Various Types Of Waste Research Articles

ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЕ ЗОЛОШЛАКОВОГО МАТЕРИАЛА И НАНОТЕХНОГЕННОГО КАРБОНАТНОГО ШЛАМА В ПРОИЗВОДСТВЕ КИРПИЧА НА ОСНОВЕ БЕЙДЕЛЛИТОВОЙ ГЛИНЫ

The issues of industrial waste disposal are one of the priorities of the environmental policy of the regional authorities, in the territory of which enterprises produce fabricated raw materials. In addition, the reduction in the reserves of traditional raw materials makes us look for new ways to replace it with various types of waste. The construction materials industry, unlike other industries, has unlimited possibilities of using waste, which is explained by the large scale of the construction complex, its materiality and the range of different products. In the present work investigated the possibilities for using the tonnage of waste: waste of energy ─ slag material and nanotehnologija carbonate sludge in the production of ceramic bricks based on rare ─ beidellite clay. The resulting ceramic bricks had high physical and mechanical properties. For the production of bricks as a binder and burning additives used ash-slag material Togliatti TPP. The presence of fine carbonate sludge in the raw material makes it less sensitive to drying, i.e. reduces the cracking of bricks. The presence of nanoscale particles in the system increases the volume of adsorption and chemisorption bound water and reduces the volume of capillary-bound and free water, which leads to an increase in the plasticity of the ceramic mass and a reduction in the clay binder in the compositions of ceramic masses. Developed innovative proposals for the use of multi-tonnage waste in the production of ceramic bricks, the novelty of which is confirmed by a patent of the Russian Federation.

CLOSED LANDFILL HEAVY METAL CONTAMINATION DISTRIBUTION PROFILES AT DIFFERENT SOIL DEPTHS AND RADIUSES

Various types of wastes are the main sources of heavy metal within a landfill system including metal waste components such as food cans, scrap metal, household hazardous waste and electronic waste such as batteries and old computers. The procedure that occurs inside the waste cells quickens that procedure for substantial metal draining from the waste component. This study comparing soil samples taken from four different sites in Selangor of closed non-sanitary (Sungai Kembong) and sanitary (Ampar Tenang, Air Hitam and Kubang Badak) landfills at different depths (0-30 cm, 30-60 cm and 60-90 cm) and radiuses (5-10 m, 10-15 m and 15-20 m), for ten heavy metals (Al, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb) to find the risk of heavy metal movement from the upper layer cell into the deeper layer. The data were analysed using ICP-MS (Perkin Elmer NexION 300X). Al and Fe displayed higher concentration at most of the sites with different volume of concentration at different depth and radius. Most of the sites consistently showed higher contamination in deeper soil than the upper layer of the soil.

GRAIN SIZE-RELATED CHARACTERIZATION OF VARIOUS NON-HAZARDOUS MUNICIPAL AND COMMERCIAL WASTE FOR SOLID RECOVERED FUEL (SRF) PRODUCTION

This article deals with studies on the grain size-related characterization of various types of waste for the production of Solid Recovered Fuel (SRF) for the cement industry. By implementing a suitable combination of the mechanical processes and adjusting the proportions of the waste types used, different properties of SRF in certain parameters can be set. In addition to the process technology, the treated solid waste types themselves have the greatest impact on the final quality of SRF. Here, the practical investigation for the characterization of various grain size classes generated of different solid waste types (packaging waste and commercial waste) used for the production of SRF is described. These investigations have been divided into a series of tests (12) with an industrial waste screen and in further tests with a laboratory screen and chemical analyses of all of the produced grain size classes. The mass distribution of the investigated grain size classes for each type of waste show significant differences. As assumed, the parameters calorific value and dry mass content of all types of waste increase with growing grain size. For most heavy metals and chlorine, no clear trend can be shown. For example, nickel accumulates in the commercial waste types in the grain size class 0 - 20 mm, in the packaging waste in class > 65 mm. The data on waste input material and generation of proper input waste mix is required for production of quality assured and homogeneous SRF for energy recovery in cement industry.

