Vaseline Oil Research Articles

RELEASING OF ACETYL HEXAPEPTIDE-3 USING A LECITHIN BASED LIQUID CRYSTAL SYSTEM

One of the promising areas of application of liquid crystal systems for medicine and cosmetics is the development of matrices for drug delivery. A relatively new technology for this is the use of lecithin-based liquid crystal systems, in which the smallest droplets of the aqueous phase are stabilized not by ordinary emulsifiers, but by a network of bilayers of surfactants, like those that make up the lipid barrier. In this regard, the lecithin / water / propylene glycol /vaseline oil system, which is non-toxic and biodegradable, was obtained and investigated. By finding the minimum interfacial tension of lecithin at the boundary of the water-propylene glycol mixture / mineral oil, the necessary concentrations of the components of the aqueous phase were selected. Phase diagram was received. The liquid crystal region was studied by the method of polarization-optical microscopy. It was determined that in this area the system self-organizes with the formation of a lamellar mesophase. The results of the study of the phase behavior of lyotropic liquid-crystal systems with incorporated substances contribute to an understanding of the processes of their delivery and to solving the problem of release, since the supermolecular structure is destroyed during the phase transition and the active substance is released. In this regard, acetyl hexapeptide-3, which is an analogue of botulinum toxin and widely used in cosmetics and medicines, was introduced into the system, and UV spectra of the peptide were obtained. With the use of the Franz diffusion cell, the release of acetylhexapeptide-3 through a cellophane membrane was investigated. The quantitative characteristics of the introduction of the peptide into the complex were established. Its prolonged action is shown when passing through the membrane. This system can be used as a basis for the transport of peptides into skin cells.

Olfactory Event-Related Potentials and Exhaled Organic Volatile Compounds: The Slow Link Between Olfactory Perception and Breath Metabolic Response. A Pilot Study on Phenylethyl Alcohol and Vaseline Oil.

Olfactory processing starts with the breath and elicits neuronal, metabolic and cortical responses. This process can be investigated centrally via the Olfactory Event-Related Potentials (OERPs) and peripherally via exhaled Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs). Despite this, the relationship between OERPs (i.e., N1 and Late Positive Component LPC) and exhaled VOCs has not been investigated enough. The aim of this research is to study OERPs and VOCs connection to two different stimuli: phenylethyl alcohol (PEA) and Vaseline Oil (VO). Fifteen healthy subjects performed a perceptual olfactory task with PEA as a smell target stimulus and VO as a neutral stimulus. The results suggest that OERPs and VOCs distributions follow the same amplitude trend and that PEA is highly arousing in both psychophysiological measures. PEA shows ampler and faster N1, a component related to the sensorial aspect of the stimulus. The N1 topographic localization is different between PEA and VO: PEA stimulus evokes greater N1 in the left centroparietal site. LPC, a component elicited by the perceptual characteristic of the stimulus, shows faster latency in the Frontal lobe and decreased amplitude in the Central and Parietal lobe elicited by the PEA smell. Moreover, the delayed time between the onset of N1-LPC and the onset of VOCs seems to be about 3 s. This delay could be identified as the internal metabolic time in which the odorous stimulus, once perceived at the cortical level, is metabolized and subsequently exhaled. Furthermore, the VO stimulus does not allocate the attentive, perceptive and metabolic resource as with PEA.

Thermooxidative Destruction of Solvent During Production of High-Strength Fibers of Ultrahigh-Molecular Polyethylene (UHMPE) by Gel-Formation Method

Changes in the chemical composition of the solvent (Vaseline oil) as a result of its thermooxidative destruction were detected and investigated by UV and IR spectroscopy. It was found that an absorption band at ~270 nm, corresponding to the chromophoric C=O and C=C groups, appears in the electronic spectrum and increases in intensity during thermal destruction of Vaseline oil while absorption bands at 1720 and 1740 cm-1, due to the appearance of terminal acid and aldehyde groups respectively, appear in the IR spectrum. The kinetics of the accumulation of chromophoric groups in relation to the experimental temperature was investigated, and a correlation was established between the intensity of the color of the solvent and the concentration of chromophoric groups.

