Vegetable Parchment Research Articles

Evaluation of traditional, starch nanoparticle and its hybrid composite for the Consolidation of Tracing Paper

Tracing paper was used since the 12th century. The deterioration of tracing paper occurs as a result of external factors (inappropriate environmental conditions), or internal factors (such as manufacture process). The manufacturing process plays a significant role in the deterioration process since the preparation of tracing paper includes impregnating with oils or resins, heavy beating of the pulp, and treating the paper with chemicals such as sulfuric acid, and zinc chloride. The consolidation process is vital in the conservation of tracing paper to increase its strength and resistance against improper surrounding environmental conditions. Starch in its traditional form had been used as an adhesive for tracing paper since the last century. This paper aims to evaluate the use of starch in its traditional form and nanoscale form in improving the properties of 4 types of tracing paper. Mechanical properties, change of color, pH value, Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and investigation of the surface morphology by scanning electron microscope (SEM) were used for the evaluation process. Thermal aging at 100 oC was used for the aging of treated and untreated tracing paper. The results revealed that the starch nanoparticles dissolved in water were the best consolidant for impregnated tracing paper. Starch nanoparticles with carboxymethyl cellulose dissolved in water were the best consolidant for the two types of genuine vegetable parchment paper. Starch nanoparticles dissolved in acetone with carboxymethyl cellulose were the best consolidant for modern tracing paper.

Factors affecting heat induced changes in khoa : A Review

Khoa also known as mava , khava or palghoa , is a partially dehydrated milk product, prepared by continuous heating and manual stirring-cum-scraping until it reaches a semi solid (doughy) consistency. Various physico-chemical changes occur in milk during khoa preparation. Heating results in denaturation of milk protein forming coagulated mass. Browning reactions viz . maillard (caused due to the interaction of lactose with protein) and caramelisation browning is induced in milk during khoa preparation. Elevated temperature also results in formation of heat degraded products. Microstructure of khoa as revealed by scanning electron microscopy consisted of protein agglomerated protein mass and void spaces in matrices. The shelf-life of khoa is two to four days under ambient conditions and three weeks under refrigerated conditions. Khoa is very liable to oxidative, microbial and physico-chemical deterioration during storage. The shelf-life can be enhanced by using vegetable parchment paper wrappers, plastic (polyethylene) film bags/pouches, laminated (preferably aluminium coated) pouches, tin plates, or cans in pack sizes. Several additives such as antioxidants (BHT and BHA), bacteriocins (nisin) and preservatives (sorbic acid and potassium sorbate and their salts) are also used to enhance shelf life of khoa .

A disposable electrochemical immunosensor based on carbon screen-printed electrodes for the detection of prostate specific antigen

A novel screen-printed electrode (SPEs) on sheets of vegetable parchment was prepared. The obtained SPEs were stable, convenient, inexpensive and suitable for large-area screen-printing. With these SPEs, we explored the fabrication of a novel, disposable and highly sensitive electro-analytical immunosensor using graphene nanosheets (GS) and horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-labeled signal antibody functionalized with gold nanoparticles (HRP-Ab2/Au NPs). GS was used to increase the conductivity and stability of this immunosensor due to its fast electron transportation and good biocompatibility. Au NPs could not only provide a large surface area for the immobilization of HRP-Ab2 but also enhance the electroreduction between HRP and H2O2 to amplify the electrochemical signal on the sandwich immuno-complexes modified SPEs. The proposed SPEs were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and electrochemical methods involving cyclic voltammetry (CV), and electrochemical impedence method. Using prostate specific antigen (PSA) as a model analyte, this immunosensor showed a wide linear range over 6 orders of magnitude with the minimum value down to 2pgmL−1. In addition, this immunosensor could avoid the need of deoxygenation for the electrochemical immunoassay. Thus, it provided a promising potential in clinical applications.

Effect of moisture content on tensile properties of paper-based food packaging materials

Tensile properties (tensile strength and elongation at break) of 3 selected paper-based packaging materials, such as a vegetable parchment (VP) paper, a Kraft paper, and a solid-bleached-sulfate (SBS) paperboard, were determined with varying moisture contents. The monolayer moisture content of the paper samples determined using the Guggenheim-Anderson-de Boer (GAB) model were 3.45, 3.01, and 3.18 g water/100 g solids for the VP paper, the Kraft paper, and the SBS paperboard, respectively. Tensile strength and flexibility of paper samples was greatly influenced by the moisture content depending on the paper materials and paper manufacturing directions. However, the tensile properties of the paper samples maintained up to the monolayer moisture content, which corresponds to the water activity (Aw) of around 0.4 at 25°C.