Pilot installation for thermal utilization of meat-and-bone meal using the rotary kiln pyrolyzer and the fluidised bed boiler

The technology of thermal utilization of meat-and-bone meal (MBM) is still at the research state. However, there are already a number of existing pilot-scale installations that provide the complete, effective and environmentally safe process conducting. The universal technology was developed that allows to combust various types of waste, including animal waste, municipal waste and sludge, mixed at any ratio with different types of biomass. It provides the possibility to utilize the waste-and-biomass fuel mixtures of up to 90%wt of moisture content, whilemaintaining the allowable pollutant emission to the atmosphere and soil. This regards mainly NOx, SO2, HCl and VOC. Contrary to the typical large scale grate boilers used for waste incineration, the developed operating pilot-scale plant with a capacity of 12MW offers the complete combustion of animal meal, resulting in a flue gas which is proved to be free of flammable gaseous components and sooty particles in slag and fly ash. The thermal decomposition and combustion of waste using this technology ensuresthermal conversion of chemical energy contained in waste and biomass intothe heat and electricity, while preserving the optimum thermodynamic efficiency of technological system. The efficiency of the prototype installation varied between 88.36 and 84.84% depending on the load.

The cost of keeping a hospital clean: Insights from a cancer hospital in East India

CONTEXT: Assessment of cleaning cost of hospitals is important for hospital administrators, infection control experts and housekeeping managers. Such data are lacking in the medical literature. AIMS: The aim of this study was to determine the cleaning cost of a tertiary care not-for-profit private cancer hospital. SETTINGS: This study was conducted in Tata Medical Center, Kolkata, India, which has 183 inpatient beds. DESIGN: This was a retrospective observational study. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Cleaning cost assessment was done from financial records over one financial year (April 2015–March 2016). The methodology involved taking into account the cost of various types of wastes (general, biomedical and microbiological), human resource cost (housekeeping staff salary), laundry cost, costs of cleaning equipment, cost of consumables (personal protective equipment, soap solutions, disinfectants, cleaning mops etc.) and the cost of water consumption. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: No special statistical tests were used. RESULTS: The cost of keeping the hospital clean was INR Rs. 49,206,015 ($745,546 USD/€668,854). This comprised 4% of the total operational expenditure of the hospital. The maximum proportion of cost for cleaning hospitals was due to housekeeping staff salaries (66%), followed by cost of laundry (17%) and cost of cleaning consumables (13%). The trend analysis of the multidrug-resistant organism (MDRO)-related bacteraemia rate during the study period (calendar year of 2015 and 2016) showed a slight reduction of Methicillin- resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Vancomycin- resistant Enterococci and extended-spectrum beta-lactamase and AmpC beta-lactamase bacteraemia rates. CONCLUSION: Keeping hospital clean is resource intensive. This is an essential strategy to keep MDRO infection rates under control.

Analysis of chemical parameters sourced from domestic waste in Lake Toba Region

Lake Toba which has a function as a water resource and ecosystem buffer area is also used as a place to dispose of various types of waste generated from agricultural activities around it, domestic waste from settlements and hotels, waste from fish feed leftovers in floating net cages, tourism waste and water transportation. Quality of water in Toba lake decreased from classify water Quality Criteria Class I to Class II based on Government Regulation No. 82 of 2001 water quality management and water pollution control. It is necessary to analyze the types of pollutants that are most dominantly produced by domestic waste so that the management efforts carried out can be right on target. This research was conducted in Lake Toba area, and used purposive sampling technique that is taking a number of 15 samples sourced from domestic waste. Samples were analyzed at the BTKLPP laboratory in North Sumatra province. The results are compared with Government Regulation No. 82 of 2001 with Class II Water Quality Criteria. The most dominant chemical parameters were Zinc followed by Free Chlorine and Flour from three characteristics of domestic waste sources are settlements areas, hotels and tourist locations. The content of heavy metals such as Zinc in the waters decreases the quality of the environment and impacts on aquatic biota. Lake Toba as a source of clean water and drinking water cause impact on public health. Sustain domestic waste management efforts need to be done so that Lake Toba are safe for living things

Assessment of selected metal trace elements from industrial activities in the agricultural surface soil of Menzel Bourguiba (Tunisia)