Laser with the slurry active medium

Active media composed of the particles of solid-state laser materials are the subject of a significant number of studies since this approach can provide new solutions to the problem of heat removal from the laser medium. Powder from LiF crystal particles with F2 color centers (sized up to 1000 µm) immersed in a mixture of heptane and vaseline oil (forming an index-matched slurry) was examined as an active medium in a test experiment under Coumarin 120 dye laser pumping. The pulses of collimated radiation (beam divergence 2–5 × 10−3 rad) in the spectral region near 0.68 µm with duration about 10 ns and energy near 0.1 mJ were obtained at the output of the resonator containing a glass cuvette with the LiF:F2 slurry. Laser action of the active medium in the form of a slurry is reported for the first time to our knowledge. Further research of the slurry laser on crystal or glass particles is discussed.

THE INVESTIGATION OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF A CREAM COMPOSITION WITH THE SAPROPEL EXTRACT

Objective: The objective of this research was the development of cream with sapropel extract on the emulsifying base and the investigation of the possibility for cream samples to be in future applied in medicine, cosmetics, and veterinary.Methods: To carry out the research a set of methods (centrifugal, thermal, and potentiometric) to analyze colloidal and thermal stability and determine pH values of the tested samples were used. Organoleptic characteristics of the tested samples and possible signs of physical instability were studied. Rheological properties of the samples were determined on the rotating viscometer. The method of microscopic analysis was carried out to analyze the stability of the emulsion system.Results: The research outcomes revealed that all the prototype samples have thermal and colloid stability, neutral pH value, and consistency that depends on the content of the oil phase and the emulsifying mixture. The samples, containing 15% of Vaseline oil and 4% and 6% of emulsifier no. 1, have low viscosity indexes, and the sample with 10% of emulsifier has a rather dense consistency. The samples containing 20% of oil phase possess unsatisfactory organoleptic properties. Since the sample with 4% of emulsifier possessed low rates of viscosity and phase separation occurred during its storage.Microscopic studies have shown that the sample containing 6% of emulsifier no. 1 exhibits monodisperse and a uniform roundness of drops that indicates the stability of the system.Conclusion: The outcome of the research is the development of the composition of the cream with sapropel extract with the emulsifying base containing 15% of corn oil, 6% of emulsifier no. 1, and 1% of Cetostearyl alcohol and purified water.

EFFECT OF INCREASING THE ADSORPTIVE ACTIVITY OF CHOLESTERIC LIQUID-CRYSTAL COMPOUNDS IN THE FRICTION OF SOLID BODIES

It is found that, when solid bodies are in static contact with liquid lubricants containing surfactants and cholesteric liquid-crystal compounds, the behavior of their adsorption depends on the adsorbent nature and chemical composition. When copper, steel and glass powders are in long contact with oleic acid solutions in Vaseline oil, the additive concentration decreases, and in the case of solutions of cholesteric liquid–crystal compounds, their concentration in oil increases. When metals (friction pair steel–steel) are in dynamic contact, adsorption processes involving solutions of liquid crystal compounds occur by other mechanisms. The increase in the adsorption activity of cholesteric liquid-crystal compounds in the friction of solids is established. It is found that changing the concentration of liquid-crystal additives in the used oil due to the adsorption tribo-activity in the process of dynamic contact correlates with a decrease and a subsequent stabilization of the friction coefficient of the steel–steel pair.

Verbascum nigrum L. (mullein) extract as a natural emulsifier

Flowers of Verbascum nigrum L. (mullein) contain considering amounts of saponins which are surfactants with carbohydrates chain in their molecules. Hence, the mullein was used for water-oil (W/O) systems as an emulsion stabilizer. As an oil phase paraffin, rapeseed and Vaseline oils were used respectively. Emulsification and foaming tests were performed to evaluate stability of the emulsion system. Emulsification indexes (EI) were obtained after 24 h of W/O phases mixing. Moreover, EI indexes were determined after 8 weeks (E8w) of emulsions storage at room temperature. The impact of the plant extract particles size was evaluated too. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) and nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA) techniques were used for the hydrodynamic diameter (dH) measurements (average values of dH were 133 nm and 92 nm for DLS and NTA analysis respectively). Raman spectra of mullein extracts and zeta potential (ζ = −43.3 mV) were measured and compared with another selected saponins plant extract. The emulsification tests showed that the emulsion stability increased with the decreasing size of the surfactant (mullein) hydrodynamic diameter. The best stability of the investigated O/W emulsion was shown for Vaseline oil system. Moreover, high impact on the surfactant properties of V. nigrum L. has the particle size. The O/W emulsions stabilized by filtrated extract nanoparticles exhibit longer stability than crude extract. The surface properties and nanostructures size proved that mullein extracts can be considered as a potential stabilizer for hydrocolloid systems and dedicated for food industry.

