Vehicles In Poland Research Articles

Current and future energy refilling stations in motor vehicles, problems and effects of replacing internal combustion vehicles with electric ones

The paper deals with changes in construction and operation that would have to take place at a petrol station located in Wroclaw next to one of the shopping malls in the event of replacing internal combustion vehicles with electric ones. In addition, it was estimated to what extent the photovoltaic panels placed on the gallery roof can relieve the energy supplier’s network. By modeling the expected electric vehicle system in the years 2025-2030, efforts were made to identify potential barriers to its operation on the assumed scale by referring to the operation of electromobility in countries where this system became popular. The launch of a group of a dozen large charging stations in the city will allow the operation of the electric vehicle system in the amount assumed for the years 2025 - 2030, but will force a significant demand for electricity. Generation of electricity from RES will be enough to meet the needs of charging electric vehicles in Poland in the assumed time horizon, ie until 2040. Demand for vehicle charging power may cause problems with its availability in the system in the absence of implementation of the incentive system for vehicle charging off-peak hours.

Study of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Flight Capabilities in the Aspect of Civil and Military Aviation Safety

The article discusses the issues related to the adaptation of flights performed by military unmanned aerial vehicles in Poland (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle – UAV) to the civil aviation requirements. The unmanned aerial vehicles’ flight capabilities were discussed from the perspective of using the automatic flight control system to minimise a threat to civil and military aviation. Owing to the growing interest of the European Union (EU) in unmanned systems, there are many threats related to the broadly understood traffic safety in the European airspace.

The Inventory of Pollutants Hazardous to the Health of Living Organisms, Emitted by Road Transport in Poland between 1990 and 2017

The paper provides the results of the inventory of pollutants hazardous to the health of living organisms, emitted by road transport in Poland between 1990 and 2017. For estimating pollutant emissions from road transport, a standardized methodology was applied, consistent with the guidance of EEA/EMEP Emission Inventory Guidebook 2019 and the COPERT 5 software. The following substances were analyzed: carbon monoxide (CO), non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOC), nitrogen oxides (NOx) and particulate matter size fractions (total suspended particles—TSP, PM10, PM2.5). For the pollutants, emission values averaged over the distance travelled by the road fleet (average specific distance emission) were determined. The results obtained indicated that between 1990 and 2017 the annual pollutant emissions from road vehicles in Poland had an increasing trend concerning TSP (74%), PM10 (64%), PM2.5 (52%) and NOx (25%), while the corresponding emissions had a decreasing trend for CO (−117%) and NMVOC (−85%). However, a clear downward trend was found for the average specific distance emissions of all substances throughout the subsequent inventory years: TSP (−28%), PM10 (−100%), PM2.5 (−91%), NOx (−84%), CO (−208%) and NMVOC (−173%), which is due to the dynamic progress in the technological advancement of road vehicles.

Developing of Low-Cost Air Pollution Sensor-Measurements with the Unmanned Aerial Vehicles in Poland.

This article presents the capabilities and selected measurement results from the newly developed low-cost air pollution measurement system mounted on an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). The system is designed and manufactured by the authors and is intended to facilitate, accelerate, and ensure the safety of operators when measuring air pollutants. It allows the creation of three-dimensional models and measurement visualizations, thanks to which it is possible to observe the location of leakage of substances and the direction of air pollution spread by various types of substances. Based on these models, it is possible to create area audits and strategies for the elimination of pollution sources. Thanks to the usage of a multi-socket microprocessor system, the combination of nine different air quality sensors can be installed in a very small device. The possibility of simultaneously measuring several different substances has been achieved at a very low cost for building the sensor unit: 70 EUR. The very small size of this device makes it easy and safe to mount it on a small drone (UAV). Because of this device, many harmful chemical compounds such as ammonia, hexane, benzene, carbon monoxide, and carbon dioxide, as well as flammable substances such as hydrogen and methane, can be detected. Additionally, a very important function is the ability to perform measurements of PM2.5 and PM10 suspended particulates. Thanks to the use of UAV, the measurement is carried out remotely by the operator, which allows us to avoid the direct exposure of humans to harmful factors. A big advantage is the quick measurement of large spaces, at different heights above the ground, in different weather conditions. Because of the three-dimensional positioning from GPS receiver, users can plot points and use colors reflecting a concentration of measured features to better visualize the air pollution. A human-friendly data output can be used to determine the mostly hazardous regions of the sampled area.

