Vehicle Pollution Control Research Articles

Effects of carbon tax policy on vehicle pollution control and carbon reduction based on the availability heuristic and system dynamics

Effects of carbon tax policy on vehicle pollution control and carbon reduction based on the availability heuristic and system dynamics

Characteristics of fine particulate matter in Linyi during the 24th Olympic winter Games: An insight into the components, sources, transport pathways, and source distribution

To maintain air quality and mitigate pollution during the 24th Olympic Winter Games, strict control measures were implemented in Beijing and surrounding areas, including Linyi. Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) sampling was conducted in the urban area of Linyi between November 10th, 2021, and February 20th, 2022. This sampling period was divided into a no-control period (NCP) and a control period (CP). The PM2.5 concentration decreased by 25.0% during the CP, whereas the atmospheric oxidation increased. This led to the formation of secondary components of PM2.5. Although the conversion rate of the precursors into secondary components was increased during the CP, the nitrate (NO3−) and ammonium (NH4+) concentrations were reduced due to emission reduction. Elemental carbon (EC) and primary organic carbon concentrations were also decreased, whereas the organic carbon (OC)/EC ratio and proportion of secondary organic carbon in PM2.5 increased. Total detected inorganic element concentrations decreased by 23.6% during the CP. The results of source apportionment revealed that secondary sources were the leading PM2.5 contributors during both periods. Vehicle pollution prevention and control should be strengthened as no restrictions on private-car travel during the CP. Controlling combustion and industrial sources had a significant impact on air quality during the CP. Biomass burning and industrial emissions declined from 20.7% to 16.1% (NCP) to 2.0% and 9.1% (CP), respectively. Backward trajectories revealed that air masses largely originated from local regions during both periods, with the highest PM2.5 concentrations found in air masses from the north (NCP) and east (CP) of Linyi. Potential source regions were also identified. The location of these regions showed that local and regional collaborative control of PM2.5 is urgently needed, particularly in northern and southern Linyi (NCP) and eastern Linyi (CP).

The Effects of Varying Altitudes on the Rates of Emissions from Diesel and Gasoline Vehicles Using a Portable Emission Measurement System

The high altitude in mountainous regions results in lower atmospheric pressure, oxygen concentration and temperature, leading to lower combustion efficiency in motor vehicles. Therefore, there may be differences in carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO), and nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions characteristics at different altitudes. In this study, a portable emission measurement system was used to investigate the effects of varying elevations on the emission factors of CO2, CO, and NOx on diesel and gasoline-powered vehicles at altitudes ranging from 2270 to 4540 m in the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau of China. Additionally, the influencing factors of CO2, CO, and NOx emissions were studied. Results showed that the CO2, CO, and NOx emission factors for diesel vehicles varied in the range of 161.83–195.54, 0.59–0.77, and 4.61–6.58 g/km; the population means with 90% confidence intervals were 178.54, 0.68, and 5.60 g/km, respectively. For gasoline vehicles, the CO2, CO, and NOx emission factors varied in the range of 161.66–181.98, 0.95–1.06, and 0.12–0.25 g/km; the population means with 90% confidence intervals were 171.82, 1.01, and 0.19 g/km, respectively. Overall, the emission factors of diesel vehicles were higher than those of gasoline vehicles, and the emissions increased with increasing altitude. Atmospheric pressure was identified as the primary environmental factor affecting CO2, CO, and NOx emissions. As the speed of motor vehicles increased, the emission of CO2 also increased, while there was a quadratic relationship with acceleration. This study provides a reference and guidance for vehicle pollution control in high-altitude regions.

Comprehensive treatment strategy for diesel truck exhaust.

