Various Types Of Drugs Research Articles

Developing Data Mining Prediction System for Health Center Medicine Inventory using Naïve Bayes Classifier Algorithm

Public health centers mostly use conventional methods in managing drug supply, usage, and demand data, without a system that can predict the number of drug requests. This research aims to develop a data mining solution by implementing a prediction system using the Naïve Bayes Classifier algorithm to predict drug supplies from the Koni Health Center, Jambi, to the Health Office Pharmacy Installation. The method applied in this research is a quantitative approach through the experimental method. The research data includes inventory, usage, and remaining stock of various types of drugs from 2017 to 2021 which are divided into four quarters. The results of this study show that the classification system using the Naïve Bayes Classifier method is able to classify data quickly and efficiently according to drug supply. The system test results show an accuracy of 73.91%, recall of 85.71%, and precision of 54.54%. These findings can help Puskesmas in optimizing drug inventory management, reducing errors in inventory estimates, and increasing accuracy in meeting patient drug requests.

Health disparities and injection drug use behaviors among adults with and without disabilities in the National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2015–2019

BackgroundLittle is known about the prevalence of injection drug use in people with disabilities (PWD) when compared by disability type and to other adults without disabilities. Objective or HypothesisThe prevalence of past-year injection drug use will be higher in adults with a reported disability than adults without any reported disability. MethodsThis study consisted of secondary analyses of data from the 2015-2019 National Survey of Drug Use and Health. The analytic sample comprised 214,505 US adults. Self-reported past-year injection drug use represented the outcome of interest. Disability status and socioeconomic characteristics were conceptualized as predictors, and sex and age were used as controls. ResultsPast-year prevalence of self-reported injection drug use was 0.24% (95% CI, 0.22-0.27) in adults without a disability but 0.66% (95% CI, 0.59-0.73) in adults with a disability. All disability types examined were associated with increased odds of reporting past-year injection drug use, but the strongest association was observed for disability related to difficulty concentrating (AOR, 4.90; 95% CI, 3.92-6.14). Adjusted odds of past-year methamphetamine injection were more than three times as high in adults with a disability, compared to those without a disability (AOR, 3.21; 95% CI, 2.37-4.33) and more than two times as high in adults with a disability for cocaine injection (AOR, 2.77; 95% CI, 1.84-4.15). ConclusionDisability status is associated with injection of various types of drugs, and a variety of disability types are associated with higher odds of injection drug use.

The Safety of Calcium Channel Blockers in Controlling Blood Pressure During Cardiac Surgery: A Meta-analysis of Random Controlled Trials

Background: Intraoperative hypertension is a very common critical condition in cardiac surgery, which may lead to myocardial ischemia, affect the smooth progress of the operation, and even lead to the death of the patient. Therefore, it is necessary to manage perioperative hypertension in cardiac surgery. At present, there are various types of drugs for hypertension control in clinical practice, and it is necessary to select vasoactive drugs suitable for cardiac surgery. Methods: A systematic search was conducted in PubMed (Medline), Embase, and the Cochrane Library databases to compare the safety of calcium channel blockers and other antihypertensive drugs in controlling hypertension during cardiac surgery, with the search ending in July 2024. For continuous variables, we utilized combined weighted mean difference (WMD) with a 95% confidence interval (CI) and risk ratio (RR) with a 95% confidence interval to assess both efficacy and safety. Results: A total of six randomized controlled trials were included, with a total of 1886 patients. There was no significant difference in mortality between calcium channel blockers and other vasodilators (RR=0.75, 95% CI: 0.45,1.26, P =0.28; I2=0%, P=0.75). Also, there was no significant difference in the incidence of atrial fibrillation (RR=1.09, 95% CI: 0.94,1.26, P=0.26; I2=13%, P=0.33). In addition, there were no significant differences in the incidence of myocardial infarction (RR=0.76, 95% CI: 0.41,1.39, P=0.37; I2=0%, P=0.55) and renal insufficiency (RR=0.92, 95% CI: 0.65,1.31, P=0.66; I2=40%, P=0.19) between the two groups. Finally, there was no significant difference in the incidence of total adverse events between the two groups (RR=1.05, 95% CI: 0.87,1.27, P=0.60; I2=0%, P=0.68). Conclusion: Compared with other vasodilators, there is no significant difference in the safety of calcium channel blockers in controlling blood pressure in cardiac surgery.

3D printed microneedles: revamping transdermal drug delivery systems.