Investigation of physical-chemical indices of complex action cream for treating wounded process of wounded servicemen

The aim of the work was to study the physical-chemical parameters (colloid stability, thermal stability, osmotic activity, homogeneity and pH) of a complex action cream for local treatment of wounds, with subsequent establishment of compliance with State Pharmacopoeia of Ukraine requirements for this dosage form.Materials and methods. In carrying out experimental studies, the authors used active pharmaceutical ingredients - metronidazole, miramistin (gift sample from Dr. Reddy's labs, Hyderabad, India), anesthesine (Merck, Germany), plant extracts (Aromatika, Ukraine) and auxiliary substances - propylene glycol, glycerol (Loba Chemie Pvt. Ltd., Mumbai, India), polyethylene oxide-400, monoglycerol stearate, cetostearyl alcohol, vaseline oil (Sigma-aldrich, Germany).Physical-chemical parameters of the cream were determined according to generally accepted procedures according to State Pharmacopoeia of Ukraine.The studies were carried out in five series (five samples each). Statistical processing of the results was carried out with the help of Statistica 6.0 package (StatSoft Inc., USA).Results. In vitro experiments using dialysis through a semipermeable membrane, it was determined that the test samples exhibit osmotic activity for 24 hours. After 24 hours exposure, the osmotic activity is 110.7 ± 4.23% and 118.3 ± 4.9%, respectively, for samples of placebo cream and cream. Screening of data on the determination of acid-base balance showed that the pH values of all the test samples of the cream lie in the range from 6.5 to 7.5 and correspond to the pH of the wound. The test to determine the uniformity of the cream showed that all samples are uniform at different storage temperatures for 24 months.Experimental studies of the thermo- and colloidal stability of the cream samples, obtained both immediately after manufacture, and those stored for 24 months under natural conditions and at temperatures recommended by State Pharmacopoeia of Ukraine, showed that no separation was observed in one tube. All samples were stable during storage, which is especially important for emulsion systems.Conclusions. Physical-chemical studies have shown that colloid stability, thermal stability, osmotic activity and pH of the cream meet the established requirements for this dosage form.

Determination of training conditions of fire-fighters in mobile training complexes

The conditions created during training of firefighters in the mobile training complex of the Polish company «Egeria group» are considered. Currently, the determination of the parameters of the gas environment created by the combustion of pure propane (C3H8), vaseline oil and nitrogen oxide (N2O) over a period of time remains a problematic issue. At the same time, the conditions, which are created when combustion in such cameras, namely, the approximate temperature, the composition of combustion products, their volume during training in mobile training systems remain unexplored. The determination of the amount of combustion products was carried out by solving the equations for determining the material balance of the process of combustion of propane at the maximum temperature created by the mobile training complex and room temperature. As the calculations performed in the mobile training complex during the burning of propane to obtain a high temperature, the oxygen concentration in the air will remain safe - 20.16%. This will gradually increase the content of СО2, N2 and H2O vapour, since the composition of the products of combustion in the percentage ratio will be: СО2 = 11.63%; H2O = 15.5%; N2 = 72.87%.

Enhancement of the Effectiveness of Extracorporeal Shock Wave Therapy with Topical Corticosteroid in Treatment of Chronic Plantar Fasciitis: A Randomized Control Clinical Trial.

Background:Chronic recalcitrant plantar fasciitis is a disabling condition. We presumed if shock wave could increase the permeability of skin and facilitate penetration of topical corticosteroid through the skin; the combinational therapeutic effect would be stronger than using shock wave alone. The study purpose was to utilize the synergistic effect of shock wave and topical corticosteroid in treatment of plantar fasciitis.Materials and Methods:Patients in both groups (n = 40) received four sessions of shock wave with the same protocol at weekly intervals. At 30 min before each session, we used an occlusive dressing of topical clobetasol for the intervention group and Vaseline oil for the control group. Pain severity was assessed with visual analog scale (VAS) and modified Roles and Maudsley score (RMS) at baseline and 1 month and 3 months after intervention. Plantar fascia (PF) thickness was measured with ultrasonography at baseline and 3 months after intervention.Results:One month after intervention, VAS morning showed significant improvement in intervention group (P = 0.006) and RMS showed better improvement in intervention group (P = 0.026). There was no significant difference between the two groups after 3 months in RMS or VAS score. PF thickness was decreased significantly in both groups, but it was not significant between the two groups (P = 0.292).Conclusions:This combinational therapy yielded earlier pain reduction and functional improvement than using shock wave alone; topical corticosteroid could enhance the effectiveness of shockwave in short-term in the treatment of recalcitrant plantar fasciitis.

