Safety Applications In Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks Research Articles

Design of a Basic Vehicular Communication Network using Radar and Camera Sensor with Enhanced Safety Features

The primary goal of Vehicular Ad-hoc Network (VANET) technology’s development is to increase road safety and enable Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) and Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I) communication in order to share crucial information and prevent road accidents. VANET establishes a mobile network between moving cars by considering each vehicle as a separate entity. Safety applications in VANET are currently receiving a lot of attention from researchers as well as automobile manufacturers. This paper concentrate on simulation-based safety-critical techniques in vehicle networks employing radar and video sensors in various road styles. This paper discusses about how to create a simulation-based driving scenario environment and calculates the fluctuations in sensor detection rates depending on different driving conditions. And also created a basic Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) and Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I) communication network. An integrated approach is also proposed to Forward Collision Warning System (FCWS) in different cases.

Machine Learning Based Misbehaviour Detection in VANET Using Consecutive BSM Approach

Vehicular ad-hoc network (VANET) is an emerging technology for vehicle-to-vehicle communication vital for reducing road accidents and traffic congestion in an Intelligent Transportation System (ITS). VANET communication is vulnerable to various attacks and cryptographic techniques are commonly used for message integrity and authentication of vehicles. However, cryptograhpic techniques alone may not be sufficient to protect against insider attacks. Many VANET safety applications rely on periodic broadcast of basic safety messages (BSMs) from surrounding vehicles that contain important status information about a vehicle such as its position, speed, and heading. If an attacker (misbehaving vehicle) injects false position information in a BSM, it can lead to serious consequences including traffic congestion or even accidents. Therefore, it is imperative to accurately detect and identify such attackers to ensure safety in the network. This paper presents a novel data-centric approach to detect <i>position falsification</i> attacks, using machine learning (ML) algorithms. Unlike existing techniques, the proposed approach combines information from 2 consecutive BSMs for training and testing. Simulations using the Vehicular Reference Misbehavior (VeReMi) dataset demonstrate that the proposed model clearly outperforms existing approaches for identifying a range of different attack types.

Reliable and efficient data dissemination schemein VANET: a review

Vehicular ad-hoc network (VANET), identified as a mobile ad hoc network MANETs with several added constraints. Basically, in VANETs, the network is established on the fly based on the availability of vehicles on roads and supporting infrastructures along the roads, such as base stations. Vehicles and road-side infrastructures are required to provide communication facilities, particularly when enough vehicles are not available on the roads for effective communication. VANETs are crucial for providing a wide range of safety and non-safety applications to road users. However, the specific fundamental problem in VANET is the challenge of creating effective communication between two fast-moving vehicles. Therefore, message routing is an issue for many safety and non-safety of VANETs applications. The challenge in designing a robust but reliable message dissemination technique is primarily due to the stringent QoS requirements of the VANETs safety applications. This paper investigated various methods and conducted literature on an idea to develop a model for efficient and reliable message dissemination routing techniques in VANET.

Reliability refinement in VANET with hybrid jamming attacks using novel index based voting algorithm

Vehicular Adhoc Network (VANET) constitutes a basis for the Intelligent Transportation Systems. VANET can be extensively used in safety and non-safety applications. DSRC Safety purposes are essential usages in VANET, have the basic objective of improving and enhancing safety through notifying drivers in hazards or impending accidents. The dynamic changes in topology are frequent in VANET, resulting in several jamming attacks. Hybrid jamming attacks involve the combination of the features of constant, deceptive and random jamming attacks. In this research work a novel Index Based Voting Approach (IBVA) has been proposed to avoid hybrid jamming as an integral component of devoted short range communication safety applications in VANET. The aim of this work focuses on hybrid jamming detection strategy in terms of node centric misbehaviour detection. The authenticities of vehicular nodes were determined by a new Recursive Candidate Elimination Algorithm (RCEA). Experimental results show that the time required to make decisions 0.3 s, which is reduced decision time compared to previous algorithm reported in the literature. The proposed IBVA algorithm in VANET improves the reliability in terms of malicious nodes detection and reducing the decision which in turn improves the network performance.