Thermodynamic Analysis of Water Vapor Sorption Isotherms and Mechanical Properties of Selected Paper‐Based Food Packaging Materials

Adsorption isotherms of 3 selected paper-based packaging materials, that is, vegetable parchment (VP) paper, Kraft paper, and solid-bleached-sulfate (SBS) paperboard, were determined at 3 different temperatures (25, 40, and 50 degrees C). The GAB isotherm model was found to fit adequately for describing experimental adsorption isotherm data for the paper samples. The monolayer moisture content of the paper samples decreased with increase in temperature, which is in the range of 0.0345 to 0.0246, 0.0301 to 0.0238, and 0.0318 to 0.0243 g water/g solid for the MG paper, the Kraft paper, and the SBS paperboard, respectively. The net isosteric heats of sorption (q(st)) for the paper samples decreased exponentially with increase in moisture content after reaching the maximum values of 18.51, 27.39, and 26.80 kJ/mol for the VP paper, the Kraft paper, and the SBS paperboard, respectively, at low-moisture content. The differential enthalpy and entropy of 3 paper samples showed compensation phenomenon with the isokinetic temperature of 399.7 K indicating that water vapor had been adsorbed onto the paper samples with the same mechanism. Depending on the paper material, tensile strength of paper samples was affected by moisture content.

La suppléance de la fonction rénale par l’hémodialyse. Un siècle et demi d’histoire

The replacement of renal function by hemodialysis (HD) demonstrated for the first time that at least the most vital functions of a complex organ could be replaced by a man-made device. The Founding Father of dialysis is the Scottish chemist Thomas Graham who in 1861 found that colloid and crystalloid substances contained in fluids could be separated by diffusion of crystalloids through vegetable parchment acting as a semipermeable membrane. He coined this phenomenon as "dialysis". Fifty years later, using collodion as dialysis membrane and hirudin as anticoagulant (ATG), Abel et al. in Baltimore performed the first dialysis in dogs with a "vivi-diffusion" apparatus shortly after named "artificial kidney"(AK). In 1924, Haas in Germany treated for the first time uremia in man with dialysis using a collodion membrane and a new ATG: "heparin". Disappointed by unsuccessful results achieved with HD, Haas gave up his trials in 1928. HD revived in the early forties when Willem Kolff in the Netherlands built a "rotating drum kidney" using cellophane as dialysis membrane. The first recovery of a patient undergoing HD for acute renal failure (ARF) was reported by Kolff in 1945, paving the way for a rapidly worldwide expanding treatment of ARF with dialysis. The concept of applying HD to patients with end-stage chronic renal failure (ESRF), first pioneered by Alwall in Sweden as far back as 1948, became reality in 1960 when Scribner, Quinton et al. designed an external arteriovenous by pass made of Teflon tubing which allowed a permanent access to the bloodstream without requirement of permanent anticoagulation. The Teflon AV shunt, later improved with the use of a silicone rubber material (Silastic) has been the cornerstone for implementing the long-term treatment of ESRF patients with maintenance HD. The next major breakthrough in this area consisted in the surgically created AV fistula performed in 1966 by Cimino, Brescia et al. which considerably reduced the complications encountered with AV shunts. During the following decades technical advances rendered HD safer and easier thus allowing its management by patients themselves in their home. The concept of HD therapy being assimilated with a pharmacological treatment led to its rationalised prescription and the evaluation of its "adequacy" with the use of a normalised efficiency index (Kt/V). The long-term survival of HD-treated ESRF patients revealed previously unknown numerous clinical symptoms and complications. Many of them turned out as being linked to the global "unphysiology" of HD therapy due to the absence of the regulatory functions of the normal kidney and also to the iatrogenic adverse effects generated by various components of dialysis systems. Clinical and laboratory research attempted at identifying "uremic toxins" of various molecular size and stimulated the development of dialysis strategies aimed at their optimal removal by more biocompatible membranes designed for both diffusive and convective procedures and for reducing the chronic inflammatory state involved in several pathological manifestations of HD patients. The availability in the late eighties of human recombinant erythropoietin as treatment of uremic anemia greatly improved the quality of life of HD patients. HD will continue to be by far the most widely used treatment for patients with ARF and ESRF for many years to come. Most promising developments currently in progress, using optimal miniaturization and nanotechnologies, aim at adding a unit with regulatory "tubular" functions to the filtration "glomerular" process provided by the current AK systems, both being ultimately contained in a single, wearable, implantable device which would thus perform functions closer to that ensured by the normal kidney. Year 2009 is in no way "the end of History" of dialysis therapy for renal failure.