At present, diesel vehicles still play an irreplaceable role in the traditional energy field in China. Diesel vehicle exhaust contains hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, and particulate matter, which can lead to haze weather, photochemical smog, and the greenhouse effect; endanger human health; and damage the ecological environment. In 2020, the number of motor vehicles in China reached 372 million, and the number of automobiles reached 281 million, of which 20.92 million are diesel vehicles, accounting for only 5.6% of the number of motor vehicles and 7.4% of the number of automobiles. Nevertheless, diesel vehicles emitted 88.8% of nitrogen oxides and 99% of particulate matter in total vehicle emissions. Diesel vehicles, especially diesel trucks, have become the top priority of motor vehicle pollution control. However, there are few reviews on the comprehensive treatment of diesel vehicle exhaust. This review provides an overview of exhaust gas composition, hazards, and treatment techniques. Phytoremediation, three-way catalytic conversion, rare earth catalytic degradation, and nanoscale TiO2 catalytic degradation are briefly described.

Tunnel measurements reveal significant reduction in traffic-related light-absorbing aerosol emissions in China

Light-absorbing aerosols (LAA), including black carbon (BC) and brown carbon (BrC), profoundly impact regional and global climate. Vehicle emission is an important source of LAA in urban areas, but real-world emission features of LAA from the urban vehicle fleet are not fully understood. This study evaluates traffic-related BC and BrC emission factors (EFs) and their vehicular emission inventories via road tunnel measurements in Tianjin, China, in 2017 and 2021. The distance-based and fuel-based EFs of BC for the mixed fleet were 1.05 ± 1.28 mg km−1 veh−1 and 0.057 ± 0.057 g (kg-fuel)−1, respectively, in 2021, with a dramatic decrease of 80.6 % compared to those in 2017. The BC EFs for gasoline vehicles (GVs, including traditional gasoline and hybrid vehicles) and diesel vehicles (DVs) were 0.55 ± 0.065 mg km−1 veh−1 and 10.5 ± 2.52 mg km−1 veh−1, respectively, in 2021. Compared to 2017, the BrC EFs also decreased significantly in 2021, by 10.8–53.6 %, with 0.32 ± 0.45 mg km−1 veh−1 and 0.018 ± 0.020 g (kg-fuel)−1 of distance-based and fuel-based EFs for mixed fleet. The BrC EFs for GVs and DVs were 0.091 ± 0.024 mg km−1 veh−1 and 3.06 ± 0.91 mg km−1 veh−1, respectively, in 2021. Based on the BC and BrC EFs for GVs and DVs and annual mileage for each vehicle category, the annual vehicular LAA emission inventories were estimated. From 2017 to 2021, the annual vehicular LAA emissions in Tianjin have been significantly reduced, by 69 % for BC and 10 % for BrC. DVs account for a small amount of the vehicle population (8.4 %), but contribute to most of the BC (83 %) and BrC (86 %). Our study demonstrates the significant reduction of vehicular light-absorbing aerosols emission due to vehicle pollution prevention and control in China.

Impacts of applying ethanol blended gasoline and evaporation emission control to motor vehicles in a megacity in southwest China

The use of ethanol blended gasoline and evaporation emissions control are effective means to reduce air pollutant emissions from motor vehicles. However, there is currently a lack of comprehensive assessment of the impact of these measures on air quality, in particular to control volatile organic compounds (VOCs), an important precursor to PM2.5 and O3 formation. Therefore, this study sets up different motor vehicle pollution control scenarios based on ethanol gasoline substitution and evaporative emission control, respectively. The emission changes of atmospheric pollutants, O3 formation potential (OFP) and VOCs species from motor vehicles under each control scenario were analyzed, and the chemical transport model WRF/CMAQ was used to evaluate the changes of pollutant concentration in the ambient air under different scenarios. The results show that the VOCs emissions from motor vehicles in Chengdu increased by 25% from 2014 to 2019, which is attributed to the rapid growth of motor vehicle population and the aggravation of road congestion. Under different control scenarios, the emission of NOx, VOCs and PM2.5 decreased to different degrees, mainly from evaporation emissions control measures. The use of ethanol blended gasoline can reduce the VOCs emissions while increased OFP by 26%, due to the presence of highly reactive species in the VOCs source profiles, which ultimately determined the OFP of motor vehicles. Thus, it is necessary to the control of alkenes, aromatics, oxygenated VOCs (OVOCs) and other highly reactive characteristic emission species of gasoline vehicles. The simulation results of model show that under different control scenarios the PM2.5 concentrations decreased to different degrees, the urban area with the maximum decrease rate of 9.0–9.2%. The combination of the use of ethanol blended gasoline and evaporation emissions control had a good effect on PM2.5 concentration control, while the evaporation emissions control of motor vehicles alone can lead to a decrease in O3 concentration, i.e. a decrease by 1.9–2.5%.