In this article, we assess the levels of nickel (Ni), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), zinc (Zn), and iron (Fe) in 28 soil surface samples around Elfouledh Iron and Steel Factory, the old discharge area and the wastewater treatment plant (domestic wastewater treatment) which are considered the direct discharge sources of various types of waste into the soil. The concentrations of these metal trace elements (MTEs) were 678 mg/kg for Pb, 447 mg/kg for Zn, 435 mg/kg for Ni, 181 mg/kg for Cr, 27,106 mg/kg for Fe, 645 mg/kg for Cu, and 2.225 mg/kg for Cd. In fact, in many sampling points, the concentration of MTEs was higher than the critical values of the AFNOR U44041 soil quality standard, especially those collected near the industrial facilities. The principal component analysis revealed two possible anthropogenic origins for the MTEs in the soil: industrial (Fe, Pb, Zn, Cu, Cr, and Ni) and agricultural activities (Cd). The values of the pollution index (PI) and the geoaccumulation index (Igeo) indicate that these soils are deeply contaminated with these trace elements. Accordingly, these results show that installing industrial facilities near agricultural zones could have serious and damaging effects on the soil. Metals resulting from industrial activities can affect soils, water sources and thus the environment and human health. Overall, this study provides a broad understanding that will help take active measures in terms of environmental protection.

A Study on VS Removal Efficiency and Methane Emission in Combined Anaerobic Digestion of Livestock Manure and Food Waste

Livestock manure treatments have become a more serious problem because massive environmental pollutions such as green and red tides caused by non-point pollution sources from livestock manures have emerged as a serious social issue. In addition, more food wastes are being produced due to population growth and increased income level. Since the London Convention has banned the ocean dumping of wastes, some other waste treatment methods for land disposal had to be developed and applied. At the same time, researches have been conducted to develop alternative energy sources from various types of wastes. As a result, anaerobic digestion as a waste treatment method has become an attractive solution. In this study has three objectives: first, to identify the physical properties of the mixture of livestock wastewater and food waste when combining food waste treatment with the conventional livestock manure treatment based on anaerobic mesophilic digestion; second, to find the ideal ratio of waste mixture that could maximize the collection efficiency of methane (CH4) from the anaerobic digestion process; and third, to promote CH4 production by comparing the biodegradability. As a result of comparing the reactors R1, R2, and R3, each containing a mixture of food waste and livestock manure at the ratio of 5:5, 7:3, and 3:7, respectively, R2 showed the optimum treatment efficiencies for the removal of Total Solids (TS) and Volatile Solids (VS), CH4 production, and biodegradability.

Understanding greening supply chains: Proximity analysis can help

Supply chain management seeks efficiency. Inefficiencies cause various types of waste and commensurate costs. Supply chain actors differ resulting in proximity issues. Proximity is introduced here as distances on four dimensions; organizational, geographical, cognitive and technological proximity. Industry 4.0 concepts can improve or even worsen each of the introduced proximity dimensions their influence on green supply chains. We propose a need for investigation at the nexus of Industry 4.0 and greening supply chains; proximity analysis provides a vehicle for this investigation.

Fuel Granules Based on Organic and Industrial Waste

The production of fuel granules on the basis of various types of waste (wood shavings, spent malt, peat, sunflower husks, leaves, and carbon black) is considered. The calorific value and ash content of the granules are determined in comprehensive tests. A model is proposed for the multistage combustion of fuel granules.

Trichoderma viride (MTCC 800): a potential candidate for agri-horti waste utilization by solid state fermentation

Waste management is one of the major environmental concerns globally. Meaningful utilization of various types of wastes for the production of useful products not only provides added economic benefits through variety of products but is also helpful in minimizing the environmental pollution. Trichoderma viride, a well-known fungus, has been used in the past for production of enzymes like proteases, cellulases and chitinase besides various beneficial biological activities, i.e., mycoremediation, mycoparasitism and for increasing soil fertility. In the present investigation, biodegradation potential of T. viride (MTCC-800) was evaluated by solid state fermentation using wastes like pomace, floral waste, plant litter, vegetable refuse, sawdust and sugarcane bagasse. The fungus degraded all the waste materials including sawdust that contain toxic compounds. Among all agri-horti wastes used, maximum growth of T. viride was recorded in vegetable refuse (58.16%) followed by sugarcane bagasse (48.76%) and others. The results of the present investigation, indicate that T. viride can be a potential candidate for meaningful utilization of industrial and other wastes and if. Successful at large scale it can not only help in reduction of environmental pollution but can also be a better substitute for chemical fertilizers and pesticides besides economic gains.