Synergism of stable nitroxyl radicals and amines during the oxidation process of motor fuels and oils at increased temperatures

The alkylphenol Mannich bases (N-(4-methylphenyl)-N,N-bis-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzyl)amine, N,N-dibenzyl-N-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzyl)amine and tris-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzyl)amine), which are promising antioxidants for fuels and lubricants, were synthesized by condensation of 2,6-di-tert-Butylphenol with formaldehyde and amines (n-toluidine, dibenzylamine and ammonia). Mannich bases also were synthesized by condensation of alkylphenols with diethylenetriamine. The induction periods of the fuels and lubricants oxidation on the example of the vaseline oil at a temperature of 200 o C were determined by the method of oxygen absorption for the obtained Mannich bases and stable nitroxyl radicals (in particular 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-oxopiperidin-1-oxyl and di-(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-oxyl-4-piperidyl)isophthalate). It was found that in the case of the inhibited oxidation of hydrocarbons of fuels and lubricants, even at high temperatures (~200 o C), there is also a synergetic effect of stable nitroxyl radicals with the nitrogen-containing compounds, including the alkylphenol Mannich bases, which have −NH or β-CH< groups in relation to Nitrogen. So, the obtained results confirm the perspectiveness of the alkylphenol Mannich bases usage as the high-temperature oxidation inhibitors for fuels and lubricants (motor fuels and oils).

Monitoring of Adulteration and Purity in Coconut Oil Using Raman Spectroscopy and Multivariate Curve Resolution

This study evaluates the use of Raman spectroscopy with a multivariate curve resolution–alternating least squares (MCR-ALS) analysis to monitor the adulteration and purity of coconut oil. Sunflower, soybean, canola, sesame, corn, castor bean, peanut, palm kernel, babassu, mineral, and Vaseline oils have been used as adulterants in this work. Control charts were developed to evaluate the purity of an oil sample using the scores from the MCR-ALS analysis of a data set containing pure and adulterated oils. These control charts were able to detect the adulteration of coconut oil in a range of 2–30% with all the oils tested. Additionally, quantification models were developed using MCR-ALS with correlation constraints for coconut oil adulterated with sunflower, canola, Vaseline, babassu, and palm kernel oils. The models presented satisfactory results, which had absolute errors below 5%, for samples adulterated with sunflower, canola, and Vaseline oils. The babassu and palm kernel adulterants could also be quantified with a superior margin of error. The results indicated that using Raman spectroscopy with MCR is a clean and non-destructive method for assessing coconut oil purity that can be used without removing a sample from its bottle.

IR spectroscopy of organic co-crystals of 4-nitrophenol with 2-aminopyridine and 2,6-diaminopyridine

IR spectra of co-crystals based on 4-nitrophenol with derivatives of aminopyridines are studied within the range of 450–4500 cm–1. As samples, 2-aminopyridine–4-nitrophenol and 2,6-diaminopyridine–4-nitrophenol are chosen. The samples are prepared by two methods, i.e., by pressing of potassium bromide pellets and by coating of fluorite with a mixture of the sample with vaseline oil. Comparative analysis shows that the spectra of co-crystals differ from the spectra of mixtures of their components. It is found that some vibrations in the spectra correspond to vibrations of aminogroups probably involved in bonding between components in co-crystals, which confirms the formation of co-crystals.