A Robust Channel Access Using Cooperative Reinforcement Learning for Congested Vehicular Networks

Vehicular Ad-hoc Network (VANET) is an emerging technique dedicated to wireless vehicular communication to improve transportation safety by exchanging driving information between vehicles. For safety purposes, vehicles periodically broadcast a safety packet via Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) communication. Accordingly, VANET safety applications demand a reliable exchange of the safety packet with high Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR), acceptable latency, and communication fairness. However, the communication performance significantly degrades due to numerous packet collisions when a large number of vehicles simultaneously access limited channel resources for the safety broadcast. In particular, the problem grows more severe in congested VANETs absent infrastructures since vehicles must control channel access using a self-adaptive scheme without external assistance. Thus, a robust and decentralized channel access protocol for VANETs is required to achieve road safety. In this paper, we propose an intelligent channel access algorithm empowered by cooperative Reinforcement Learning (RL), in which vehicles coordinate the channel access in a fully-decentralized manner. We also consider a proper interaction scheme between vehicles for enhancing the V2V safety broadcast in infrastructure-less congested VANETs. We provide evaluation results with extensive simulations according to various levels of traffic congestion. Simulations confirm the superior performance of the algorithm: the algorithm has a 20% increase in PDR compared to the latest RL-based channel access scheme. Furthermore, the algorithm satisfies the low latency requirement of VANET safety applications as well as both short-term and long-term communication fairness.

Reliable congestion control mechanism for safety applications in urban VANETs

In vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs), cooperation between vehicles is needed for proper performance of safety applications. Beacons are periodically broadcasted by vehicles to inform their neighbors of their information, such that periodic beacons are one of the building blocks that enable the operation of safety applications. Safety applications have their own strict quality of service (QoS) requirements, and they require reliable and timely data communication within networks. When many vehicles are trying to broadcast within a confined area at the same time, frequent channel contention and congestion may occur. Therefore, channel congestion control mechanisms are key for reliable and efficient operation of safety applications.In this paper, an adaptive beacon generation rate (ABGR) congestion control mechanism is proposed to reduce channel congestion and contention. ABGR can dynamically adjust the beacon generation rate according to varying levels of vehicles’ density to ensure reliable and timely delivery of beacons. Inspired by the correlation between traffic density and vehicle speed, a dynamic application-level reliability assessment scheme (T-Pro) is proposed to evaluate the reliability of various safety applications at varying density. Finally, the application-level reliability of three safety applications is evaluated using the ABGR mechanism. Numerical results show that the performance of ABGR is far higher than that of the current DSRC. The application-level reliability of three safety applications exceeds 99%, even if density reaches 450 vehicles/(km*3 lanes).

Enhanced weight-based clustering algorithm to provide reliable delivery for VANET safety applications.

A vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) is an emerging and promising wireless technology aimed to improve traffic safety and provide comfort to road users. However, the high mobility of vehicles and frequent topology changes pose a considerable challenge to the reliable delivery of safety applications. Clustering is one of the control techniques used in VANET to make the frequent topology changes less dynamic. Nevertheless, research has shown that most of the existing clustering algorithms focus on cluster head (CH) election with very few addressing other critical issues such as cluster formation and maintenance. This has led to unstable clusters which could affect the timely delivery of safety applications. In this study, enhanced weight-based clustering algorithm (EWCA) was developed to address these challenges. We considered any vehicle moving on the same road segment with the same road ID and within the transmission range of its neighbour to be suitable for the cluster formation process. This was attributed to the fact that all safety messages are expected to be shared among the vehicles within the vicinity irrespective of their relative speedto avoid any hazardous situation. To elect a CH, we identified some metrics on the basis of the vehicle mobility information. Each vehicle was associated with a predefined weight value based on its relevance. A vehicle with the highest weight value was elected as the primary cluster head (PCH). We also introduced a secondary cluster head (SeCH) as a backup to the PCH to improve the cluster stability. SeCH took over the leadership whenever the PCH was not suitable for continuing with the leadership. The simulation results of the proposed approach showed a better performance with an increase of approximately40%– 45% in the cluster stability when compared with the existing approaches. Similarly, cluster formation messages were significantly minimized, hence reducing the communication overhead to the system and improving the reliable delivery of the safety applications.