Corrosion performance of Cr3C2-NiCr+0.2%Zr coated super alloys under actual medical waste incinerator environment

Incineration techniques are widely used to dispose of various types of waste which lead to formation of very corrosive environment. Such corrosive environment leads to the degradation of the alloys used in these areas. To obviate this problem, zirconium modified Cr3C2-(NiCr) coating powder has been deposited on three superalloys namely Superni 718, Superni 600 and Superco 605 using Detonation gun technique. Corrosion test was conducted in actual medical waste incinerator environment. The samples were hung inside the secondary chamber operated at 1050°C for 1000h under cyclic condition. Corrosion kinetics was monitored using the weight gain measurements and thickness loss. Corrosion products were characterized using scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction technique. It was observed that coating is found to be successful in impeding the corrosion problem in superalloys.

Analysis of Ground Water Quality and Leachate of Surrounding Mavallipura Msw Site Bangalore

The experiment was conducted in Mavallipura MSW dumping site, located at N 13º O6' 36" and East 77º 31' 38.8" longitude, Bangalore North covering an area of 300 Ha Bangalore North. Due to the industrialization and urbanization, various types of wastes produced from the city are dumped in low lying areas and outside the cities without proper treatment and engineering controls. As water percolates through MSW, it makes leachate that consists of decomposing organic matter combined with iron, mercury, lead, zinc, nickel, cadmium, copper, and Manganese, which is cause for the groundwater contamination in the nearby areas of the dumpsite. So there is a need for groundwater analysis around the dumpsite to know what extent groundwater has been contaminated. The wastes may solid, liquid, @ semisolids, from industries and domestic areas. Leachate and groundwater samples were collected from municipal solid waste dumpsite of Mamallapuram which comes under Bruhat Bangalore Mahanagara like Bangalore. The water samples are collected within the radius of 2 km around the solid waste dumping site for study. The results of physicochemical analysis of the subsurface water samples indicated that the normal water suitable for drinking needs magnesium 50mg/l and whereas the samples drawn from this site was 495.97mg/l. The electrical conductivity of sample water was reached up to 4720 μs/cm as against 2500 for normal water. The total hardness in sample water was 510.48mg/l against the 350mg/l in normal water. Similarly for other parameters assess were sodium, nitrate, and TDS which were found to be 1906.5mg/l, 141.67mg/l and 2734mg/l respectively against the normal water contents 200,50 and 500mg/l respectively. The leachate was also analyzed and it was found that magnesium was reached at 740mg/l, electrical conductivity is very high to the tune of 46400 μs/cm. The total hardness in the leachate was 1300mg/l and nitrate was reached to 257mg/l based on this study it is concluded that the underground water is fully contaminated which is not fit for drinking in future days.

The influence of post-consumer car mats waste on selected concrete parameters

In recent years, a systematic increase of various types of wastes has been observed, including polymeric wastes that, to a large degree, are difficult to manage. The present paper deals with the problem of car mats wastes and the possibility of their application for producing concrete composites. The scope of the research involved designing and making concrete mixtures modified by waste rubber retrieved from rubber car mats. For the experiment the authors used: Portland cement CEM I 42,5R, sand, gravel aggregate of the 2-8 and 8-16 fractions, water, plasticizing and aerating admixture and car mats wastes fragmented into 0-2 mm and 2-8 mm. The authors made 4 series of concrete samples modified by wastes, for which the following factors have been assigned: compression strength after 7 and 28 days of maturing, absorptivity, frost resistance F100 of freezing and thawing and bulk density. In two samples’ composition (S1 and S2) the authors used 2-8 mm fraction rubber wastes as a substitute for 2-8 mm gravel in the amount of 5% and 7,5% of the cement bulk, making the density correction of 2-8 gravel. In contrast, in the remaining two samples S3 and S4 were modified by rubber wastes of the 0-8 mm fraction in the amount of 5% and 10%, respectively, of the cement bulk, subtracting a certain amount of the aggravate mixture at the same time. The research conducted for the series of the designed concrete samples, unfortunately did not confirm the thesis that rubber wastes retried from rubber car mats could be reused as the aggravate substitute.