One of the advancements of the transdermal drug delivery system (TDDS) is the development of microneedles (MNs). These micron-sized needles are used for delivering various types of drugs to address the disadvantage of other transdermal techniques as well as oral drug delivery systems. MNs have high patient acceptance due to self-administration with minimally invasive and pain compared to the parenteral drug delivery. Over the years, various methods have been adopted to evolve the MNs and make them more cost-effective, accurate, and suitable for multiple applications. One such method is the 3D printing of MNs. The development of MN platforms using 3D printing has been made possible by improved features like precision, printing resolution, and the feasibility of using low-cost raw materials. In this review, we have tried to explain various types of MNs, fabrication methods, materials used in the formulation of MNs, and the recent applications that utilize 3D-printed MNs.

The Effect of Raw Material Cost and Direct Labor Cost on Selling Prices in Manufacturing Companies in the Consumer Goods Industry Sector of the Pharmaceutical Sub-Sector Listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange

Covid 19 is a phenomenon that occurs in the world, especially Indonesia, in dealing with this phenomenon, of course the health sector is at the forefront of dealing with Covid 19, especially in the pharmaceutical sector which provides various types of drugs. With the large demand and scarcity of medicines and supplements to maintain immunity to avoid the spread of Covid 19, the raw materials for medicines have experienced a significant increase in prices. The Effect of Raw Material Costs and Direct Labor Costs on Selling Prices in Manufacturing Companies in the Consumer Goods Industrial Sector in the Pharmaceutical Sub-Sector Listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) is a research project the authors are interested in undertaking based on the phenomena that they observe. both individually or simultaneously. The research carried out is quantitative research with the hypothesis used, namely the two-party test. The analytical technique used is the Normality Test, Product Moment Correlation Test, Multiple Correlation Test, Multiple Linear Regression Test, Coefficient of Determination, T Test, F Test. Statistical calculations using SPSS Version 26.

Application of PLGA in Tumor Immunotherapy.

Biodegradable polymers have been extensively researched in the field of biomedicine. Polylactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA), a biodegradable polymer material, has been widely used in drug delivery systems and has shown great potential in various medical fields, including vaccines, tissue engineering such as bone regeneration and wound healing, and 3D printing. Cancer, a group of diseases with high mortality rates worldwide, has recently garnered significant attention in the field of immune therapy research. In recent years, there has been growing interest in the delivery function of PLGA in tumor immunotherapy. In tumor immunotherapy, PLGA can serve as a carrier to load antigens on its surface, thereby enhancing the immune system's ability to attack tumor cells. Additionally, PLGA can be used to formulate tumor vaccines and immunoadjuvants, thereby enhancing the efficacy of tumor immunotherapy. PLGA nanoparticles (NPs) can also enhance the effectiveness of tumor immunotherapy by regulating the activity and differentiation of immune cells, and by improving the expression and presentation of tumor antigens. Furthermore, due to the diverse physical properties and surface modifications of PLGA, it has a wider range of potential applications in tumor immunotherapy through the loading of various types of drugs or other innovative substances. We aim to highlight the recent advances and challenges of plga in the field of oncology therapy to stimulate further research and development of innovative PLGA-based approaches, and more effective and personalized cancer therapies.

Development of nanoliposome formulation of beta-carotene using high speed homogeniser method

Background: Beta carotene has hydrophobic and unstable properties. Nanoliposomes can package various types of drugs, including hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs, as well as biological substances such as DNA, RNA, and proteins. This allows for more efficient and targeted drug delivery, making it possible to formulate beta-carotene nanoliposomes to improve efficacy and stability. Objective: To formulate and characterise betacarotene liposomes using high speed homogeniser method and to conduct an accelerated stability test on betacarotene liposomes produced using high speed homogeniser method. Methods: Nanoliposomes were prepared by high speed homogeniser method with time variation of 3, 6, 9 and 12 minutes and characterised for particle size, zeta potential value, polydispersity index, encapsulation efficiency, and stability. Results: The preparation of nanoliposomes produced a yellow, odourless suspension with antioxidant activity, with particle size characteristics measuring 200-300 nm, with a polydispersity index of 0.2-0.5 and potential zeta values ranging from -25 mV to -30 mV, encapsulation efficiency value of 97% and morphology of liposome particles in the form of spherical globules with 500x magnification. Conclusion: Formulation with a time variation of 12 minutes has recommended characteristics with spherical shape having good particle size, polydispersity index value, zeta potential value and encapsulation efficiency value.