A state-of-art approach to misbehaviour detection and revocation in VANET: survey

With the increased popularity of internet application and smart cities, vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) have become one of the prominent research area and ample of researchers have addressed the many issues in the past decade. Among the many issues involves with effective VANET, misbehaviour detection and revocation is required to address with full attention. It is first and foremost step towards dealing with safety applications in VANETs. The vehicle misbehaviour is responsible for malfunctioning of many network activities (e.g., traffic jam, road accidents etc.). The misbehaviour detection problem becomes more severe for safety critical applications in VANETs. The misbehaved vehicle must be revoked from the network as early as possible to reduce injuries. Thus, inconjuction of misbehaviour detection, revocation problem also needs to be explored. This paper is addressed to provide state-of-art to misbehaviour detection and revocation for safety critical VANETs. Here we present a detailed survey on relevant research done in the area of misbehaviour detection and revocation with other related issues.

A review of broadcasting safety data in V2V: Weaknesses and requirements

One of the main goals in using vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) system is to provide the driver of a vehicle with services that helps him/her in avoiding chain accidents and traffic jam. Vehicles can get different services from global servers when connecting to the internet or can cooperate with each other, where each vehicle behaves as a collector for traffic information and a disseminator of necessary data to the neighbouring vehicles during their journey. However, disseminating safety data between connecting vehicles is a challenging task due to the quick change in the wireless network topology, and the broadcast protocol's reliance on many physical parameters (e.g. vehicle's speed, location, roads structures etc.). Thus, getting a reliable VANET system and ensuring the integrity of messages are the main objectives when introducing any dissemination method. This paper reviews several existing VANET safety applications, and revises the disseminating methods for safety messages between vehicles without infrastructure to cover a wide area in a quick reliable way. Wherefore we include relevant works that present different methods to broadcast the warning message between vehicles, particularly when no infrastructure is available. Towards the conclusion, we show a classification tabular for these works, and a comprehensive feedback to reach the optimal perception of the broadcast scheme during safety data dissemination that depends on three objects; the environment, the vehicle as a sender, and the vehicle as a receiver.

Time-Dependent Performance Analysis of IEEE 802.11p Vehicular Networks

The performance of vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) is subject to frequent changes due to node mobility so that nonstationary/transient network behavior always exists. In addition, safety applications in VANETs are very sensitive to the real-time performance of delay and packet delivery ratio (PDR). Although there are extensive studies on the steady-state (SS) performance analysis of vehicular networks, little work exists on evaluating their time-varying behavior. In this paper, we develop a performance model to efficiently estimate the dynamic behavior of VANETs. In this paper, vehicle's transmission queue is modeled using fluid-flow (FF)-based differential equations, which are solved using numerical methods, whereas the network hearing topology is modeled by a time-varying adjacency matrix that can be determined from stochastic models, measurements, or discrete event simulations. Numerical results illustrate that our performance model is able to promptly respond to the ongoing dynamic conditions of VANETs and provide reasonably accurate performance results.

A State-of-Art approach to misbehavior detection and revocation in VANET:Survey

With the increased popularity of internet application and smart cities, vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) have become one of the prominent research area and ample of researchers have addressed the many issues in the past decade. Among the many issues involves with effective VANET, misbehaviour detection and revocation is required to address with full attention. It is first and foremost step towards dealing with safety applications in VANETs. The vehicle misbehaviour is responsible for malfunctioning of many network activities (e.g., traffic jam, road accidents etc.). The misbehaviour detection problem becomes more severe for safety critical applications in VANETs. The misbehaved vehicle must be revoked from the network as early as possible to reduce injuries. Thus, inconjuction of misbehaviour detection, revocation problem also needs to be explored. This paper is addressed to provide state-of-art to misbehaviour detection and revocation for safety critical VANETs. Here we present a detailed survey on relevant research done in the area of misbehaviour detection and revocation with other related issues.