Genuine Vegetable Parchment Paper: Effects of Accelerated Aging on Some Physical and Chemical Properties

Characterization of paper provides information vital to the preventive care and conservation of vast collections of paper-based materials in museums, libraries, archives and research repositories. Tracing papers, a relatively cheap material used abundantly by folk artists and architects, pose particular problems because of reactivity and instability inherent in their compositions and structures. Previous research published in MRS investigated the aging properties and the impact of conservation treatment on natural, prepared, vellum, and imitation vegetable parchment tracing papers [1, 2]. An additional group, that of genuine vegetable parchment papers, needs particular evaluation with respect to other tracing papers, since they are made by controversial production methods which while considered to be economically advantageous, are environmentally questionable. This technical study characterized three types of genuine vegetable parchment papers, assessing their relative degree of deterioration after aging and their reactivity to solvents commonly used with tracing papers to remove mounts and repairs. The parchment papers were compared optically (fiber, surface, and cross-section morphology; colorimetric, opacity, and gloss properties), chemically (FT-IR, SEM/EDS, and pH), and mechanically (tensile measurements) to provide baseline information on aging properties important to preventive care storage, and relative reactivity important to conservation treatment protocols. The effects of solvents used for conservation treatments (deionized water, ethanol, acetone, toluene, and ammonium hydroxide) were evaluated by comparing relative degrees of reaction (absorption).

Effects of Aging and Solvent Treatments on some Properties of Contemporary Tracing Papers

Abstract Contemporary tracing papers, also referred to as transparent or translucent papers, are produced by specially formulated furnish compositions and manufacturing formation processes that can make these papers reactive to solvents used in conservation treatments. An initial study to indicate areas of interest for further work was conducted. Four research projects were designed to determine (1) the various compositions and properties, (2) the degradative effects of aging, (3) some effects of solvents and techniques used for stain reduction and (4) humidification and flattening of contemporary tracing papers. Contemporary tracing papers can be characterized as transparentized either by fiber processing (overbeaten natural tracing papers) or by sheet processing, using either acid immersion (vegetable parchment papers); supercalendering (imitation parchment papers); or coating (vellum or prepared tracing papers). Although research is not yet complete, findings for this study indicated that aging resulte...

Use of DCI‐platine coupled to gas chromatography for measuring the transfer of organic vapours through packaging materials

AbstractA new technique uses DCI‐Platine coupled to gas chromatography in order to measure the transfer rate of organic vapours through packaging materials. Experimental results are presented for ethyl acetate vapour through two polymer films, a vegetable parchment paper, and a coated paperboard. The films allow vapour mass transfer even at low vapour feed concentrations (i.e. the concentration expected in the package) whereas the paper and, especially, the paperboard, need higher feed concentrations.

VEXED BY VELLUM PAPERS

Summary This article discusses the many varieties of paper manufactured to imitate vellum or parchment, or papers that allude to vellum because of their surface characteristics. These papers include vegetable parchment, Japanese vellum and imitation parchment.

Electrophoresis and immunoelectrophoresis in an agar gel-paper medium

The electrophoresis and immunodiffusion steps for an open, atmospheric-un-equilibrated system in dilute agar gel on vegetable parchment paper has been described. Studies were carried out on resolution and precipitin identification. Figures showing the attempt to identify individual components of serum were presented.

Egg albumin embedding: a procedure compatible with neurological staining techniques.

A water-soluble embedding medium for frozen sections of central nervous system and peripheral nerves which will tolerate on-the-slide alcohol dehydration, xylene clearing and synthetic resin mounting can be prepared by dissolving 20 gm of powdered egg albumin in 30 ml of distilled water. Formalin-fixed, thoroughly washed tissue is immersed in the albumin solution for several hours and then embedded in it. For embedding, a two-layered box is constructed with an inner layer of vegetable parchment paper. This is supported by an outer layer of aluminum foil with 6-8 perforations about 0.5 nun in diameter in its bottom. Hardening of the tissue-albumin block is achieved by formalin dialysis through the parchment paper when the box is stood for 24-48 hr in a layer of 25% formalin that wets only the bottom of the box. Frozen sections from such blocks are compatible with Nauta silver impregnations for degenerating axons, Cajal's gold chloride-sublimate for astrocytes and Pen-field's modified silver carbonate for oligodendroglia and microglia. These, as well as Nissl and myelin sheath preparations show minimal shrinkage and distortion.

