Various Kinds Of Nanoparticles Research Articles

Recent Advances in Fluorescent Nanoparticles for Stimulated Emission Depletion Imaging.

Stimulated emission depletion (STED) microscopy, as a popular super-resolution imaging technique, has been widely used in bio-structure analysis and resolving the dynamics of biological processes beyond the diffraction limit. The performance of STED critically depends on the optical properties of the fluorescent probes. Ideally, the probe should process high brightness and good photostability, and exhibit a sensitive response to the depletion beam. Organic dyes and fluorescent proteins, as the most widely used STED probes, suffer from low brightness and exhibit rapid photobleaching under a high excitation power. Recently, luminescent nanoparticles (NPs) have emerged as promising fluorescent probes in biological imaging due to their high brightness and good photostability. STED imaging using various kinds of NPs, including quantum dots, polymer dots, carbon dots, aggregation-induced emission dots, etc., has been demonstrated. This review will comprehensively review recent advances in fluorescent NP-based STED probes, discuss their advantages and pitfalls, and outline the directions for future development.

Telomerase: a nexus between cancer nanotherapy and circadian rhythm.

Cancer represents a complex disease category defined by the unregulated proliferation and dissemination of anomalous cells within the human body. According to the GLOBOCAN 2020 report, the year 2020 witnessed the diagnosis of approximately 19.3 million new cases of cancer and 10.0 million individuals succumbed to the disease. A typical cell eventually becomes cancerous because of a long-term buildup of genetic instability and replicative immortality. Telomerase is a crucial regulator of cancer progression as it induces replicative immortality. In cancer cells, telomerase inhibits apoptosis by elongating the length of the telomeric region, which usually protects the genome from shortening. Many nanoparticles are documented as being available for detecting the presence of telomerase, and many were used as delivery systems to transport drugs. Furthermore, telomere homeostasis is regulated by the circadian time-keeping machinery, leading to 24-hour rhythms in telomerase activity and TERT mRNA expression in mammals. This review provides a comprehensive discussion of various kinds of nanoparticles used in telomerase detection, inhibition, and multiple drug-related pathways, as well as enlightens an imperative association between circadian rhythm and telomerase activity from the perspective of nanoparticle-based anticancer therapeutics.

Highly-Adaptable Optothermal Nanotweezers for Trapping, Sorting, and Assembling across Diverse Nanoparticles.

Optical manipulation of various kinds of nanoparticles is vital in biomedical engineering. However, classical optical approaches demand higher laser power and are constrained by diffraction limits, necessitating tailored trapping schemes for specific nanoparticles. They lack a universal and biocompatible tool to manipulate nanoparticles of diverse sizes, charges, and materials. Through precise modulation of diffusiophoresis and thermo-osmotic flows in the boundary layer of an optothermal-responsive gold film, highly adaptable optothermal nanotweezers (HAONTs) capable of manipulating a single nanoparticle as small as sub-10nm are designed. Additionally, a novel optothermal doughnut-shaped vortex (DSV) trapping strategy is introduced, enabling a new mode of physical interaction between cells and nanoparticles. Furthermore, this versatile approach allows for the manipulation of nanoparticles in organic, inorganic, and biological forms. It also offers versatile function modes such as trapping, sorting, and assembling of nanoparticles. It is believed that this approach holds the potential to be a valuable tool in fields such as synthetic biology, optofluidics, nanophotonics, and colloidal science.

Energy and exergy assessment of a flat plate solar thermal collector by examine silicon carbide nanofluid: An experimental study for sustainable energy