Robust geocast routing protocols for safety and comfort applications in VANETs

AbstractRouting in cooperative vehicular networks is a challenging task because of high mobility of vehicles and difficulty of localization. In this paper, we study the geocast routing problem in Vehicular Ad‐hoc NETworks (VANETs), which aims at delivering data to a specific group of mobile vehicles identified by their geographical location. Although many geocast routing protocols have been proposed, only partial inherent constraints of VANETs (such as mobility, internal network fragmentation problem, external network fragmentation problem, and overload) are taken into account. Therefore, we propose two novel and robust geocast routing protocols: the first one, called Robust Geocast Routing Protocol for Safety Applications (RGRP‐SA), is dedicated to road safety applications, while the second, namely, Robust Geocast Routing Protocol for Comfort Applications (RGRP‐CA), is designed for comfort applications. Simulations conducted in NS‐2 demonstrate that our safety‐oriented RGRP‐SA protocol outperforms Inter‐Vehicle Geocast protocol and Mobicast Routing Protocol in VANETs by sending up to 25% more packets, cutting the end‐to‐end delay in half, and solving the internal network fragmentation problem. Besides, it is also shown that our comfort‐oriented RGRP‐CA protocol serves well comfort applications with only light overhead by solving internal and external network fragmentation problems and providing more reliable data delivery (with a 25% higher packet delivery ratio) and higher network throughput utilization in comparison with Mobicast with Carry‐and‐Forward protocol. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.

Optimal epidemic broadcasting for vehicular ad hoc networks

SummaryDynamic nature of vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) creates great challenges for message dissemination. To satisfy the high reliability and low delivery latency requirements for safety applications in VANETs, a dynamic epidemic broadcasting model is presented in this paper. On the basis of the ordinary differential equations, the proposed optimal control scheme is analyzed to understand the epidemic broadcasting properties, which include the message delivery probability, the expected delivery latency, and the number of copies. The correctness of the theoretical analyses is confirmed by simulations, and the experiment results prove the efficiency of the optimal epidemic broadcasting model. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.

Performance Analysis and Enhancement of the DSRC for VANET's Safety Applications

An analytical model for the reliability of a dedicated short-range communication (DSRC) control channel (CCH) to handle safety applications in vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) is proposed. Specifically, the model enables the determination of the probability of receiving status and safety messages from all vehicles within a transmitter's range and vehicles up to a certain distance, respectively. The proposed model is built based on a new mobility model that takes into account the vehicle's follow-on safety rule to derive accurately the relationship between the average vehicle speed and density. Moreover, the model takes into consideration 1) the impact of mobility on the density of vehicles around the transmitter, 2) the impact of the transmitter's and receiver's speeds on the system reliability, 3) the impact of channel fading by modeling the communication range as a random variable, and 4) the hidden terminal problem and transmission collisions from neighboring vehicles. It is shown that the current specifications of the DSRC may lead to severe performance degradation in dense and high-mobility conditions. Therefore, an adaptive algorithm is introduced to increase system reliability in terms of the probability of successful reception of the packet and the delay of emergency messages in a harsh vehicular environment. The proposed model and the enhancement algorithm are validated by simulation using realistic vehicular traces.

Authentication schemes for VANETs: a survey

In this paper, we make a survey of the known schemes for V2V (vehicle to vehicle) and V2I (vehicle to infrastructure) authentication in VANETs (vehicular ad hoc networks). We consider a variety of safety applications in VANETs, identify authentication as one of the security requirements and discuss the security challenges for these applications. Existing authentication schemes based on digital signatures are discussed along with schemes based on hash chains and hash trees. It has also been shown how the level of security of these schemes is increased by the involvement of a trusted Certification Authority. We also focus on issues pertaining to anonymity, unlinkability, traceability and computation and communication overhead. Finally, we summarise the limitations of the existing authentication schemes in real-life applications and conclude that further research is essential in this area.