Drug-Induced Anaphylaxis Uncommon in Mastocytosis: Findings From Two Large Cohorts

Anaphylaxis is a common feature of patients with mastocytosis, particularly with Hymenoptera venoms. Hence, it is hypothesized that patients with mastocytosis may have an increased susceptibility to developing drug-induced anaphylaxis (DIA). Patients and medical practitioners are therefore concerned when there is a need to use various drugs. However, this issue has not been systematically investigated. To investigate the prevalence and clinical characteristics of anaphylaxis to various types of drugs among patients with mastocytosis. A retrospective study was conducted among 470 consecutive patients (18 years and older) with confirmed clonal mast cell diseases recruited from 2 independent mastocytosis reference centers. All patients underwent a comprehensive, individualized allergy workup with evaluation of the (self)reported drug hypersensitivity. The overall prevalence of DIA was 6.3%, accounting for one-third of the confirmed drug hypersensitivity reactions. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs were the most common elicitors of DIA (56%), followed by perioperative agents (23%) and antibiotics (13%). Anaphylactic reactions were severe in most cases, with 43% of patients experiencing hypotensive syncope. All drug-related hypersensitivity reactions occurred before mastocytosis was diagnosed. The prevalence of DIA in mastocytosis tends to be higher than in the general population, but is overall low. However, its severity is more pronounced. Our results suggest that patients with mastocytosis with a previous reaction to drugs should undergo a thorough allergy workup. Well-tolerated drugs can be further used without specific precautions.

A Critical Review of Nanosponge Based Formulation System from The perspective of Brain Targeted Drug Delivery

Brain tumor causes of millions of life every year due to poor treatment options. The blood-brain barrier prevents most of the treatment molecules to reach the tumor region. Tight junctions within adjacent brain endothelial cell lines including other components make the brain highly impermeable to all the unwanted and foreign materials. The antineoplastic drug molecules which has a molecular weight of less than 400 daltons and have less than 8 hydrogen bonds are only able to access the brain without any hindrance. Hence, most of the small and large anti-cancer drug molecules hardly can cross the barrier. To overcome these problems formulation scientists have adopted various strategies and techniques so that the intended drug molecule can reach the target region of the brain tumor. Among them nanosponges drug delivery is highly appreciated as emerging brain tumor targeted drug delivery. Nanosponges are tiny sponge in the size of nano range with a vesicle filled with various types of drugs. These kinds of the formulation can circulate throughout the blood and reach the target region where drugs are released in a controlled manner. This review article highlights the unique features of blood-brain barrier and novel strategies based on drug formulation to access the core of the brain tumor by overcoming the resistance rendered by blood brain barrier. In addition, it also demonstrates how nanosponges is emerging as one of the best options to prevail over various challenges associated with penetration of the blood-brain barrier.

Identification of kynurenine and quinolinic acid as promising serum biomarkers for drug-induced interstitial lung diseases

BackgroundDrug-induced interstitial lung disease (DILD) is a lung injury caused by various types of drugs and is a serious problem in both clinical practice and drug development. Clinical management of the condition would be improved if there were DILD-specific biomarkers available; this study aimed to meet that need.MethodsBiomarker candidates were identified by non-targeted metabolomics focusing on hydrophilic molecules, and further validated by targeted approaches using the serum of acute DILD patients, DILD recovery patients, DILD-tolerant patients, patients with other related lung diseases, and healthy controls.ResultsSerum levels of kynurenine and quinolinic acid (and kynurenine/tryptophan ratio) were elevated significantly and specifically in acute DILD patients. The diagnostic potentials of these biomarkers were superior to those of conventional lung injury biomarkers, Krebs von den Lungen-6 and surfactant protein-D, in discriminating between acute DILD patients and patients with other lung diseases, including idiopathic interstitial pneumonia and lung diseases associated with connective tissue diseases. In addition to identifying and evaluating the biomarkers, our data showed that kynurenine/tryptophan ratios (an indicator of kynurenine pathway activation) were positively correlated with serum C-reactive protein concentrations in patients with DILD, suggesting the potential association between the generation of these biomarkers and inflammation. Our in vitro experiments demonstrated that macrophage differentiation and inflammatory stimulations typified by interferon gamma could activate the kynurenine pathway, resulting in enhanced kynurenine levels in the extracellular space in macrophage-like cell lines or lung endothelial cells. Extracellular quinolinic acid levels were elevated only in macrophage-like cells but not endothelial cells owing to the lower expression levels of metabolic enzymes converting kynurenine to quinolinic acid. These findings provide clues about the molecular mechanisms behind their specific elevation in the serum of acute DILD patients.ConclusionsThe serum concentrations of kynurenine and quinolinic acid as well as kynurenine/tryptophan ratios are promising and specific biomarkers for detecting and monitoring DILD and its recovery, which could facilitate accurate decisions for appropriate clinical management of patients with DILD.

