Introduction to entropy balancing: A case study on the association between statin therapy and outcomes after traumatic injury.

Obesity is a major risk factor for perioperative complications following total joint arthroplasty (TJA). Bariatric surgery has been proposed to reduce these risks, but previous studies report inconsistent findings. The effect of bariatric surgery before arthroplasty remains uncertain. We sought to determine whether prior bariatric surgery, compared with no bariatric surgery, is associated with reduced perioperative medical complications, reduced surgical complications and differences in revision rates. A systematic literature search was conducted in the major databases since their inception up to June 2025 to identify studies comparing postoperative outcomes in patients undergoing total hip or knee arthroplasty with or without prior bariatric surgery. Random effects meta-analysis was used to pool risk ratios across studies. Thirty studies comprising over 6.2 million patients met inclusion criteria. Bariatric surgery prior to arthroplasty was associated with lower risk of several systemic complications, including venous thromboembolism (hip RR 0.72, 95% CI 0.54-0.94; knee RR 0.70, 95% CI 0.51-0.94), sepsis (knee RR 0.51, 95% CI 0.39-0.65) and stroke (knee RR 0.58, 95% CI 0.41-0.81). These benefits were most pronounced in hip arthroplasty, where lower rates of periprosthetic joint infection (RR 0.71, 95% CI 0.55-0.91) and mechanical loosening (RR 0.72, 95% CI 0.57-0.91) were also observed. Conversely, knee arthroplasty demonstrated higher risks of revision (RR 1.28, 95% CI 1.04-1.57) and dislocation (RR 1.55, 95% CI 1.03-2.31), without significant differences in wound complications or mechanical failure. Bariatric surgery prior to total joint arthroplasty is associated with meaningful reductions in medical complications, but these benefits do not consistently extend to surgical endpoints. An increased revision risk in knee arthroplasty highlights the need for individualised preoperative optimisation, nutritional assessment and timing considerations to balance systemic and mechanical risks. PROSPERO: CRD420251105136.

Genetic predisposition is increasingly recognized as an important contributor to cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT), yet findings from individual studies remain inconsistent. We conducted an updated meta-analysis to quantify associations between specific genetic variants and adult CVT. We systematically searched PubMed, EMBASE, and Web of Science up to January 2025 for case-control studies comparing the prevalence of genetic variants in adults with CVT versus healthy controls. Pooled odds ratios (ORs) with 95% CIs were calculated using random-effects models in this meta-analysis. Sixty-one studies comprising 4106 patients with CVT and 12 323 controls were analyzed. Significant associations were identified for germline variants, including factor V Leiden (238/2753 [8.6%] versus 387/8747 [4.4%]; OR, 2.59 [95% CI, 2.06-3.26]; P<0.00001), prothrombin G20210A (290/2483 [11.7%] versus 235/8197 [2.9%]; OR, 6.05 [95% CI, 4.59-7.98]; P<0.00001), and inherited deficiencies of protein C (24/624 [3.8%] versus 7/2027 [0.3%]; OR, 10.30 [95% CI, 4.19-25.30]; P<0.00001), protein S (9/567 [1.6%] versus 1/1125 [0.1%]; OR, 6.86 [95% CI, 2.12-22.24]; P=0.001), and antithrombin (11/440 [2.5%] versus 3/989 [0.3%]; OR, 5.73 [95% CI, 1.98-16.55]; P=0.001). The somatic JAK-2 (Janus kinase-2) V617F mutation was likewise associated with increased risk (27/569 [4.7%] versus 13/1777 [0.7%]; OR, 9.17 [95% CI, 3.61-23.27]; P<0.00001). By contrast, MTHFR (methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase) C677T and PAI-1 (plasminogen activator inhibitor-1) 4G/5G polymorphisms showed no significant associations. Overall effect sizes were comparable to those reported in pediatric CVT but exceeded those in adult arterial ischemic stroke. These findings support a genetic basis for adult CVT. Risk associations are broadly similar to pediatric CVT yet stronger than those reported for adult arterial ischemic stroke, highlighting distinct patterns of genetic susceptibility in venous stroke and the potential value of selective genetic testing for risk stratification and management.