Analiza sezonowości sprzedaży nowych pojazdów w Polsce w latach 2013-2018

Analysis of the seasonality of new vehicle sales in Poland in 2013-2018 The purpose of the article is to discuss the essence of the phenomenon of sales seasonality on the Polish automotive market. The subject of detailed analysis is an attempt to identify the direction, level of the trend, outliers and the distribution of seasonal fluctuations in the sale of new vehicles in Poland in 2013-2018. The ARIMA-X-12 and TRAMO-SEATS procedures were used to decompose time series. The analysis uses monthly data from January 2013 to October 2018, from the Central Register of Vehicles, published in monthly reports of the Polish Automotive Industry Association. Secondary data related to the sale of new passenger vehicles (for business entities and individual users), delivery vans, trucks, buses, trailers and semitrailers as well as motorcycles and mopeds. From the available reports and research shows that sales of new vehicles in Poland increased, with the exception of sales of motorcycles and mopeds. The authors showed that the sale of all vehicles was subject to seasonal fluctuations, which were associated with vehicle sales, closing the accounting year for commercial vehicles and seasons (motorcycles and mopeds. The authors state that the changes introduced regarding the registration of new vehicles, approvals and combustion standards were the cause of the so-called shocks on the automotive market.

The relationship between profitability and financial liquidity among the importers of best-selling brands of new cars in poland

Abstract The automotive industry is a particularly sensitive sector of the economy. Numerous legal changes have been introduced in Poland that may affect the company's liquidity and profitability. Sales of new vehicles in Poland were very high until the end of 2019. I have presented the most recently available financial data, and hence it can be concluded that they are not distorted. The article discusses the issue of cash flow statements and the associated financial ratios, as well as assesses the financial liquidity among the importers of new, ten best-selling car makers in Poland between 2015 and 2019. Moreover, I have analysed the relationship between profitability ratios and liquidity ratios as well as cash adequacy ratios during this period. According to my findings, in most cases, there is a positive and strong relationship between profitability and financial liquidity in the automotive industry.

Event Data Recorder (EDR) systems in the context of claims adjustment in motor insurance. A case of Poland

The aim of this paper is to present relevant information on EDR (Event Data Recorder) as well as to analyse how EDR systems may be applied within the process of claims adjustment in the Polish motor insurance. Although, neither Polish nor European legislation directly refers to the said systems, their significance is continuously growing. The discussed systems are currently applied within the majority of the newly sold vehicles in Poland. Brand new versions of those systems allow identifying some key circumstances and factors of traffic accidents such as the exact place of an accident, velocity of the vehicle, a number of the people involved or a number of explosions of car air-bag inflators. However, it should be noted that originally the EDR systems primarily were to improve a level of driving safely while the identification of traffic accidents causes was only an additional and marginal benefit. In other words, a question should be posed whether it is admissible under the relevant law regulations that the data recorded in the system may in advance determine a cause of an accident. Other doubts which may result from the EDR are privacy concerns and data ownership as well as the use of the EDR systems within a process of detecting potential fraud or offences related to claims adjustment. For obvious limitation of time and space, premium calculation fells outside the scope of this paper as this particular issue requires separate and detailed considerations.

Comparison of financial and external costs related to the use of selected electric and conventional passenger cars – the example of Poland

Abstract Since the early 1990s, more and more restrictive car emission standards have been successively introduced, and since 2015, targets of CO2 emission have also been in force. Even though these measures are effective in decreasing the emission of nitrogen oxides (NOx), particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10), non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOC) and also CO2 in recent years in the European Union (EU), the European Commission more and more emphatically stresses the necessity of evolution of the conventional road transport towards electromobility. The paper presents the financial and environmental aspects related to the use of selected passenger cars in Poland. External effects were calculated taking into account emission from the wear and tear of tyres and braking systems (conventional and electric cars), fuel combustion (conventional cars) and emission related to the production of the energy needed for propelling vehicles in the Polish energy sector (electric cars). The external costs were calculated in terms of emission for all the vehicles in the analysis. On this basis, conclusions were drawn with regard to the economic justification for the purchase and use of vehicles in Poland.

Analysis of Non-conformities in Road Transport of Animals in Poland

ABSTRACTThe paper presents the results of analysis of inspections of animal transport vehicles in Poland in 2007–2016. Due to animal welfare and the increased epidemiological risk the animal control system included the points of carriage provided for in the animal carriage law, i.e., during transport, at the sites of shipment, sites of rest, at destination points as well as at fairs and purchase points. The largest number of non-conformities were revealed at destination points (slaughterhouses), where the highest number of inspections were carried out. Inspections were conducted by veterinary inspectors and non-conformities were mainly related to animal health, documentation, transport practices and vehicles. The calculation of non-conformity rates enabled the evaluation of the condition of the inspected means of transport in the aspect of animal welfare. In addition, number of inspections, number of detected non-conformities and the non-conformity rates calculated for Poland were compared with the values for selected countries neighboring Poland (the Czech Republic, Lithuania and Germany).