The main reason behind the inefficient performance of heat transfer devices was the use of conventional fluids with poor heat transfer properties. However, remarkable improvement in efficiency was observed in thermal devices when these fluids were replaced by nanofluids with good thermal transfer properties. Various kinds of nanoparticles were used due to their increased thermal conductivity. Such nanofluids are particularly exploited in renewable energy systems like solar collectors. The most frequently used solar collectors in thermal applications are FPSCs. The current experimental research investigates how the use of nanofluids of SiC/DW impact the efficiency of a flat plate solar collector functioning in the climatic environment of Gödöllő, in Hungary. Firstly, the synthesis of nanofluid based on distilled water that contained nanoparticles of SiC (with a size 45–60 nm) at volume fractions of 0.025 %, 0.05 %, 0.075 %, and 0.1 % was performed. Various measurement instruments were used to test the thermophysical characteristics and stability. In the subsequent stage, thermal and exergy efficiencies tests were conducted on the solar collector with a range of mass flow rates including 0.025, 0.033, and 0.041 kg/s in which the collector’s efficiency was calculated according to the ASHRAE standard 93–2003. This developed collector was subjected to different flow rates, and nanoparticle concentrations to find out the effect of nanofluids on the thermal and exergy efficiencies of the solar collector. The findings indicated that an increase of up to 30.3 % was achieved in the fluid’s thermal conductivity through the addition of nanoparticles of SiC. The collector’s thermal efficiency was maximised at 77.43 % when the value of [(Ti – Ta)/GT] was zero for a volume fraction (φ) of 0.1 % and mass flow rate of 0.041 kg/s, which represented a 35.53 % increase over the base liquid. Additionally, an increase of 37.4 % was recorded for the exergy efficiency at volume fraction (φ) of 0.1 % than its value in distilled water. Ultimately, the heat transfer properties of the device showed improvement.

Amelioration of Cancer Employing Chitosan, Its Derivatives, and Chitosan-Based Nanoparticles: Recent Updates.

The limitations associated with the conventional treatment of cancer have necessitated the design and development of novel drug delivery systems based mainly on nanotechnology. These novel drug delivery systems include various kinds of nanoparticles, such as polymeric nanoparticles, solid lipid nanoparticles, nanostructured lipid carriers, hydrogels, and polymeric micelles. Among the various kinds of novel drug delivery systems, chitosan-based nanoparticles have attracted the attention of researchers to treat cancer. Chitosan is a polycationic polymer generated from chitin with various characteristics such as biocompatibility, biodegradability, non-toxicity, and mucoadhesiveness, making it an ideal polymer to fabricate drug delivery systems. However, chitosan is poorly soluble in water and soluble in acidic aqueous solutions. Furthermore, owing to the presence of reactive amino groups, chitosan can be chemically modified to improve its physiochemical properties. Chitosan and its modified derivatives can be employed to fabricate nanoparticles, which are used most frequently in the pharmaceutical sector due to their possession of various characteristics such as nanosize, appropriate pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties, non-immunogenicity, improved stability, and improved drug loading capacity. Furthermore, it is capable of delivering nucleic acids, chemotherapeutic medicines, and bioactives using modified chitosan. Chitosan and its modified derivative-based nanoparticles can be targeted to specific cancer sites via active and passive mechanisms. Based on chitosan drug delivery systems, many anticancer drugs now have better effectiveness, potency, cytotoxicity, or biocompatibility. The characteristics of chitosan and its chemically tailored derivatives, as well as their use in cancer therapy, will be examined in this review.

(Nano)platforms in breast cancer therapy: Drug/gene delivery, advanced nanocarriers and immunotherapy.

Breast cancer is the most malignant tumor in women, and there is no absolute cure for it. Although treatment modalities including surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy are utilized for breast cancer, it is still a life-threatening disease for humans. Nanomedicine has provided a new opportunity in breast cancer treatment, which is the focus of the current study. The nanocarriers deliver chemotherapeutic agents and natural products, both of which increase cytotoxicity against breast tumor cells and prevent the development of drug resistance. The efficacy of gene therapy is boosted by nanoparticles and the delivery of CRISPR/Cas9, Noncoding RNAs, and RNAi, promoting their potential for gene expression regulation. The drug and gene codelivery by nanoparticles can exert a synergistic impact on breast tumors and enhance cellular uptake via endocytosis. Nanostructures are able to induce photothermal and photodynamic therapy for breast tumor ablation via cell death induction. The nanoparticles can provide tumor microenvironment remodeling and repolarization of macrophages for antitumor immunity. The stimuli-responsive nanocarriers, including pH-, redox-, and light-sensitive, can mediate targeted suppression of breast tumors. Besides, nanoparticles can provide a diagnosis of breast cancer and detect biomarkers. Various kinds of nanoparticles have been employed for breast cancer therapy, including carbon-, lipid-, polymeric- and metal-based nanostructures, which are different in terms of biocompatibility and delivery efficiency.