BACKGROUND Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) is an immune-mediated reaction that occurs 5-10 days after heparin exposure. Antibodies against platelet factor 4 (PF4) activate platelets and lead to a hypercoagulable state, causing thrombotic complications, including deep venous thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, stroke, and myocardial infarction. Given the widespread use of prophylactic heparin in clinical practice, prompt recognition and management are crucial due to the associated high morbidity and mortality. CASE REPORT A 73-year-old woman with hypertension, hypothyroidism, depression, and anxiety presented with 6 days of nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, constipation, weakness, and postural dizziness. She recently underwent cervical spine surgery and received prophylactic heparin. Laboratory findings showed normocytic anemia, mild leukocytosis, new-onset thrombocytopenia, and hyponatremia. Further evaluation revealed low morning cortisol, positive PF4 antibodies, and serotonin release assay (SRA), consistent with HIT. CT demonstrated bilateral adrenal enlargement and peripheral fat stranding, confirming adrenal infarction. Discontinuation of heparin and treatment with rivaroxaban, intravenous steroids, and hemodynamic support led to significant improvement. CONCLUSIONS HIT-induced adrenal infarction is uncommon and often overlooked due to its nonspecific presentation. This case emphasizes the importance of suspecting adrenal involvement in patients with prior heparin exposure and hypotension or electrolyte imbalance. Prompt anticoagulant adjustment, steroid replacement, and follow-up with hemodynamic monitoring can improve clinical outcomes.

Orthostatic stress reduces venous return and stroke volume (SV), risking cerebral hypoperfusion despite autonomic compensation. Although lower-limb counterpressure manoeuvres improve cerebral perfusion in upright posture, their effects on cerebral blood velocity (CBV) during lower-body negative pressure (LBNP) and the associated mechanisms are not fully defined. We therefore tested whether isometric lower-limb contraction is associated with preservation of CBV during LBNP, accompanied by attenuated effects of preload reduction. Thirteen healthy young adults (age: 25±5years; 5 women) completed randomized trials under two conditions: off-feet (saddle support, relaxed legs) and on-feet (isometric bracing against a footplate with slight knee flexion). Each condition included 6min exposures to -30 and -50mmHg. Systemic vascular conductance declined with increasing LBNP, whereas mean arterial pressure (MAP) was maintained in both conditions. At -50mmHg, CBV decreased off-feet but was preserved on-feet; SV fell less and the compensatory rise in heart rate (HR) was attenuated on-feet. Repeated-measure correlations showed that CBV tracked SV (rrm=0.388, P=0.002) and end-tidal CO2 (rrm=0.318, P=0.012), was inversely related to HR (rrm=-0.448, P=0.001) and was unrelated to MAP (rrm=-0.003, P=0.980) or systemic vascular conductance (rrm=0.193, P=0.129). Thus, isometric lower-limb engagement is associated with preservation of CBV during LBNP, in a manner consistent with preload-mediated effects rather than augmented peripheral vasoconstriction. These findings are consistent with proposed mechanisms underlying physical counterpressure manoeuvres and support simple lower-limb isometric actions to improve orthostatic tolerance.

Background and Purpose: Subarachnoid hemorrhage is commonly associated with a venous stroke. In infants with a chronic subdural hemorrhage a laminar SAH is produced by blood leakage from thrombosed cortical veins into a potential subarachnoid space previously unrecognized. This paper discusses how to distinguish a laminar SAH from a subdural hemorrhage. Methods: A retrospective review of 34 selected cases of infant venous stroke in the period 2014-2025 is based on neuroimaging studies. The cases selected are from unsolicited referrals from parents, attorneys, and physicians where caregivers are accused of abusive head trauma. Results: The median age is 3 months old. All 34 infants exhibit a venous stroke defined as the presence of a blood clot(s) in a venous sinus or cortical vein or SAH from a leaking thrombosed cortical vein. 33/34 cases feature an associated chronic subdural hemorrhage/hygroma. Thrombosed veins are located subjacent to the arachnoid membrane. 28/34 cases show multifocal (<2cm diameter) SAHs. 24/34 cases show laminar SAHs (>2cm diameter); 10/24 thin (<3mm) and 14/24 thick (>3mm). Intrasulcal SAH is infrequent. Conclusion: The laminar SAH is a non-gyral SAH distinguished from a subdural hemorrhage by its location and rapid resolution. Its combination with the adjacent chronic subdural hemorrhage is commonly and incorrectly described as a mixed density or layered subdural hemorrhage. The laminar SAH is hypothetically located between the arachnoid membrane and a trabecular coat investing the cortical veins. Alternately, it may suggest existence of a 4th meningeal layer recently discovered by anatomists in animal models.