BRITISH STANDARD FOR VEGETABLE PARCHMENT

International Journal of Dairy TechnologyVolume 5, Issue 3 p. 189-189 BRITISH STANDARD FOR VEGETABLE PARCHMENT First published: April 1952 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-0307.1952.tb01574.xAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume5, Issue3April 1952Pages 189-189 RelatedInformation

PACKAGING: V. THE GREASE RESISTANCE OF SOME COMMON PACKAGING MATERIALS

The grease resistance of a wide variety of packaging materials was tested before and after creasing and ageing, using a modification of TAPPI method T454 m-44. Kraft and sulphite were of little or no value as grease barriers even after paraffin wax coating or impregnating. Vegetable parchment and 'greaseproof' paper were superior to kraft. The grease resistance of glassine was 5 to 10 times greater than that of either greaseproof paper or vegetable parchment. Polyethylene, in turn, was considerably more resistant than glassine, and just slightly less resistant than all grades of "Cellophane", and cellulose acetate, cellulose nitrate, ethyl cellulose, Pliofilm, vinylite, and Saran.Creasing glassine caused large reductions in its grease resistance, especially when heavy basis weights were tested. Paraffin wax coatings seemed to be more effective in improving grease resistance when dense base stocks were used. On kraft, a heavy wax coating was necessary to produce a small improvement, while on glassine only a very light coating was required, to bring about considerable improvement in grease resistance. Ageing many materials at 140° F. markedly reduced their grease resistance. An exception to this was glassine, most samples of which had greater resistance to grease penetration after ageing. Neither ageing nor creasing appreciably affected the grease resistance of Cellophane, or the thermoplastic films tested.

Vegetable parchment for food wrapping

Journal of the Society of Chemical IndustryVolume 52, Issue 37 p. 747-748 Correspondence Vegetable parchment for food wrapping First published: 15 September 1933 https://doi.org/10.1002/jctb.5000523708AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume52, Issue3715 September 1933Pages 747-748 RelatedInformation

Vegetable Parchment for Packing Butter and other Dairy Products, by PAUL S. ARUP, M.Sc.(Lond.), Ph.D., F.I.C., Chief Analyst, Butter Testing Station, Department of Agriculture, Irish Free State

Vegetable Parchment for Packing Butter and other Dairy Products, by PAUL S. ARUP, M.Sc.(Lond.), Ph.D., F.I.C., Chief Analyst, Butter Testing Station, Department of Agriculture, Irish Free State

The analysis and composition of vegetable parchment used for packing dairy products

The first page of this article is displayed as the abstract.

Properties and methods of preparation of the anti-diabetic substance (glucopyron) generated by the pancreas

Repetition of several older methods of extraction of pancreas proved that with very slight modification any one of them was adequate to demonstrate the presence of the anti-diabetic substance. The essential steps in its preparation are: (1) destruction of trypsin; (2) precipitation of extraneous proteins; (3) concentration; and (4) removal of irritant substances. Banting1 and Macleod2 appear to have adopted exclusively the method of alcoholic extraction and have given the name insulin to the alcoholic extract. Just as potent and non-toxic extracts may be prepared with aqueous media. The active substance is not all in the final precipitate with absolute alcohol as stated by Collip3. It is non-dialyzable through vegetable parchment in four hours' immersion in running water; it is not precipitated by most of the ordinary reagents employed for the precipitation of proteins. It withstands boiling for 5 minutes in acid (N/10) media; and it may be adsorbed on several different reagents commonly used for this pur...

The Longevity of Bacillus Typhosus in Natural Waters and in Sewage

In a paper published in this Journal in 1904,1 Jordan, Russell, and Zeit detailed an extensive series of experiments on the longevity of the typhoid bacillus in water, in which simultaneous, though independent, tests were made on this organism as exposed to the waters of Lake Michigan, the Chicago River, the Chicago Drainage Canal, and the Illinois River. The methods used in this study and the results obtained were so different from those which have previously been reported that it seems desirable to test this question further, employing waters of different origin. The attempt was made in all of this work to approximate, as closely as possible, the conditions that exist in nature, and, for this reason, a marked change in technique was instituted. Heretofore, it has been customary for experiments on the longevity of bacteria to be made in glass containers, filled with sterile or raw waters. The conclusions based on work under these conditions have been shown to be erroneous, and in the work previously referred to, the method was adopted of exposing the typhoid organism in permeable sacs (celloidin and vegetable parchment), filled with the type of water in which the sacs were suspended. If, then, any variation occurred in the composition of the stream in which the sacs were exposed, the influence of such variation, if of any effect, should be felt on the imprisoned cultures within the sac. The results obtained in the experiments conducted on the Chicago Drainage Canal and other waters showed a marked variation in the vitality of B. typhosus. In the relatively pure waters of Lake Michigan, this organism could be recovered readily from the infected sacs, for a period of at least a week, while in the highly polluted waters of