Development of eco-friendly mortars incorporating glass and shell powders

Nowadays, since thermal insulation, enhanced mechanical properties and durability have become extremely important in construction elements. The concept of developing new economical and eco-friendly mortars that incorporate various types of wastes as a partial replacement of cement and sand has gained a great interest. In this paper, sand was partially substituted (20, 40 and 60% by weight) with either glass powder or mussel shells powder with water to cement ratio of 0.6. Mortar’s thermal conductivity, volumetric heat capacity, compressive strength and resistance to chloride ingress were evaluated and compared with those of ordinary mortar. Glass powder and mussel shells can improve thermal insulation by reducing their thermal conductivity. An optimum ratio 40% by weight of glass powder improves compressive strength of mortars. Besides, High glass powder content can significantly improve mortars resistance to chloride penetration.

Enzymatic activity as an indicator of regeneration processes in degraded soil reclaimed with various types of waste

Soil material sampled from a reclamation experiment established in a former “Jeziórko” Sulphur Mine was analysed. The reclamation was carried out on a soil-less substrate with a particle size distribution of slightly loamy sand characterised by high acidity and poor sorption capacity. The different variants of the experiment consisted in the addition of post-flotation lime, mineral fertilisation, sewage sludge, and mineral wool to the reclaimed soil-less substrate. Next, the plots prepared in this way were sown with a mixture of grasses. A plot without any reclamation treatments served as a control. The analyses consisted in the determination of soil enzymatic parameters. The results obtained revealed a positive effect of the reclamation treatments on the analysed properties. All wastes and combinations thereof introduced into the degraded substrate stimulated catalase, protease, and urease activity. The activity of the other enzymes, i.e. dehydrogenases and acid phosphatase, as well as the level of fluorescein diacetate hydrolysis increased only in objects treated with sewage sludge. In turn, in objects receiving mineral fertilisation, a decline in the acid phosphatase activity was noted. In objects treated with mineral wool, the level of stimulation was dependent on the mode of application of this additive. In general, a mixture of 500 m3 ha−1 of mineral wool with the substrate proved more beneficial (with the exception of the acid phosphatase activity and fluorescein diacetate hydrolysis). A higher increase in the analysed enzymatic parameters was also found in objects treated with sewage sludge combined with post-flotation lime than in objects where sewage sludge was used alone.

Closing the Loop: Key Role of Iron in Metal-Bearing Waste Recycling

AbstractThe role of iron in metal-bearing waste bioleaching was studied. Four various types of waste (printed circuit boards (PCBs), Ni-Cd batteries, alkaline batteries and Li-ion batteries) were treated by bioleaching using the acidophilic bacteria A. ferrooxidans and A. thiooxidans (separately or in mixture). Role of main leaching agents (Fe3+ions or sulphuric acid) was simulated in abiotic experiments. Results showed that oxidation abilities of Fe3+ions were crucial for recovery of Cu and Zn from PCBs, with the efficiencies of 88% and 100%, respectively. To recover 68% of Ni from PCBs, and 55% and 100% of Ni and Cd, respectively, from Ni-Cd batteries both oxidation action and hydrolysis of Fe3+were required. The importance of Fe2+ions as a reducing agent was showed in bioleaching of Co from Li-ion batteries and Mn from alkaline batteries. The efficiency of the processes has increased by 70% and 40% in Co and Mn bioleaching, respectively, in the presence of Fe2+ions. Based on the results we suggest the integrated biometallurgical model of metal-bearing waste recycling in the effort to develop zero-waste and less energy-dependent technologies.

