such PUs, as well as for the whole Ukrainian language in general, the phenomena of polysemy, synonymy and antonymy are characteristic phenomena; 3. the nebo component in such PUs is used in all case forms, with the exception of the vocative case. Most of the PUs of this microsystem is formed with the nebo component in the accusative singular case without a preposition (rarely): nebo prykhylyty with prepositions z: skynuty z neba na zemliu, padaty z neba, yak hrim z yasnoho neba, etc. (only 12 PUs); the least examples – in the dative singular and genitive plural: as hot as the heavens, to raise to the heavens (only 1 PU); 4. almost all syntactic structures in the microsystem of the PUs with the component nebo are presented here as well as for the whole Ukrainian phraseology in general: a) PUs related to the subordinate phrase: lizty do neba, distavaty zori z neba, etc.; b) PUs related to the word combinations: yak nebo vid zemli vyrosty, yak zirok na nebi, etc.; c) PUs as comparatives: khai kaminnia z neba padaie, etc., and two fold: dusha vidlitaie v nebo, as well as the subjunctive part of a compound sentence: de zemlia skhodytsia z nebom, etc.; 5. PUs with the component sky can appear in a sentence as a predicate (simple verb, compound noun, compound verb), circumstance; 6. semantic features and grammatical peculiarities of such PUs should be a subject to run a separate investigation in comparative aspect.