Heat‐Up Process: Road to Synthesizing Monodisperse Nanoparticles

AbstractLarge‐scale synthesis of monodisperse nanoparticles is highly desirable for practical applications of nanoparticles in various fields of emerging technology. Among colloidal synthetic routes of monodisperse nanoparticles, heat‐up process, which involves a gradual heating of precursor solution in a batch reactor, has received utmost interest after its successful size‐controlled synthesis of various kinds of nanoparticles. In this essay, we discuss the fundamental research regarding the synthesis of monodisperse nanoparticles and describe how researchers developed the heat‐up process. The mechanistic insights into this synthetic method and the discovery of size‐dependent properties of monodisperse nanoparticles are also presented. We further emphasize its great impacts on utilizing monodisperse nanoparticles synthesized via the heat‐up process for biomedical technology, energy conversion and storage devices, as well as electronic and optoelectronic devices.

Non-oblique stagnation point flow of γ-hybrid nanoparticles with ethylene glycol and water-based materials due to curved radiated surface

Sustainable thermal resources play a dynamic role in industrial and engineering growth and subsequently improve energy consumption. The attention of researchers toward renewable energy resource is subsequently improved with the interaction of various kinds of nanoparticles. This thermal contribution aims to explore the novel applications of nanoparticles with nonlinear radiative phenomena. The induced flow is subject to the stagnation point flow via curved stretched cylinder. Two famous base materials like ethylene glycol and water are considered which are significantly used in industrial and engineering phenomena as an energy source. The comparative thermal aspect for the suspension of and is focused. The thermal characteristics of nanoparticles and base materials are presented. The motivations for exploring the thermal impact of nanoparticles with ethylene glycol and water are justified applications in solar systems, energy production, engine oils, chemical reaction, and as a modified energy source. After altering the thermal flow problem into dimensionless form, the numerical computations were performed via Keller Box scheme. It is observed that the heat transfer rate is enhanced by increasing the solid volume fractions. The rate of thermal phenomenon controls due to the velocity ratio parameter.

Significance of Multi-Hybrid Morphology Nanoparticles on the Dynamics of Water Fluid Subject to Thermal and Viscous Joule Performance

Three-dimensional flow via swirling porous disks and an annular sector is carried out using fully developed hybrid nanofluids. Here, a single-phase simulation based on thermophysical characteristics using various nanoparticle sizes and shapes is taken into account. A regression function connected with the permeable Reynolds number for injection and suction was created. We used the well-known and accurate “shooting approach” to apply to the governing, nonlinear, ordinary differential equation systems to obtain numerical results. Additionally, parametric research was employed to control the impact of embedded flow factors on concentration, velocity, and temperature. While the physical features of the bottom and upper disks, such as the skin friction coefficient and Nusselt number, are provided in a table, their characterization of the flow of several regulatory flow parameters, such as fluid velocity and temperature, is depicted graphically. The experimental range of nanoparticle fractions of 1% to 4% is considered with the Nusselt number having notable effects at φ = 4%. Both walls demonstrate the effects of an increase in injection factor, shear stress, and tensile stress. As the Eckert number rises at the lower wall, the rate of heat transfer dramatically increases, and the opposite is true for the upper wall. The rate of heat transmission is significantly impacted by the addition of different base fluids containing various kinds of nanoparticles. The aforementioned research created a solid foundation for the development of electronic computers with an emphasis on nanotechnology and biomedical devices.

Nanoparticle-based single molecule fluorescent probes.