Omics and cell controlling technology for drug discovery

Knowledge Palette, Inc. is a start-up company that aims to overcome incurable diseases by applying the world's most accurate single-cell level and bulk level transcriptome technology to obtain large-scale data on the state of cells treated with various types of drugs and media, and using this information to highly control cells for improving human health. We are working on new phenotypic drug discovery and higher quality cells for regenerative medicine using big data. As one of its core technologies, the company is utilizing a single-cell-level whole gene expression analysis technology, Quartz-Seq2, which was originally developed in RIKEN. This technology received first place in accuracy of genes detection as well as marker identification, and was ranked No. 1 in overall score in the benchmarking in the international Human Cell Atlas project. By applying this technology to the bulk level analysis of ultra-multiple samples, it has enabled drug screening, analysis of human clinical specimens, and evaluation of numerous culture environments in a high-throughput way. This paper presents an omics-driven drug discovery and cell regulation approach that is combined with large-scale data and artificial intelligence technology.

Liposomal carriers: Development, evaluation, applications with its regulatory aspects

Liposomes are the initially introduced nano targeted drug delivery systems that have been successfully transferred and commercialized due to its high therapeutic index by its clinical applications. Liposomes are colloidal spheres that contain cholesterol, non-toxic surfactants, sphingolipids, glycolipids, long-chain fatty acids, and even membrane proteins and medicinal compounds. These are the most often employed drug delivery vehicles due to their size and amphiphilic characteristics. Drugs that are therapeutically active can be delivered easily using liposomes, including tiny compounds and macromolecules like proteins, peptides, and genes. These range from 25-1000 nm. It used for the administration of various types of drugs and the active substance to treat various diseases by targeting the site. It involves the mechanism of targeting the site without affecting the other cells that is majorly useful in the treatment of cancer. The major advantages of the liposome application are the protection of active compounds from degradation; the increase in circulation time and the possibility to achieve partial or total selectivity. The regulatory aspects are developed over time are described, followed by the lipid family, vesicular drug carrier systems. This review discusses briefly about liposomes and its advantages, disadvantages, types, methods of preparation with its evaluation and the regulatory aspects of the new drug and generic drugs.

Menuju Masyarakat Desa Sadar Hukum, Mandiri, dan Penduli Lingkungan di Desa Cijengkol- Kabupaten Bekasi

Abstract: The drug problem in Indonesia is still something that is urgent and complex. In the last decade this problem has become widespread. Evidenced by the significant increase in the number of drug abusers or addicts, along with the increasing disclosure of drug crime cases, the pattern of which is increasingly diverse and the syndicate network is getting more massive. The Indonesian people, and even the world community, in general, are currently facing a very worrying situation due to the widespread illegal use of various types of drugs. This concern is getting sharpened due to the rampant illicit trafficking of narcotics which has spread to all levels of society, including among the younger generation. This will greatly affect the life of the nation and state in the future. The behavior of some teenagers who have clearly ignored the values, norms and laws that apply in people's lives is one of the causes of the rise of drug use among the younger generation. In everyday life in the midst of society there are still many teenagers who still abuse drugs.
 The purpose of this service activity is to increase the knowledge of adolescents by educating them about the dangers of juvenile delinquency which will impact their future, one of the negative effects of which is the dangers of narcotics among adolescents. The implementation method that we do is the Communication, Information, and Education counseling method using Power Point media. And the results of the counseling that we did to students of SMK Negeri 2 Setu, Bekasi, namely being able to understand well and also look interactive and be able to answer questions that our group asked about the influence of juvenile delinquency and narcotics.

INTRODUCTION OF DRUG INFORMATION FROM DRUG PACKAGING AND LABELS IN THE COMMUNITY OF CIKULUR SERANG BANTEN

Indonesian society today has become accustomed to the use of drugs. This can be caused by various factors such as the development of the disease, the production of various types of drugs and supplements, in addition to the large number of pharmacies that sell drugs that do not follow the applicable rules and the start of the implementation of national health insurance such as BPJS has allowed people to get easier access to treatment. These developments have caused various positive and negative impacts. The positive impact that can be seen is that more and more people are starting to care about health by checking themselves into healthcare places. While the negative impact that may arise with the increasing use of drugs in the community is errors in using drugs. This can occur due to a lack of knowledge and information conveyed to the public regarding the use of good and correct drugs. Errors in the use of drugs can cause harm both to society and to the environment. This counseling activity is intended for the community to increase basic knowledge of drugs, namely recognizing drug signs and etiquette (labels) useful for reducing drug abuse and increasing insight into drugs on the market.