Road safety in Poland Three Years After Limiting the Number of Speed Controls

Road safety is one of the key elements of every citizen’s life. Every day journeys connected with professional and educational activity force us to do a trip, and this leads to inevitable conflicts between road users. One of the basic methods of assessing the state of road safety, and the effects of legal, educational and infrastructural activities of authorities, are the results of road incidents analyses, accidents and collisions, as well as the effects of these activities in previous years. Police databases carried out in most countries on a continuous basis, store records of road incidents in which Police officers intervened. Undoubtedly the speed is one of the most important element affecting the number and consequences of road incidents. High speed reduces the time necessary for the driver to react correctly to the traffic situation. The high speed increases the momentum, and thus the effects of road accidents. Changes in the scope of speed control of vehicles in Poland, including those entitled to do it, introduced 3 years ago, could significantly affect the state of road safety in Poland, on the network of urban and non-urban roads. This paper presents the results of road safety analyses for both nationally and more locally road networks - for the biggest cities in Poland. Based on the analysis of data from the Police’s database records, it has been shown that since the introduction of legal changes, the number of road incidents on the road network has increased significantly. It also indicates unfavourable trends in the area of road safety in cities. Based on the above analyses the need for action to introduce a new program for road safety improvement, especially at the level of urban areas, is indicated.

Assessment of Total Costs of Ownership for Midsize Passenger Cars with Conventional and Alternative Drive Trains

The number of alternatively powered vehicles in Poland and EU is growing steadily. Different type of vehicle drive trains determine variations in their performances from economical and environmental technological aspects. The aim of this paper was to investigate the cost efficiency and environmental aspects of midsize passenger cars equipped with different drive train technologies: conventional, hybrid, electric and LPG fueled engine. To this purpose, the Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) method was used. Calculations were carried out by AFLEET Tool. The results show that the LPG fueled car has the lowest TCO, while the cars equipped with electric drivetrain indicate the highest TCO. However the electric car recorded the lowest cost of air pollutant emissions and externalities costs.

Inventory of pollutant emission from motor vehicles in Poland using the COPERT 5 software

This article presents results of the inventory of pollutant emission from motor vehicles in Poland. To determine emission from motor vehicles in Poland COPERT 5 software was used for the first time. In addition, a comparison of the national emission from motor vehi-cles in 2016 and in 2015 was included. Pollutants harmful to health were considered primarily: carbon monoxide, organic compounds, nitrogen oxides and particulate matter. Emission of substances contributing to the intensification of the greenhouse effect were also examined: carbon dioxide, ammonia and nitrous oxide. It was found that the relative increase in volume of emission of carbon monoxide and non-methane volatile organic compounds is less than 10%, and nitrogen oxides and particulate matter less than 15%. The relative increase in carbon dioxide emission is approximately 14%, which corresponds to a relative increase in fuel consumption. The relative increase of volume of heavy metal emission is similar. The assessment of the energy emission factor (emission of pollution related to energy equal to used fuel) proves that – amongst pollutants harmful to health – for carbon monoxide and non-methane volatile organic compounds there is a relative reduction by approximately 5% in 2016, and for nitrogen oxides and particulate matter – increase by approximately (3–4)%.

Emission of pollutants from motor vehicles in Poland comparing to pollutant emission in the European Union

The inventory results of pollutant emission from motor vehicles in Poland comparing to the emission of pollutants in the European Union have been presented in the paper. The analysis is based on the official results of the pollution inventory reported to the European Union. Emission of the following substances was considered for the years 1990–2016 for Poland and the European Union from all civili-zation and road transport activities: carbon monoxide, non-methan volatile organic compounds, nitrogen oxides and particulate matter consisting of fractions: total suspended particles, PM10 and PM2.5. It was observed that the share of pollutant emission from road transport in Poland is smaller than for the entire European Union. This is especially evident in the case of particulate matter and nitro-gen oxides. As a result of the analysis of the emission inventory in the European Union, it was confirmed that the share of motorisation in the emission of pollutants harmful to human health is significantly smaller in Poland than in the entire European Union. Therefore, conducting a detailed analysis of specific distance emission of pollutants from a statistical vehicle as well as extending research on greenhouse gas emission from motor vehicles is recommended.

Characteristics of pollutant emission from motor vehicles for the purposes of the Central Emission Database in Poland

Within the Institute of Environmental Protection – National Research Institute the Central Emission Database is being established. The Database will cover the most important emission sectors from anthropogenic activities, including usage of motor vehicles. The intensity of emissions of individual pollutants is the input data to air pollution dispersion models. Based on calculations performed by the air pollution dispersion models concentration of pollutants dispersed in atmospheric air (pollution immission) is provided. The annual average immision for a selected place in Poland is a measure of the threat to environment. In order to determine the intensity of pollutant emissions from motor vehicles it is necessary to recognize the intensity of vehicle motion and the volume of emission of pollutants depending on the type of vehicle motion. The task presented in this article is to determine the characteristics of pollutant emissions from motor vehicles depending on the type of their motion. The mean value of vehicle speeds was used to characterize the type of vehicle motion. The emission of pollutants from vehicles is therefore characterized by the dependence of road emissions of pollutants on the average speed of vehicles. The characteristics were determined for cumulated categories of motor vehicles: passenger cars, light commercial vehicles as well as heavy duty trucks and buses. The results of the inventory of pollutant emissions from motor vehicles in Poland in 2016 were used to determine the characteristics of pollutant emissions.