Vehicle emissions of primary air pollutants from 2009 to 2019 and projection for the 14th Five-Year Plan period in Beijing, China

Over the past decade, the emission standards and fuel standards in Beijing have been upgraded twice, and the vehicle structure has been improved by accelerating the elimination of 2.95 million old vehicles. Through the formulation and implementation of these policies, the emissions of carbon monoxide (CO), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), nitrogen oxides (NOx), and fine particulate matter (PM2.5) in 2019 were 147.9, 25.3, 43.4, and 0.91 kton in Beijing, respectively. The emission factor method was adopted to better understand the emissions characteristics of primary air pollutants from combustion engine vehicles and to improve pollution control. In combination with the air quality improvement goals and the status of social and economic development during the 14th Five-Year Plan period in Beijing, different vehicle pollution control scenarios were established, and emissions reductions were projected. The results show that the emissions of four air pollutants (CO, VOCs, NOx, and PM2.5) from vehicles in Beijing decreased by an average of 68% in 2019, compared to their levels in 2009. The contribution of NOx emissions from diesel vehicles increased from 35% in 2009 to 56% in 2019, which indicated that clean and energy-saving diesel vehicle fleets should be further improved. Electric vehicle adoption could be an important measure to reduce pollutant emissions. With the further upgrading of vehicle structure and the adoption of electric vehicles, it is expected that the total emissions of the four vehicle pollutants can be reduced by 20%-41% by the end of the 14th Five-Year Plan period.

Study on applicability of data collection frequency for heavy-duty vehicles based on remote monitoring

The remote online system of heavy-duty vehicles is composed of vehicle terminal and monitoring platform based on the specified communication protocol, data format and data transmission frequency, which is an important embodiment of heavy-duty vehicle pollution control in the application for Internet of Vehicles. The influence of different collection frequencies and compute cycles on vehicle energy consumption and emission calculation is studied in this paper. The calculation errors of mileage, vehicle fuel consumption per 100 kilometers and emission factors of 14 collection frequencies and 7 compute cycles were calculated by continuously monitoring the emission and energy consumption data for 10 heavy-duty vehicles uploaded in 1 month. The result shows that decreasing the data collection frequency will lead to the increase of error and the decrease of correlation, while increasing the computing cycle can reduce the error. When the calculation error is 1%, 5% and 10%, the collection frequency shall be at least 0.5Hz, 0.2Hz and 0.1Hz, and the computing cycle shall be greater than 1800 seconds, 3600 seconds and 7200 seconds. The study content of this paper provides the theoretical foundation for the application and storage of remote monitoring data of heavy-duty vehicles, and provides a solution to the waste of data storage space caused by the problem of remote monitoring big data set.

Decoupling Analysis between Economic Growth and Air Pollution in Key Regions of Air Pollution Control in China

The Chinese government has implemented a number of environmental policies to promote the continuous improvement of air quality while considering economic development. Scientific assessment of the impact of environmental policies on the relationship between air pollution and economic growth can provide a scientific basis for promoting the coordinated development of these two factors. This paper uses the Tapio decoupling theory to analyze the relationship between regional economic growth and air pollution in key regions of air pollution control in China—namely, the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei region and surrounding areas (BTHS), the Yangtze River Delta (YRD), and the Pearl River Delta (PRD)—based on data of GDP and the concentrations of SO2, PM10, and NO2 for 31 provinces in China from 2000 to 2019. The results show that the SO2, PM10, and NO2 pollution in the key regions show strong and weak decoupling. The findings additionally indicate that government policies have played a significant role in improving the decoupling between air pollution and economic development. The decoupling between economic growth and SO2 and PM10 pollution in the BTHS, YRD, and PRD is better than that in other regions, while the decoupling between economic growth and NO2 pollution has not improved significantly in these regions. To improve the relationship between economic growth and air pollution, we suggest that the governments of China and other developing countries should further optimize and adjust the structure of industry, energy, and transportation; apply more stringent targets and measures in areas of serious air pollution; and strengthen mobile vehicle pollution control.