Construction of tissue-engineered skin by culture of human amniotic epithelial cells on human de-epidermized dermis for the repair of skin defects in nude mice: an experimental study

Objective To evaluate the feasibility of repair of full-thickness skin defects in nude mice with tissue-engineered skin which was constructed by culture of human amniotic epithelial cells (hAECs) and fibroblasts on human de-epidermized dermis (DED) . Methods Healthy human amniotic tissues were treated with trypsin at a low concentration in multi-steps to prepare hAECs, and a two-step collagenase digestion was used to treat healthy children′s prepuce tissues to prepare fibroblast suspensions. When fibroblasts were cultured in vitro up to passage 3-5 and hAECs up to passage 2, they were seeded on the reticular dermal surface and basement membrane surface of the DED respectively to construct the tissue-engineered skin. A total of 20 healthy male nude mice aged 3-4 weeks were enrolled into this experiment, and full-thickness skin defects were made on the middle of the back of mice. Then, these mice were randomly divided into 2 groups by using a lottery method, and reconstructed full-thickness tissue-engineered skin grafts and vaseline oil gauze were used to cover the wounds in the tissue-engineered skin group and control group respectively. The whole body and transplantation sites of the nude mice were observed on day 7, 14, 21 and 28 after transplantation, the wound healing time and rate were compared between the above two groups, and skin tissues at the transplantation site were harvested at 4 weeks after transplantation and subjected to histological examination. Results HAECs had stem-cell characteristics and expressed octamer-binding protein-4 (OCT-4) and embryonic marker stage-specific embryonic antigen-4 (SSEA-4) . After 2-week organ culture, the in vitro reconstructed tissue-engineered skin showed 4-9 continuous layers of stratified epithelium, and the histological structure of the epidermis was similar to that of the normal human skin. Compared with the control group, the tissue-engineered skin group showed significantly higher wound healing rates on day 7, 14 and 21 after transplantation (57.49% ± 6.11% vs. 22.93% ± 4.26%, 92.80% ± 3.10% vs. 54.57% ± 7.94%, 98.83% ± 0.25% vs. 91.16% ± 4.79%, respectively; n= 10, t= 27.36, 32.23, 11.80, respectively, all P < 0.001) , shorter wound healing time[ (21.51 ± 1.51) d vs. (28.80 ± 1.14) d, n= 10, t= 42.23, P < 0.001], with the color of skin grafts closer to that of autologous skin on day 28 after transplantation. Histological examination revealed distinct stratification of the epithelium, obvious keratinization and favorable growth of cells in the dermis in the tissue-engineered skin group, but thin epithelium with some defects, indistinct stratification of the dermis, and inflammatory cell infiltration in the control group. Conclusion Tissue-engineered skin constructed by the culture of hAECs and fibroblasts on human DED can survive in nude mice after transplantation, resulting in a more favorable healing of wounds, and is expected to serve as a kind of ideal tissue-engineered skin. Key words: Tissue engineering; Epithelial cells; Dermis; Skin transplantation; Wound healing; De-epidermized dermis; Human amniotic epithelial cells

Влияние межмолекулярных взаимодействий лецитин – пропиленгликоль на межфазной границе вода / вазелиновое масло на характер образования самоорганизующихся структур

Влияние межмолекулярных взаимодействий лецитин – пропиленгликоль на межфазной границе вода / вазелиновое масло на характер образования самоорганизующихся структур

ESTIMATION OF INTERRELATION BETWEEN STRUCTURE OF SOME NITROGEN-CONTAINING ALKYLARYL-SUBSTITUTED PHENOLS AND THEIR REACTIVITY AND FUNCTIONAL PROPERTIES

The paper describes the results of the research of some N-containing 2,6-di-a-methylbenzylphenols as antioxidants, antimicrobial and antiwear additives to the lubricating oils. In the model reactions of oxidation of hydrocarbons it has been earlier shown the efficiency of some nitrogen-containing derivatives of α-methylbenzyl-substituted phenols. As it can be seen from the results of research of mechanism of inhibiting action of three 4-N-substituted aminomethyl-2,6-di-α-methylbenzylphenols they have approximate antiradical efficiency, К7=6-6.5.104 l/mol×s (60 °С), exceeding К7 of ionol (2.2·104 l/mol×s). The stoichiometric inhibition coefficients are f=2-2.6. 2,6-di-α-methylbenzyl-4-diethylaminomethylphenol has the highest reactivity and high catalytic factor. The same conclusion can be drawn from the results of quantum chemical calculations. To confirm the found regularities, they were tested in lubricating oils as antioxidants. Antimicrobial properties of the investigated compounds were studied in the composition of vaseline oil. The synthesized aminomethyl derivatives of 2,6-di-α-methylbenzylphenol at a concentration of 0.5-1% ensure the stability of the vaseline oil to biodeterioration, show antimicrobial, more antifungal activity. These compounds show better efficiency than the biocide used in practice - sodium pentachlorophenolate. The lubricating properties of the test compounds were evaluated by the wear spot diameter (Dw) on Four-Ball Wear Test Machine in accordance with RF State Standard 9490-75. Investigations of antiwear properties have shown that these compounds, along with antioxidant properties, have also lubricating properties. They are better than the known additive for the similar purpose - tricresyl phosphate in anti-wear efficiency. The analysis of interrelations of kinetic indicators (rate constant, stoichiometric coefficients), obtained in the model reactions of inhibition of hydrocarbons oxidation with quantum chemical parameters of inhibitors molecular structure (enthalpy, electron population, dipole moment) antioxidant and anti microbial properties of compounds in vaseline oil has been conducted..For citation:Babaev E.R. Estimation of interrelation between structure of some nitrogen-containing alkylaryl-substituted phenols and their reactivity and functional properties. Izv. Vyssh. Uchebn. Zaved. Khim. Khim. Tekhnol. 2017. V. 60. N 5. P. 51-56