Analysis of broadcasting delays in vehicular ad hoc networks

AbstractHigh mobility of nodes in vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) may lead to frequent breakdowns of established routes in conventional routing algorithms commonly used in mobile ad hoc networks. To satisfy the high reliability and low delivery‐latency requirements for safety applications in VANETs, broadcasting becomes an essential operation for route establishment and repair. However, high node mobility causes constantly changing traffic and topology, which creates great challenges for broadcasting. Therefore, there is much interest in better understanding the properties of broadcasting in VANETs. In this paper we perform stochastic analysis of broadcasting delays in VANETs under three typical scenarios: freeway, sparse traffic and dense traffic, and utilize them to analyze the broadcasting delays in these scenarios. In the freeway scenario, the analytical equation of the expected delay in one connected group is given based on statistical analysis of real traffic data collected on freeways. In the sparse traffic scenario, the broadcasting delay in an n‐vehicle network is calculated by a finite Markov chain. In the dense traffic scenario, the collision problem is analyzed by different radio propagation models. The correctness of these theoretical analyses is confirmed by simulations. These results are useful to provide theoretical insights into the broadcasting delays in VANETs. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.

Advanced and Applications in Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks

Recently there is a strong interest in developing networking techniques and important applications for moving vehicles, to enable wireless communication between roadside and vehicles or between vehicles. Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) using all kinds of wireless technologies has recently received considerable attention. The goal of this special issue is to explore the development of wireless vehicular ad hoc network technologies about communication, networking, and applications. The communication protocol design will affect the performance results. A good communication protocol design can achieve highly reliable, highly scalable, and high performance. In aspect of networking, there are many challenges that how to offer quality of service, build high performance routing, provide mobility management, and create secure vehicular ad hoc networks. VANET safety applications include safety warnings and collision avoidance. It is important to improve the non-safety applications and reduce the occurrence of collision. VANETs present a highly active field of research, development, standardization and field trials. Throughout the world, there are many national/ international projects from government, industry, and academia devoted to VANETs, for example consortia like VSC (US), C2CCC (Europe) and InternetITS (Japan), standardization efforts like IEEE 802.11p (WAVE) and field trials like the large-scale Vehicle Infrastructure Integration Program (VII) in the US. The call for papers for this Special Issue attracted more than 50 submissions from Asia, Europe, and the US covering many topics this Special Issue focuses on. Each paper was carefully evaluated by at least two reviewers. Based on the review results, we selected 13 high quality research papers to be included in this Special Issue. We strongly believe that the selected papers will make a significant contribution to researchers, practitioners, and students working in the area of the VANET. Our special thanks go to Dr. Imrich Chlamtac (Editor-inChief) and Katiuscia Buonaiuto for their valuable support throughout the preparation of this Special Issue. We would like to thank all authors who have submitted papers to the Special Issue and in particular those whose papers have been accepted for this Special issue. Assistance from the editorial staff of the Mobile Networks and Applications journal is also very much appreciated. Finally, the Guest Editors wish to gratefully acknowledge all those who have generously given their time to review the papers submitted for consideration for this SI. The thirteen accepted papers are divided into three categories. Two papers relate to channel modeling or access. “Channel Modeling and Inter-Carrier Interference Analysis for V2V Communication Systems in FrequencyDispersive Channels” by Hsiao-Hwa Chen et al. presents a practical model to characterize V2V communication channel and its corresponding Doppler spread spectrum is derived. “Cooperative and Opportunistic Channel Access for Vehicle to Roadside (V2R) Communications” by Wanjiun Liao et al. proposes a new mechanism called Proxy-based Vehicle to exploit cooperative and opportunistic forwarding between any H.-C. Chao (*) National Ilan University, I-Lan, Taiwan e-mail: hcc@niu.edu.tw