Automatic pollution sensing and control for vehicles using IoT technology

The applications of vehicles are gradually increasing day by day. Simultaneously, vehicle pollution is also drastically increased. Due to improper maintenance and monitoring, the performances of the vehicles have been decreased. The different types of system and methods are available to detect the vehicle performance and pollution control. This paper is presented and provides an idea about pollution and vehicle control based on Internet of Things (IoT). The sensors, communication network, micro controller and server have been used for vehicle performance and their pollution control. The different vehicle parameters are monitored through IoT based system. The pollution experimental trail is conducted and compared with and without internet of things. The experimental investigations and their comparison have been reported with and without IoT system.

Climatic Changes and Their Effect on Wildlife of District Dir Lower, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

Climatic changes and their impact are increasingly evident in Pakistan, especially in the mountainous regions. Mountain ecosystems are considered to be sensitive indicators of global warming; even slight variations in temperature can lead to significant shifts in local climate, which can, in turn, drastically affect the natural environment, subsequently altering people’s lifestyle and wildlife habitats. The targeted area for the present research was Lower Dir District, Pakistan. The study gathered the required information from primary and secondary sources. Secondary data on temperature and precipitation were obtained from various sources, i.e., local CBO, including WWF Pakistan. Based on information gathered on climate change and wildlife, a detailed questionnaire was designed. Results showed that no regular pattern of the increase was found in temperature from 2010 to 2018; the same was noticed in the rainfall decrease pattern. Results also showed that the leading causes behind climatic changes are an increase in greenhouse gases due to pollution by industries, vehicles, crushing plants, deforestation, and some natural phenomena such as floods. The study showed that more than 80% of the respondents agreed that climatic effects have a significant impact on wildlife, i.e., the existence of wildlife falls in danger due to climatic changes as it may lead to habitat change, making it difficult for the survival and adaptation of the wildlife. Hence, in consequence, it leads to migration, low growth rate, an increase in morbidity and mortality rate, and finally leading to the extinction of the species or population. It is concluded from the study that people are severely noticing the climatic change and its leading causes are greenhouse gases and deforestation. To control climatic changes and wildlife extinction, we need an appropriate policy for forest conservation, wildlife conservation, prevent hunting, industrial pollution control, vehicle pollution control, increase in plantation, awareness of policy for the control of climatic changes, etc.

Spatiotemporal Graph Convolution Multifusion Network for Urban Vehicle Emission Prediction.

Urban vehicle emission prediction can help the regulation of vehicle pollution and traffic control. However, it is hard to predict the spatiotemporal variation of vehicle emission because of the spatial interactions and temporal correlations between different road segments as well as the high nonlinearity and complexity of vehicle emission variation. The existing methods solve the problem by splitting the region into standard segments or grids based on conventional deep learning methods, without considering that urban vehicle emission varies by graph-structured traffic road network and depends on many complex external environment factors. To address these issues, a spatiotemporal graph convolution multifusion network (ST-MFGCN) is proposed to leverage the graph structural properties as the inherent connectivity of road network for urban vehicle emission prediction, which can capture the vehicle emission spatiotemporal variation patterns and learn the effects of complex environmental factors. The proposed model consists of three parts: 1) a spatiotemporal graph convolution module to capture spatiotemporal dependencies by merging closeness, period, and trend sequences with temporal convolution as well as graph convolution is introduced to model the spatial dependencies; 2) an external factor component to divide multisource external factors into global and individual external features; and 3) a general fusion component to merge the spatiotemporal patterns and the external features as well as fit the mutation of emission measurement data by multifusion strategy. Finally, the proposed model is evaluated on the practical monitoring data of vehicle emission data in Hefei, and the results demonstrate that our proposed model can predict regional vehicle emissions effectively.