ON COMPLEXATION IN PROCESS OF CHEMICAL COPPER PLATING FROM SOLUTIONS CONTAINING POLYVINYLPYRROLIDONE

A formation of multifunctional composite coatings with a copper matrix by chemical vapor deposition is an effective method of modifying the surface of metals and non-metals and the increase in the deposition rate of coatings. It is important that the copper complex compounds are formed during chemical vapor deposition coatings and are included in the coatings composition. During the work by methods of thermogravimetric analysis and IR spectroscopy the composite coatings with copper matrix obtained from solutions containing copper sulphate and polyvinylpyrrolidone were studied. The results of thermogravimetry and IR spectroscopy of these components were presented. Samples of composite coatings for IR spectroscopy were obtained as a suspension of the coatings in vaseline oil. Deposited coating was scraped off from the substrate, and then was triturated in an agate mortar with vaseline oil until they formed a stable not stratified suspension. These suspensions were analyzed. The samples for thermogravimetry containing copper sulfate and polyvinylpyrrolidone were obtained by mixing these components. The following proofs of interaction in polyvinylpyrrolidone - copper sulphate system with forming a complex of polyvinylpyrrolidone - copper and includings of this complex into the coating were obtained. The differences of thermogravimetric curves of the mixture CuSO4 5H2O and polyvinylpyrrolidone were established. They are softening temperature increasing in the polymer material on 30 ... 35 °С towards to the softening temperature of polyvinylpyrrolidone, the appearance of the endothermic process, probably associated with the interaction of the polyvinylpyrrolidone with the copper, and the increase in the thermal stability of the polymer component of the system on 50-60 °С, which can be also with the result of complexation of polyvinylpyrrolidone - copper. The estimated structure of this complex, which reflects the results of the IR-spectrogram of the composite coatings analysis was presented. The IR spectra have absorption bands with wave numbers corresponding to the stretching vibrations of C-H bonds in the aromatic ring of polyvinylpyrrolidone, the stretching vibrations of the group – CH2 - and C-N bonds, which are also typical for the polyvinylpyrrolidone. This indicates the presence of polyvinylpyrrolidone in the coating or in its complex compound. In the spectra of the coatings the absorption bands in the range of 1750-1250 cm-1 are presented, which correspond to the stretching vibrations of C=O in the aromatic part of polyvinylpyrrolidone compound, in particular, in the group -CONHR, but they are shifted on about 50 cm-1 with respect to the same bands in the spectra of polyvinylpyrrolidone solution. Such shift is typical for the complex compounds of polyvinylpyrrolidone - copper which caused the C=O bond deformation, which occurs during the formation of additional bond of oxygen and copper atoms: C=O ∙∙∙ Cu, and indicates the presence of such complexes in a coating.Forcitation:Serbinovskiy M.Yu., Vasil'yeva N.A., Popova O.V. On complexation in process of chemical copper plating from solutions containing polyvinylpyrrolidone. Izv. Vyssh. Uchebn. Zaved. Khim. Khim. Tekhnol. 2017. V. 60. N 2. P. 26-32.