Reevaluating isolated central apnea in early-term and term newborns: A neurological red flag for perinatal stroke.

BackgroundDirect oral anticoagulants (DOACs) are the standard of care for treatment of venous thromboembolism and stroke prophylaxis in atrial fibrillation. Since patients with Child-Pugh (CP) B or C liver cirrhosis are underrepresented in trials, the safety of DOACs in this population is unclear.ObjectivesThis study synthesized primary evidence on the safety profile of DOACs in patients with advanced liver cirrhosis.MethodsA literature search of MEDLINE and Embase from inception to October 2025 identified randomized and nonrandomized cohort studies comparing DOAC with vitamin K antagonists or low-molecular-weight heparin in patients with liver cirrhosis. Screening and data collection were conducted in duplicate. The primary outcome was major bleeding defined by International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis criteria, stratified by CP class. Data were meta-analyzed using a random-effects model, presented as odds ratios (OR) with corresponding 95% CIs.ResultsOf 797 articles captured in the literature search, 15 nonrandomized (n = 17,387) and 1 randomized (n = 70) study were included. DOACs reduced major bleeding in both CP class B and C exclusive subgroup and a subgroup with unspecified CP stages of liver cirrhosis (CP B and C: OR, 0.53; 95% CI, 0.36-0.80; CP unspecified: OR, 0.66; 95% CI, 0.46-0.98).ConclusionBased on the findings of this meta-analysis, DOACs may be associated with a reduced risk of major bleeding compared with vitamin K antagonists or low-molecular-weight heparin in patients with liver cirrhosis, including those with CP class B and C cirrhosis. The results of this meta-analysis should be interpreted in the context of methodological limitations. Future analysis should evaluate the impact of specific DOACs and dosage on safety outcomes in this patient population.

Cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT) is a subset of stroke with a rising trend over the recent years, namely, venous stroke. Its pathogenesis is distinctly heterogeneous from that of arterial ischemic stroke. Severe CVT often results in irreversible brain damage due to concomitant cerebral venous infarction and/or hemorrhage, and the prognosis is extremely poor. Currently, venous stroke has received increasing attention and focus from the scientific community. It has been identified that blood-brain barrier disruption, impaired lymphatic drainage, immune inflammatory response, endoplasmic reticulum stress, oxidative/nitrative stress, and excitotoxicity are intimately tied to the pathophysiology secondary to CVT; however, the specific pathological molecular mechanisms remain to be elaborated in detail. Based on the latest research, combined with the current transcriptomics data, this study reviews the potential pathomechanisms linked with secondary brain injury post-CVT and summarizes the relevant therapeutic strategies, which will contribute to the grasp of the pathology of venous stroke for early clinical recognition and intervention.

This study aims to synthesize contemporary evidence on the benefits, risks, and emerging options in menopausal hormone therapy (MHT), emphasizing the recent literature. A narrative review of peer-reviewed studies and guidelines (up to September 2025) from major databases (e.g., MEDLINE/PubMed, Embase, Cochrane) was conducted, with emphasis on the last five years and qualitative synthesis. MHT provides the most effective relief of vasomotor symptoms and is the first-line treatment for genitourinary syndrome of menopause, particularly with the use of low-dose local vaginal estrogen preparations; it also prevents early postmenopausal bone loss and reduces fractures in selected cases. Cardiovascular prevention is not an indication. Benefit-risk depends on timing, route, and dose. Initiation within 10 years of menopause as well as the use of transdermal estradiol at low-moderate doses are favored when cardiometabolic or thrombotic risk is salient. In contrast, oral regimens-particularly those using conjugated equine estrogens-are associated with higher risks of venous thromboembolism and stroke compared with transdermal 17 β-estradiol, and risk also varies by the type of progestogen used. Effects on breast cancer risks are regimen-specific: neutral to favorable with estrogen-alone after hysterectomy, but increasing with longer use of combined therapy. While the absolute risk of ovarian cancer remains small, evidence for colorectal cancer remains mixed. MHT confers modest improvements in sleep, mood, intercourse, and quality of life. Estetrol (E4) shows anti-VMS efficacy at the minimum effective oral dose and favorable pharmacology, but conclusive data on its long-term cardiovascular, thrombotic, and breast safety are pending. MHT should be individualized appropriately based on the patient, timing, route, dose, and choice of progestogen. The lowest effective dose should be used, alongside periodically reassessing the therapy as new evidence, including emerging data on E4, emerges.