Vehicle Pollution Monitoring, Control and Challan System Using MQ2 Sensor Based on Internet of Things

In the automobile sector, the new advancements in technology help the vendors in developing smart vehicles. These smart vehicles are designed to provide all sort of comfort to the society. But still, some improvements are required to make these vehicles smarter in terms of environmental pollution management. The other cause of air pollution is due to the toxic gases released by the industries. The environment pollution is still increasing gradually despite the various efforts of government. A number of solutions are available in the literature to control and monitor environmental pollution. The examination uncovers that there is a necessity of a sensor based embedded system that can screen and control the air contamination with generation of challan from anyplace in the world using IOT. An embedded system prototype has been designed on the concept of an internet of things scenario that uses sensors and actuators around Raspberry Pi board. The system prototype is programmed in python using some standard libraries available on adafruit and github. A web page is also designed to monitor the level of gases remotely at any place in the world. The results demonstrate that the complete system has been successfully tested and implemented.

Motor Vehicle Pollution Control Scenarios of Beijing Subsidiary Administrative Center Based on Road Traffic Flow

In this study, the scenario analysis method was used to establish motor vehicle exhaust emission inventories based on road-traffic-flow information of the Beijing subsidiary administrative center under different scenarios, with a base year of 2015. The pollutant emissions in 2020 and 2025 were forecast by calculating the motor vehicle pollutant emission inventories of future road-traffic-flow information and various scenarios. The results showed that the kilometers travelled via motor vehicles and the road network density of the Beijing subsidiary administrative center both will increase continuously over the next 10 years. Compared with the baseline scenario, each control scenario had a certain degree of reduction in pollutant emissions, and the reduction rates increased with the strengthening of the measures. The emission reductions of pollutants were significant in the new energy vehicle promotion scenario, especially for NOx and PM. The effect of emission reduction of every pollutant was significant in the outgoing vehicle restriction scenario. Elimination of highly polluting vehicles had a significant effect in the short term, but the effect of long-term reduction was weak. The combined scenario achieved the best reduction rate of pollutant emissions, with CO, NOx, HC, and PM decreasing by 39.0%, 58.7%, 49.2%, and 55.5%, respectively.

A high temporal-spatial vehicle emission inventory based on detailed hourly traffic data in a medium-sized city of China.

To improve the accuracy and temporal-spatial resolution for a vehicle emission inventory in a medium-sized city with a strip road network, this study was conducted based on detailed hourly traffic-flow data for each day of 2014, and covered all road types and regions in the city of Foshan. Detailed hourly emission characteristics and sources in five regions were analysed. The results showed that the total vehicle emissions of CO, NOX, VOCs, and PM2.5 were 13.10 × 104, 0.23 × 104, 4.46 × 104, and 0.18 × 104 tons, respectively. Motorcycles (MCs) and light passenger cars (LPCs) were the dominant contributors of CO emissions, while buses and heavy passenger cars (HPCs) were the dominant contributors for NOX. As a whole, the daytime contributions to total emissions were close to 80%, and emissions during the peak periods accounted for almost 40%. Specifically, the hourly emissions of each pollutant on workdays were higher than on non-workdays (maximum up to 64.2%), and for some roads the early peak periods changed significantly from workdays to non-workdays. At expressways, artery roads, and local roads, the daily emission intensities of CO, NOx, and PM2.5 in Foshan were close to or even higher than that of Beijing. On a regional scale, the temporal variation of vehicle emissions on workdays at artery roads of different regions were similar. In addition, the higher emission intensities of CO and VOCs were identified in DaLiang-RongGui (DLRG) and that of NOX and PM2.5 were in Central Region (CR). These results are meaningful for decision-makers to help provide more detailed vehicle pollution control measures in Foshan with a strip road network and only one ring road.