The study of the Ukrainian pharmaceutical market of laxatives

Constipation is one of the most common reasons for visiting a doctor in the world. In different countries every third or fourth adult has constipation continuously or periodically. Laxatives (L) are OTC-drugs. Therefore, to simplify the choice of a laxative by patients, pharmacists and doctors the study of the pharmaceutical market of L is of current interest. Aim . To analyze the pharmaceutical market of laxatives in Ukraine. Material and methods . Data of ATC/DDD-indexes of the WHO Center on methodology of statistical studies of drugs, doses for L recommended by the manufacturer, data on the average retail price of medicines in Ukraine in August 2016 were used in the study. The methods of research were frequency analysis and ATC/DDD-methodology. Results and discussion . As the result of the structural analysis of the ATC classification and the presence of L at the pharmaceutical market of Ukraine it was found that the following drugs of group A06A were available to treat constipation: softeners (emollients), contact L, bulk-forming L, osmotically acting L, L in enemas and other drugs. The frequency analysis showed that there were 18 INN and 76 TN of L at the pharmaceutical market of Ukraine in 2016; among them domestic drugs were 55 %, and foreign – 45 %. Laxatives were supplied in Ukraine by such manufacturing countries as Portugal, Italy, Spain, Poland, France, Germany, India, Netherlands, Bulgaria, Latvia, Russian Federation and United Kingdom. The cost of the defined daily dose (DDD) for softeners (Vaseline oil) ranged from 2.94 to 3.39 UAH. The cost of DDD for contact L was from 0.60 to 3.90 UAH: for bisacodyl – from 0.60 to 2.82 UAH, for castor oil – 2.50-5.13 UAH, for senna glycosides – 0.84-3.20 UAH, for sodium picosulfate – 1.35-3.90 UAH, for combination of sodium picosulfate with a dry extract of senna leaves – 1.34-1.55 UAH. The cost of DDD of bulk-forming L ranged from 1.75 to 129.03 UAH: for L with Plantago ovata seeds ranged from 3.58 to 28.92 UAH, for laminaria – 1.75-1.97 UAH. The cost of DDD for osmotically acting L varied from 2.51 to 112.59 UAH: for magnesium sulfate – 2.15-2.51 UAH., and the cost for combination of inorganic salts – 112.59 UAH, for macrogol – 51.01 UAH, for lactulose – 3.75-18.74 UAH, for combinations with macrogol – 54,88-127,32 UAH. The cost of DDD for L in enemas varied from 33.39 to 129.03 UAH. The cost of DDD for other drugs for treatment of constipation was from 1.37 to 48.15 UAH: for glycerol – 3.44-36.49 UAH, for pruсalopride – 31.72-48.15 UAH, for others – 1.37-1.49 UAH. Conclusions . In 2016 there were 18 INN and 76 TN of laxatives at the pharmaceutical market of Ukraine; drugs of domestic manufacture prevailed, the ratio between domestic and foreign drugs was 1.2 : 1. The cost of DDD for L in the context of the minimum and maximum cost of generics ranged from 0.60 to 129.03 UAH.

A procedure for sensory detection of androstenone in meat and meat products from entire male pigs: Development of a panel training

This study represents a proposal for training sensory panels in androstenone (AND) perception in meat and meat products. The procedure consists of four main parts: (1) selection and training of a sensory panel (11 panelists) using standards with Vaseline oil media as carriers of AND and skatole (SKA); (2) developing a training method AND detection in meat; (3) dry cured meat product and (4) cooked meat product. All candidates were able to distinguish between AND, SKA and AND+SKA in Vaseline oil, order AND solutions with different concentrations and classify them in the three categories: low, medium and high. The panel was able to differentiate the meat in the three categories, but only the high level in meat products. Due to the individual features in AND perception, specific training for each type of product is required.

Synthesis of tungsten sulfide nanoparticles and their tribological properties as additives for lubricating oils

Tetrathiotungstates with different alkyl groups have been synthesized by an exchange reaction between ammonium tetrathiotungstate and tetraalkylammonium halides. Synthesized samples are analyzed by elemental analysis and optical and thermal methods. Nano-WS3 particles that are stable and soluble in nonpolar hydrocarbons are prepared by thermolysis of alkyltetrathiotungstates. The average particle size of nano-WS3 is about 10–100 nm and depends on the nature of raw tetraalkylammonium halides. It is shown that nanoparticles of WS3 are soluble in Vaseline oil (1–2 wt %) and exhibit antiwear activity.