Abstract Background/Introduction The pathophysiology of recurrent vasovagal syncope (VVS) is complex and not fully understood. A significant proportion of patients exhibit a specific, stress-related personality trait, anxiety sensitivity (assessed by a 16-item questionnaire), while another significant proportion belong to the hypotensive phenotype, characterized by reduced venous return and stroke volume, reflected by lower blood pressure, though not yet fully characterized as a distinct phenotype. Purpose To further elucidate the pathophysiology of recurrent VVS, by classifying typical VVS episodes into a central type (mainly CNS-mediated) or a peripheral one (possibly related to non-adaptive peripheral vasoactive mechanisms). In order to assess whether this classification uncovers two groups with different hemodynamic responses to a positive HUTT, we examined possible differences in clinical hemodynamic parameters prior to and during the initial, stabilization phase of tilt testing between the two patient groups. Methods One hundred twenty patients with at least 2 typical VVS episodes during the preceding 6 months and a positive head-up tilt test were studied. They were classified into i) those with central-type VVS, and ii) patients with peripheral-type VVS, based on a positive or negative 16-item anxiety sensitivity screening questionnaire, respectively. We examined possible differences in clinical characteristics and whether blood pressure and heart rate parameters prior to and during the stabilization phase of tilt test (5th min) could differentiate between these 2 groups. Results No differences were observed between groups regarding baseline demographic and clinical characteristics, systolic blood pressure or heart rate prior to and during the stabilization phase of HUTT (5th min of tilt). On the contrary, significant differences were observed between the 2 patient groups regarding diastolic blood pressure and its pattern of changes after 5 mins of HUTT relative to supine values (Figure). Conclusion Among patients with typical, recurrent VVS, a central or peripheral VVS phenotype can be identified through a simple, 16-item anxiety sensitivity questionnaire. The 2 phenotypes seem to show differential hemodynamic responses to a subsequently positive HUTT. This finding may have important therapeutic consequences; peripheral vasoactive substances (i.e. midodrine) may be more efficient for the peripheral phenotype, while centrally acting treatments (i.e. centrally-acting drugs, psychotherapy) may be a better first-line option for the central phenotype.Figure

Thromboembolic and cardiovascular events after CAR-T cell therapy in multiple myeloma: A propensity-matched real-world analysis

Risk of venous and arterial thromboembolic events following CAR-T therapy in relapsed or refractory non-Hodgkin lymphoma: A propensity-matched multicenter analysis.

Progestogen Experience Among Transgender Women and Gender Diverse Adults Assigned Male at Birth in the United States.

Background: Pediatric stroke is a rare, serious neurological emergency with evolving management paradigms. Data from the United Arab Emirates (UAE) remains limited.Objective: To describe the clinical presentation, radiological findings, etiologies, and management patterns of pediatric stroke, with special focus on eligibility for specialized acute interventions such as mechanical thrombectomy.Methods: This retrospective review analyzed pediatric patients below 16 years of age diagnosed with stroke and admitted or evaluated between January 2000 and January 2025.Results: 19 pediatric stroke cases were included and classified based on neuroimaging findings. Most patients were male (78.9%), with a mean age at onset of 6.8 years. Arterial ischemic stroke was the most prevalent (89.5%) compared to venous and hemorrhagic strokes. Among the identified etiologies, moyamoya disease (47.4%) is the most common etiology, followed by cardiac disorders (26.3%). Clinical presentation varied by age group. Motor weakness (69.2%) was the most common initial manifestation in childhood and adolescent groups, whereas focal seizures were most common (80%) in neonatal stroke. Brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was the primary imaging modality. Middle cerebral artery (MCA) territory involvement (76.5%) and left-sided strokes (58.8%) were most frequent. Multifocal infarcts and hemorrhagic transformations were observed in 29.4% and 17.6%, respectively. No patient received t-PA; despite the availability of mechanical thrombectomy (MT), only one patient underwent the procedure, although five patients (26%) met eligibility criteria for MT.Conclusion: While imaging and clinical features aligned with global trends, advanced intervention utilization remained limited. These findings highlight the need for earlier recognition, standardized diagnostic protocols, and improved access to specialized stroke therapies to enhance timely management in pediatric cases.