Balancing Bankruptcy and Environmental Law: Midlantic National Bank v. New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection

Balancing Bankruptcy and Environmental Law: Midlantic National Bank v. New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection RONALD MANN Introduction Congress’s 1978 adoption of the Bank­ ruptcy Code was a legislative landmark, the culmination of a decade of attention to a woefully antiquated bankruptcy system largely left intact since the nineteenth century. Senate hearings in 1968 led to the appointment of a prestigious bipartisan Bankruptcy Commission, which produced a massive report, which served in turn as a template for a statute that brought wholesale change to almost every aspect of the bankruptcy system.' So what would the Supreme Court do with this new statute? The Court’s persistent doubts about the constitutionality of the Code’s broad alloca­ tion of authority to bankruptcy courts led to an extended series of decisions trimming back the Code’s jurisdictional grant, starting with Northern Pipeline Construction Co. v. Marathon Pipe Line Co.2 and continuing with Granfinanciera v. Nordberg3 and Stern v. Marshall.4 Less well known, by comparison, is the persistently narrow interpretation ofthe Code in the Court’s statutory cases, which routinely subordinate the needs ofa broad and effective bankruptcy process to the policies of other federal and state legal regimes.5 The roots ofthe Court’s narrow interpre­ tive frame lie in one of the earliest of the Court’s decisions under the Code, Midlantic National Bank v. New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection.6 Midlantic presented a classic problem of statutory interpretation, in which the Code’s provisions 102 JOURNAL OF SUPREME COURT HISTORY for the protection of the estate conflicted directly with developing rules for environ­ mental law. More broadly, the case offered the Court its first chance to assess Congress’s broadening of the bankruptcy regime: case law under the old Bankruptcy Act had limited the bankrupt’s ability to ignore environmen­ tal law, but language in the Code suggested that Congress contemplated a much broader freedom of action going forward. The result was a considered refusal to credit the broadened language of the new Code. Justice Lewis F. Powell’s opinion for the Court adopted a clear-statement rule under which it would presume that provisions of the Bankruptcy Code have the same meaning as predecessor provisions of the Bankruptcy Act. What is most surprising about the decision, though, is not apparent on its face—how close the Court came to ruling in favor of the bankrupt. As the internal papers of the Justices show, Justice Powell “stole” a Court in this case. The decision at Conference favored the bankrupt; it was only a changed vote by Justice John Paul Stevens that led to the Court’s adoption ofMidiantic's Code-narrowing clear-statement rule.7 Political Background Midlantic came to the Court in the mid1980s , just as state and federal efforts to curtail pollution reached their zenith. Envi­ ronmental disasters in the post-World War II era, including the Cuyahoga River fire in 1969 and Three Mile Island in 1979, convinced much of the public that stricter measures were necessary to control industrial pollution.8 State pollution programs began in earnest in the 1960s, but the federal government became involved in the 1970s with the creation of the Environmental Protection Agency, major amendments to the Clean Air Act, and the passage of the Clean Water Act.9 Most important was the 1980 adoption of the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA). The rise of federal activity in this period led to an uneasy tension with state efforts to combat environmental pollution. Although the premise of federal environmental inter­ vention was that the federal government’s efforts would complement state laws,10 federal programs often preempted more aggressive state programs. Scholars routinely explain that the passage of federal environ­ mental laws reflected rent-seeking by pol­ luters who sought lax federal regulations to preempt the increasingly effective regulation at state and local levels.11 Those critics often point to the 1965 enactment of the Motor Vehicle Pollution Control Act, which stymied state efforts to place harsh limits on automo­ bile exhaust emissions. It surprised no one that major economic interests, sensing that some form of environmental regulation was inevitable, sought standardized (lower) fed­ eral pollution...