Hydrocavitational activation in the technologies of production and combustion of composite fuels

Special methods and means for production and use of new types of liquid composite fuels with addition of industrial wastes of various origins were developed and scientifically substantiated. The studies enabled production of composite fuels with improved physical and chemical qualities. For this purpose, a rotary cavitation device for tryout of hydrocavitational activation of fuel components was worked out. The possibility of introduction of various industrial wastes including ecologically hazardous wastes of various origins into production of composite fuels was proved. Comprehensive studies of producing and burning composite fuels with application of methods for activation of physical and chemical processes were carried out. Liquid composite fuels obtained on the basis of “classical” hydrocarbons with addition of various types of waste meet present-day energy, environmental and consumer requirements. The developed technology of burning composite fuels is helpful for solving the environmental problem of recycling industrial waste and the problem of generation of a cheaper thermal energy. The proposed technological approach is universal and applicable for utilization and neutralization of organic and mineral wastes of various origins using hydrocavitational activation methods at the stages of production and combustion of composite fuels. Theoretical studies of hydrodynamics of flow of a viscous incompressible fluid in channels of a complex shape have enabled design of new types of atomizers and hydrocavitational activators

Plasma Gasification of Two Waste Streams: Municipal Solid Waste and Hazardous Waste from the Oil and Gas Industry

This study assesses the practicality of plasma co-gasification of municipal solid waste (MSW) and hazardous carbonaceous waste of the oil and gas industry. Various studies have shown that plasma gasification could be regarded as an efficient energy recovery method for both MSW and carbonaceous waste. As the economy of the Gulf states is driven by oil and gas industry, Petroleum Hazardous Waste (PHW) produced in the area has a huge environmental footprint aside from the MSW, and thus the Emirate of Abu Dhabi is taken here as a case study. A plasma gasification simulation model is developed within the environment of Aspen Plus comprising the gasifier and the entire power plant of an integrated plasma gasification combined cycle (IPGCC). Given the feedstock distribution and characteristics in the Emirate of Abu Dhabi, various parametric studies subjected to different co-gasification of MSW and PHC fractions are considered under different plasma gases, being air, oxygen, and steam. The results revealed that 81 MW of electric power could be generated at an efficiency of 33.63% by processing 1,338 tons per day of mixed waste consisting of 90% MSW and 10% PHW. The results showed efficiency higher than the common incineration waste to energy technologies with the additional flexibility to accommodate various types of waste. Moreover, the IPGCC plant efficiency is significantly increased by co-gasifying PHW with MSW.

Vinasse biogas for energy generation in Brazil: An assessment of economic feasibility, energy potential and avoided CO2 emissions

Energy recovery from waste is one of the strategies that can assist the expansion of renewable energy in Brazil. Among the various types of waste, vinasse, which is a residue that contains a high organic load, originates from the sugarcane industry, which is a very important industry for the Brazilian economy. Due to high levels of sugarcane harvesting in the country and the production of large amounts of ethanol, vinasse is produced at high levels in Brazil. In this context, this paper presents an energy analysis of the avoided carbon dioxide emissions and economic viability associated with the combustion of biogas produced by the anaerobic digestion of the vinasse that results from the use of sugar cane planted in Brazil. Based on the literature review, data related to the process of biogas production from anaerobic digestion of the vinasse were collected and used for the calculation of the energy potential associated. The results show that to achieve economic viability for the use of this waste for energy, the following plantation areas would be required, considering their processed sugarcane equivalents: 14,580 ha (if considering the processing of sugarcane in attached plants), and 6000 ha (if considering the processing of sugarcane in autonomous plants). The total energy potential of this use may reach 3.26 TWhe/y, which represents 0.52% of all domestic energy consumption in 2014. The potential to avoid emissions from the same use could reach 1.9 Mt CO2/y, which is approximately 2.1% of the emissions for the whole industry in Brazil in 2014. These results demonstrate the environmental and energy benefits that can be obtained via power generation from biogas produced by the anaerobic digestion of vinasse and highlight the need to include the use of such residue for energy in expansion plans for the Brazilian energy matrix.