Introduction: Direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) are first-line treatments for venous thromboembolism (VTE) and stroke prevention in non-valvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF). Dosing is currently based on age, body weight, and glomerular filtration rate (GFR). However, aging alters body composition, notably reducing lean mass, which is not detectable by body weight and may affect DOAC pharmacokinetics. Aims: This study investigates whether appendicular lean mass (ALM) influences anti-Xa activity in older patients on DOACs, independently of age, sex, weight, and GFR. Methods: We enrolled consecutive patients over 65 years on direct factor Xa inhibitors for atrial fibrillation at steady state (after at least 14 days from the initiation of anticoagulation). Data collection included medical history, anthropometric and lab measurements, physical performance, appendicular lean mass and fat mass evaluated by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA). Plasma anti-Xa activity was assessed at trough and peak levels through two blood samples. These data were analyzed using a generalized linear model adjusted by sex, age, dose, albumin, GFR. Results: Seventy-seven patients (42% male, median age 85 year, IR 11) undergoing treatment anti-Xa inhibitors were enrolled: apixaban (n=16, 21%), edoxaban (n=33, 42%), and rivaroxaban (n=29, 37%). Mean body weight was 68.4 (±15.4) kg; median ALM and mean fat mass were 17.4 (IR 8.4) Kg and 20.6 (±7.2) Kg, respectively. Median GFR (Cockcroft-Gault) was 48.3 (IR 26.4) ml/min; serum albumin 40.0 (IR 4.0) g/L. Time between trough and peak samples was 2.2±0.3 hours. Peak anti-Xa activity was associated with ALM for all DOACs, in particular positively for edoxaban (p&lt;0.01; R²=0.804, Figure 1a), negatively for apixaban (p&lt;0.001; R²=0.714, Figure 1b) and rivaroxaban (p&lt;0.001; R²=0.004, Figure 1c), no association was found with body weight. Peak levels were also positively associated with albumin for rivaroxaban (p=0.01) and edoxaban (p=0.042); male sex for rivaroxaban (p&lt;0.001) and apixaban (p=0.027); and age for rivaroxaban (p=0.019). Trough anti-Xa activity was associated with ALM only for apixaban (p=0.005), but not with body weight. Trough levels were associated with reduced dose for edoxaban (p=0.049) and apixaban (p=0.042); male sex for rivaroxaban (p=0.019) and edoxaban (p=0.001); and age for rivaroxaban (p=0.029). Conclusions: ALM may influence the anti-Xa pharmacodynamics of all the DOACs analyzed. This effect appears to be more relevant for edoxaban and apixaban. This finding suggests that ALM could be used as a novel parameter in prescribing anti-Xa factors in elderly people, given the lack of correlation between anti-Xa activity and body weight. However, this finding requires confirmation with a larger sample size and further evaluation of adverse events (minor/major bleeding, ischemic events, mortality) in a longitudinal or clinical trial study.

BackgroundPercutaneous ventricular assist devices (pVADs) support patients in circulatory failure and increasingly concomitant respiratory failure. The presence of co-existent lung disease creates a management challenge due to cardiopulmonary interactions, especially when there is simultaneous mechanical ventilation and mechanical circulatory support. Enhanced understanding of the combined effects of these devices is necessary to better inform care for circulatory failure patients.MethodsA porcine model of titratable acute cardiogenic shock was used to quantify the effect of pVAD support on cardiac loading states in five intubated animals with positive pressure ventilation and varied intrathoracic pressure. Cardiovascular hemodynamics were assessed across positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) ramps in animals in health, health with pVAD, and pVAD-supported cardiogenic shock induced via coronary microembolization.ResultsThis study employed invasive physiological metrics and assessment of right and left ventricular press-volume loops to recreate classic Frank-Starling curves. Increased intrathoracic pressure altered transmural pressure in the ventricles and the pulmonary vasculature and resulted in decreased venous return and stroke volume while increasing end-diastolic pressure consistent with decreased ventricular compliance. In pVAD-supported cardiogenic shock, elevated PEEP enhanced left ventricular output and increased pulmonary vascular compliance in several animals, contrary to traditional decrements observed with elevated PEEP. The right ventricular functional response aligned with these varied responses in pulmonary vascular state.ConclusionsThese results demonstrate that combined used of cardiopulmonary support devices in cardiogenic shock can create variable responses compared to classic physiological understanding. In pVAD-supported cardiogenic shock, an increase in ventilatory PEEP increased unloading from the heart and improved right ventricular function, counter to traditional findings. This demonstrates that combined use of these technologies could be leveraged to optimize a patient’s volume status in complex shock and provides promise for management of patients with cardiopulmonary failure requiring simultaneous use of mechanical circulatory support and mechanical ventilation.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40635-025-00811-2.