A Review on Formulation and Evaluation of Liposomal Drugs

A liposome is the drug delivery system used for the administration of various types of drugs or active substances essential for the treatment of various types of diseases. They play a major role in the target delivery of the drug to particular tissue without affecting the other body parts. Hence it is also called targeted drug delivery system. The term liposome means lipid body. It has been derived on the basis of name of subcellular particles, ribosome. Liposomes were first made by the British scientist Alec Bangham and colleagues at Babraham Cambridge in the mid- 1960s and they first published the structure of liposomes in 1964.Their size ranges from 25 to 500 nm. In this present review, we discussed about liposomes formulation, evaluation and their mechanism of action in the biological system.

Effect of probiotic drugs and their metabolites on the microflora of digestive canal of broiler chickens

The relevance of the study is conditioned by the growing demand of the population for safe and organic poultry products. Various microbiological preparations are used as therapeutic and preventive means and alternatives to the use of antibiotics in organic poultry farming. The purpose of the study is to determine the effect of preparations of probiotic microorganisms and their metabolites on the optimal composition of the microflora of the digestive canal, the general condition, and the liveability of broiler chickens. The effect of various types of drugs on broiler chickens was investigated: the probiotic LactoPharm LP12, the postbiotic Bacteriosan, and a bacteriocin nisin solution. The qualitative and quantitative composition of the microflora of the digestive canal of broiler chickens was determined by the method of bacteriological cultures. The disc diffusion method, using commercial discs with a minimum inhibitory concentration, revealed sensitivity to antibiotics. The effective effect of the new postbiotic Bacteriosan on the intestines of poultry was confirmed – no coagulase-positive Staphylococcus aureus was isolated on the 30th day of the experiment, and the lowest titre of Escherichia coli was recorded on days 30, 60, and 81 of the experiment. In terms of the content of lactic acid bacteria in the intestines of broiler chickens, the highest concentration was found in the experimental groups that used the probiotic LactoPharm LP12 and the experimental postbiotic by 21% and 32%, respectively, compared to control group. Treatment of bedding material with prophylactic drugs in poultry houses of experimental groups contributed to air sanitation and a decrease in the microbial background of the room compared to the control. The lowest mortality rate of chickens (-12%) was observed when using probiotics and postbiotics, due to the positive effect on the microbiocenosis of the digestive canal. When using an aqueous solution of nisin, the mortality rate was 14%. Thus, the use of the postbiotic Bacteriosan at a dose of 5 mL/kg of feed and the probiotic LactoPharm LP12 at a dose of 1 g/L of drinking water for seven days with a weekly break during the entire period of poultry rearing was experimentally substantiated, which will allow for effective prevention of infectious diseases and increase the liveability of broiler chickens

Surgical Treatment of Congenital Heart Diseases Associated with Pulmonary Hypertension in Adults

The outcome of treatment of adult patients with congenital heart disease (CHD) and pulmonary hypertension (PH) depends on the adequacy of diagnosis with a thorough assessment of hemodynamics and the correctness of the chosen tactics. Enormous success has been achieved, various classifications and algorithms for managing children and adults with this nosology have been created and are widely used. Thanks to the creation and widespread introduction into clinical practice of various types of drugs, the results of surgical treatment of CHD with PH have improved significantly. A new cluster of patients has emerged who can undergo palliative surgery against the background of irreversible pulmonary hypertension, leading to a significant improvement in the quality and life expectancy. At the same time, to this day, it is far from always possible to evaluate each specific case with full confidence in the possibility of performing surgical treatment. Modern advances in CHD cardiac surgery have significantly expanded the indications for the correction of defects with high PH in adults. Operability (implying normalization of pulmonary artery pressure) and indications for palliative surgery (without regression of PH, but with an improvement in the quality and life expectancy of patients) are still the main debatable issues.