The use of new technologies in the monitoring of motor vehicles

Paper discussed the problem of monitoring of motor vehicles in Poland. Monitoring was ordered on the basis of EU and Polish law. Currently, there is no vehicle monitoring system in Poland at the national level. New technologies and applications in the field of ITS are currently available. The article addresses this problem and presents proposals in this area.

Selected Aspects of Biofuels Market and the Electromobility Development in Poland: Current Trends and Forecasting Changes

This work presents basic information associated with markets of selected alternative fuels used in transport, such as methyl esters, conventional bioethanol and lignocellulosic bioethanol, and the market of electrical vehicles. Legal conditions, which stimulate development and regulate the mode of functioning of the liquid biofuel market until 2020 are discussed, based on provisions of EU directives. Data on biofuel production in Poland are presented, as well as biofuel consumption in the EU, the USA and Brazil in 2017. The most important conclusions of the proposal for a directive on the promotion of renewable energy sources in transport in EU member states in years 2021–2030 are discussed. The authors have also indicated the key legal and territorial conditions associated with the development of electromobility and present basic information on electric vehicles in Poland and Europe. The results of the research on the attractiveness of these sectors in 2018 are presented and compared with the results obtained in years 2007–2017. A score-based sector attractiveness method was used in the research.

Selected motor vehicle anti-theft security

The article describes selected types of vehicle anti-theft security systems. The statistics on the theft of motor vehicles in Poland in the years 1999-2017 are presented. The configuration of GPS Tracker TK 102b was also used to locate the stolen vehicle.

Analysis of the road accidents caused by drunk road users

One of the main causes of road accidents in Poland is the consumption of alcohol by drivers of vehicles. Despite the various preventive and educational actions, this problem still exists.The article discusses the problem of participation in road traffic after drinking alcohol. The influence of alcohol on the drivers of the vehicles was indicated. Legal regulations concerning alcohol consumption by drivers of vehicles in Poland have been characterized. Police statistical data on the frequency, type, severity of accidents and road accidents caused by drunk drivers and pedestrians in the years 2007-2017 were analyzed.

Environmental life cycle assessment of electric vehicles in Poland and the Czech Republic

Electric vehicles (EVs) are the future of road transport in both Poland and the Czech Republic and offer significant potential for reducing air pollution and increasing life comfort, especially in crowded city centers. This paper presents a comparative life cycle assessment (LCA) of EVs in Poland and the Czech Republic, considering the life cycle from cradle to grave, with a special focus on the production of the electricity required to charge EV batteries. The analyses included the current and future energy systems (from 2015 to 2050) used to charge EV batteries in the both countries. A comparative analysis of EVs and passenger vehicles with internal combustion engines (ICEVs) was carried out. In addition, the analyses considered scenarios of smart grids from which the energy for the charging of EV batteries could be supplied exclusively from renewable sources. The results showed that the environmental burden of current and future EVs is higher in Poland than in the Czech Republic for all analyzed impact categories and that this result is primarily related to the type of electricity used to charge EV batteries. The comparative analysis of EVs and ICEVs showed that greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and fossil fuel depletion in Poland and the Czech Republic, both at present and in the future, will be lower in the case of EVs than in the case of ICEVs. However, the acidification, eutrophication, human toxicity, and particulate matter formation caused by EVs are higher than those caused by ICEVs. The results showed that EVs coupled with renewable electricity sources offer the potential to reduce the negative impacts on the environment. It was concluded that the main determinant of the environmental impact of EVs is the type of electricity used to charge EV batteries. This is the first attempt at a comparative LCA of EVs in Poland and the Czech Republic. It is also the first approach that includes analyses of the LCA for both the present and future electricity production systems used for charging EV batteries.

Determination and verification of technical data in the process of vehicle classification for the purposes of registration and periodic technical inspection

The article brings closer the topic of records and classification of vehicles in Poland. Quoted have been, both selected the applicable laws as well as fundamental principles applied in the field. Since 2004, in order to harmonize the vehicles classification and improve their verification, the procedures used during the registration of vehicles have been supplemented by the auxiliary system, i.e. the electronic catalogue of makes and type-approved vehicles admitted to the operation in the territory of the Polish Republic elaborated by the Motor Transport Institute so-called “The ITS Catalogue”.