To evaluate the long-term incidence of hypercoagulable complications in young patients with retinal vein occlusions and negative workups compared with matched controls. A retrospective cohort study was conducted using the TriNetX Analytics Network. Patients aged 18 to 50 with newly diagnosed retinal vein occlusion and no history of hypertension, glaucoma, thrombophilia, or recent oral contraceptive use were compared with age-matched controls. Propensity score matching was performed to balance baseline demographics and comorbidities. Primary outcomes included the cumulative incidence and risk ratio (RR) of deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, cerebral infarction, anticoagulant use, composite embolic events, myocardial infarctions and composite cardiovascular events over 1, 3, and 5 years. A secondary validation cohort was performed using controls diagnosed with astigmatism. After propensity score matching, 2,731 patients were included in each cohort. Patients with retinal vein occlusion had significantly higher rates of venous thromboembolism, cerebral infarction, anticoagulation use, and composite embolic outcomes at 1, 3, and 5 years (all P < 0.0001). No significant differences were observed in myocardial infarctions or composite cardiovascular event outcomes. Young patients with retinal vein occlusion and no identifiable vascular or hypercoagulable risk factors are at significantly increased risk for venous thrombosis and stroke, but not myocardial infarction.

ABSTRACTAlthough cerebral venous thrombosis and stroke are rare extra‐intestinal manifestations of Ulcerative colitis, if present, they increase the risk for morbidity and mortality. As such, physicians dealing with a case of Ulcerative colitis should always be vigilant about the potential for venous or arterial thrombosis.

Background: Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST) one of the important type of venous stroke. With the advent of the newer imaging technique, it is now increasingly diagnosed in our country. There are limited studies regarding venous stroke specially about its outcome in Bangladesh. So, we conducted the study to observe the clinical profile, risk factors and outcome of the patient with cerebral venous sinus thrombosis at 3-month in a tertiary care hospital. Methods: This Prospective cohort study was carried out in the Department of Neurology, Dhaka Medical College Hospital during January 2022 to December 2023. The patients suffering from cerebral venous sinus thrombosis confirmed by imaging were included in this study. The outcome was assessed with mRS score. Results: We included 58 patients with venous stroke, among them about 2/3rd were female. The mean age (SD) of the was 36.46(13.56). Most of the patients were between 20 and 40 years. The most common clinical presentations were headache 54(93%), vomiting 36(62%) and seizure 21 (36.2%). The focal neurologic deficit was present in 17(29%) and papilledema in 33(56.89%) of the patients. The risk factors for CVST identified in the study included CNS infections 22 (41%), then pregnancy and puerperium 8(62%), intake of OCP and other hormonal preparation 6(90%), COVID -19 infection and post vaccination (6.90%), and idiopathic 34(48%). D-dimer was elevated in half of the patients. The commonest sinuses involve were transverse sinus 31(65.51%), and superior sagittal sinus 13 (43.10%). Multiple sinuses involvement was present in more than 2/3rd cases. The mean (SD)hospital stay was 12.4 (3.8) days. At 3-month 44(76%) had mRS 2 score and only 10% patient died. Mortality was higher among males, who had multiple sinus involvement and multiple comorbid conditions. Conclusion: CVST largely affect the young female, mostly present with headache vomiting and seizure. Generally, the outcome is good with conventional treatment. J Dhaka Med Coll. 2024; 33(2) : 56-62