Development and research of ointment with essential oil of thyme for the treatment of the scalp and hair parts of the head

Dermatological diseases are the most widespread in the whole world. According to WHO, 20–30% of the world's population suffers from fungal skin diseases and 25–35% from pustular diseases. Pustular diseases (pyoderma) are the result of pathogenic staphylococci and streptococci, and fungal diseases (dermatomycoses) are caused by various types of fungi. Today, these diseases are treated with various types of drugs, but the active ingredient in almost all of them is synthetic compounds (antibiotics, sulfonamides, imidazole derivatives, etc.). Medicines of natural origin are scarce. In order to increase the number of phytoremedies for external use (ointments), which have medicinal plant active components, a study was conducted using standardized essential oil of common thyme.
 The aim of the work was to study the effect of excipients on the ointment base by the method of mathematical planning of the experiment for the development of the optimal composition of the dermatological ointment with the essential oil of common thyme.
 Excipiennts for ointment bases of hydrophobic and emulsion composition were used to develop the optimal composition of the ointment. The concentration of thyme essential oil was 5% in all samples. The degree of thymol release in an in vitro study using the equilibrium dialysis method was chosen as the criterion for choosing the optimal composition. Excipiennts allowed in pharmacy, with known characteristics, safety profile, and application experience were used as auxiliary substances. Using Duncan's multiple criterion, a number of advantages were created: а7 > а8 > а9 > а10 > а6 >а2 > а5 > а3 > а1 > а4.
 On the basis of the conducted studies, the optimal composition of the ointment was chosen for the treatment of lesions of the scalp and hair. The studied organoleptic and technological properties and quality indicators (homogeneity, colloidal stability, thermal stability, microbiological purity) of ointment with thyme essential oil during long-term storage at a temperature of +2–+8 °C established the stability of the developed composition of the ointment during two years of observation. The creation of a new local remedy for the treatment of lesions of the scalp and its hair part will allow to expand the arsenal of safe and effective remedies.

Penerapan Data Mining Pada Analisa Pola Pembelian Obat Menerapkan Algoritma Hash Based

Along with the times, human life is also developing. Both from the mindset, perspective and way of life. The development of the times requires society to participate in developing following an increasingly sophisticated era. One of the developments that cannot be denied in social life is the development of increasingly sophisticated technology. So that in doing a business skills are needed in managing and managing a business in accordance with technological developments. The business of selling drugs or often called pharmacies is a business that is spread in almost all corners of the world, including in Indonesia. Pharmacy is a business engaged in medicine. Pharmacies sell various types of drugs that are likely to be prescribed by a medical doctor, or other drugs that are commonly purchased by the public. Here the author's case study is one of the pharmacies in the East Jakarta area. The sustainability of a business can be influenced by several aspects, but the main aspect that is very influential is business management. The database is information about all transactions that have been carried out in the business. Where with the previous sales database, business owners can assess which products are of great interest to consumers and which are not of interest to consumers. This can help business owners prevent losses in terms of expiration dates and manage stocks of goods. This management should be done by optimizing data mining by applying a hash-based algorithm. The Hash Based Algorithm is an algorithm that aims to find combination patterns of several alternatives with criteria or attributes that are used as comparisons by calculating using filtering techniques so as to produce an itemset combination pattern. Based on the results of research using a hash based algorithm, 3 itemsets were produced which became the top priority, namely B = Amoxiline, E = Amyl Nitrite and G = Biotin with a support value of 20% and 50% confidence

Review of the pharmacokinetics of nanodrugs

Abstract Nanodrug delivery systems (NDDSs) are a hotspot of new drug delivery systems with great development potential. They provide new approaches to fighting against diseases. NDDSs are specially designed to serve as carriers for the delivery of active pharmaceutical ingredients to their target sites, and their unique physicochemical characteristics allow for prolonged circulation time, improved targeting, and avoidance of drug resistance. Despite remarkable progress achieved in the preparation and efficacy evaluation of NDDSs, the understanding of the in vivo pharmacokinetics of NDDSs is still insufficient. Analysis of NDDSs is far more complicated than that for small molecular drugs; thus, almost all conventional techniques are inadequate for accurate profiling of their pharmacokinetic behaviour in vivo. In this article, we systematically reviewed the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of NDDSs and summarized the advanced bioanalytic techniques for tracing the in vivo fate of NDDSs. We also reviewed the physiologically based pharmacokinetic model of NDDS, which has been a useful tool in characterizing and predicting the systemic disposition, target exposure, and efficacy/toxicity of various types of drugs when coupled with pharmacodynamic modelling. We hope that this review will be helpful in improving the understanding of NDDS pharmacokinetics and facilitating the development of NDDSs.