雾霾治理中加速更新老旧机动车政策法律问题研究

近年来雾霾天气问题愈发猛烈，经济发展和人民身体健康都造成了严重的损害。机动车排放污染作为造成雾霾天气的主要因素之一，一直是雾霾治理工作的重点。同等行使里程条件下，一辆国I标准汽油小客车的排放相当于六辆以上国V标准小客车。因此，雾霾治理的一项重要举措就是加速更新老旧机动车。通过分析机动车污染排放数据，本文以北京市为例剖析了与更新老旧机动车政策有关的法律问题。发现现在实施的补贴和限行措施都存在着一定的问题。通过进一步对美国加州雾霾治理的成熟经验进行研究；笔者为构建我国更新老旧机动车政策长效实施机制，提出推动机动车污染防治专门立法和引入排污权交易两个层面的建议。 In recent years, the haze weather problems have caused serious damage to economic development and people’s health. As one of the main factors causing haze weather, the motor vehicle emission pollution has always been the focus of the haze governance. Under the same exercise mileage, the emission of one national I standard petrolic car is equivalent to six national V standard petrolic cars. Therefore, an important measure of governance haze is to accelerate the update of the old motor vehicle. This paper takes Beijing as an example to analyze the legal issues related to the renewal of the old motor vehicle policy by the analysis of motor vehicle pollution emission data. It is found that there are some problems in the subsidy and the limit line. Through further research on the mature experience of the United States California haze governance, the author puts forward two proposals for constructing the long term implementation mechanism of China’s renewal of old motor vehicles policy. One is to promote the legislation of Motor vehicle pollution prevention and control; the other is to introduce the emission trading.

VNode: Wireless Sensor Network for Vehicle Pollution Control

VNode: Wireless Sensor Network for Vehicle Pollution Control

Use of Electrically Heated Metal Catalytic Converter in Cold Starting To Reduce Automotive Emissions

The environmental degradation all over the world has led the researchers to work towards the development of Low Emission Vehicle (LEV) and Ultra Low Emission Vehicle (ULEV). Automobile vehicles emit substantial quantities of hydrocarbons (HC), carbon monoxide (CO) and particulate matter. These pollutants have significant adverse health effects and deteriorate environmental quality. To address the serious pollution problems posed by vehicles, growing number of countries worldwide? Catalytic converters have implemented that in motor vehicle pollution control programs aimed substantially reducing harmful emissions from spark ignited vehicles. Catalytic exhaust controls have been developed as a result of these regulations and are generally recognized to be the most cost—effective way to meet stringent emission standards. The catalytic converter does a great job at reducing the pollution, but it can still be improved substantially. One of its biggest shortcomings is that it only works at a fairly high temperature. When car start at cold, the catalytic converter does almost nothing to reduce the pollution from exhaust. Preheating the catalytic converter is a good way to reduce emissions. The easiest way to preheat the converter is to use electric resistance heaters. The electrical systems on most cars provide enough energy or power to heat the catalytic converter fast enough. So, in this research the main converter remains its usual position, whereas the heated catalyst is placed close to the exhaust manifold. The EHMC quickly reaches high temperature levels due to the heat supply from external source, sensible heat of the exhaust and the heat generated by the exothermic oxidation. This in turn helps the faster light off of the main converter.

Air quality management in China: Issues, challenges, and options

Abstract This article analyzed the control progress and current status of air quality, identified the major air pollution issues and challenges in future, proposed the long-term air pollution control targets, and suggested the options for better air quality in China. With the continuing growth of economy in the next 10-15 years, China will face a more severe situation of energy consumption, electricity generation and vehicle population leading to increase in multiple pollutant emissions. Controlling regional air pollution especially fine particles and ozone, as well as lowering carbon emissions from fossil fuel consumption will be a big challenge for the country. To protect public health and the eco-system, the ambient air quality in all Chinese cities shall attain the national ambient air quality standards (NAAQS) and ambient air quality guideline values set by the World Health Organization (WHO). To achieve the air quality targets, the emissions of SO 2, NO x, PM 10, and volatile organic compounds (VOC) should decrease by 60%, 40%, 50%, and 40%, respectively, on the basis of that in 2005. A comprehensive control policy focusing on multiple pollutants and emission sources at both the local and regional levels was proposed to mitigate the regional air pollution issue in China. The options include development of clean energy resources, promotion of clean and efficient coal use, enhancement of vehicle pollution control, implementation of synchronous control of multiple pollutants including SO 2, NO x, VOC, and PM emissions, joint prevention and control of regional air pollution, and application of climate friendly air pollution control measures.