Single molecule fluorescent probes have attracted considerable attention due to their ultimate sensitivity, fast response, low sample consumption, and high signal-to-noise ratio. Nanoparticles with outstanding optical properties make them perfect candidates for probes in the application of single molecule detection. In this review, we focus on various kinds of nanoparticles acting as single molecule fluorescent probes, including quantum dots, upconverting fluorescent nanoparticles, carbon dots, single-wall carbon nanotubes, fluorescent nanodiamonds, polymeric nanoparticles, nanoclusters, and metallic nanoparticles. Optical properties of various nanoparticles and their recent application in single molecule fluorescent probes are explored. How nanoparticles boost the sensitivity of detection is emphasized in combination with different sensing strategies. Future trends of nanoparticles in single molecule detection are also discussed. We hope that this review can provide practical guidance for researchers who work on nanoparticle-based single molecule fluorescent probes.

Broad-Spectrum Theranostics and Biomedical Application of Functionalized Nanomaterials.

Nanotechnology is an important branch of science in therapies known as “nanomedicine” and is the junction of various fields such as material science, chemistry, biology, physics, and optics. Nanomaterials are in the range between 1 and 100 nm in size and provide a large surface area to volume ratio; thus, they can be used for various diseases, including cardiovascular diseases, cancer, bacterial infections, and diabetes. Nanoparticles play a crucial role in therapy as they can enhance the accumulation and release of pharmacological agents, improve targeted delivery and ultimately decrease the intensity of drug side effects. In this review, we discussthe types of nanomaterials that have various biomedical applications. Biomolecules that are often conjugated with nanoparticles are proteins, peptides, DNA, and lipids, which can enhance biocompatibility, stability, and solubility. In this review, we focus on bioconjugation and nanoparticles and also discuss different types of nanoparticles including micelles, liposomes, carbon nanotubes, nanospheres, dendrimers, quantum dots, and metallic nanoparticles and their crucial role in various diseases and clinical applications. Additionally, we review the use of nanomaterials for bio-imaging, drug delivery, biosensing tissue engineering, medical devices, and immunoassays. Understandingthe characteristics and properties of nanoparticles and their interactions with the biological system can help us to develop novel strategies for the treatment, prevention, and diagnosis of many diseases including cancer, pulmonary diseases, etc. In this present review, the importance of various kinds of nanoparticles and their biomedical applications are discussed in much detail.

Numerical investigation of a convective hybrid nanofluids around a rotating sheet

Hybrid nanofluids are formulated with various kinds of base fluids. They are designed to provide good heat transfer performance. They can achieve this by dispersing various kinds of nanoparticles in the base materials. This new technology of formulating hybrid nanofluids has a wide range of applications in various industries such as solar energy, medical equipment, and aerospace. Keeping these applications in view, this study provides an insight into the effects of convective heat transport on a Hybrid nanofluid, across a rotating sheet with a variable heat source. In this investigation, the governing boundary layer partial differential equations were modified into the ordinary differential equations, by using the proper similarity transformations. Later, they were solved numerically, with the support of the Lobatto IIIA technique in MATLAB. The influence of the Richardson number on flow parameters was studied, and it was discovered that increasing Ri increases the velocity while decreasing temperature and concentration profiles. The impact of various other flow parameters on the flow fields and also on the behavior of Nusselt number, coefficient skin friction, and Sherwood number were studied and represented graphically. The outcomes were found to be in excellent accord when compared with quoted studies.

Improved efficiency in automated acquisition of ultra-high-resolution electron holograms using automated target detection.

An automated hologram acquisition system for big-data analysis and for improving the statistical precision of phase analysis has been upgraded with automated particle detection technology. The coordinates of objects in low-magnification images are automatically detected using zero-mean normalized cross-correlation with preselected reference images. In contrast with the conventional scanning acquisitions from the whole area of a microgrid and/or a thin specimen, the new method allows efficient data collections only from the desired fields of view including the particles. The acquisition time of the cubic/triangular nanoparticles that were observed was shortened by about one-fifty eighth that of the conventional scanning acquisition method because of efficient data collections. The developed technology can improve statistical precision in electron holography with shorter acquisition time and is applicable to the analysis of electromagnetic fields for various kinds of nanoparticles.

Application of Antibody Fragments Against Aβ With Emphasis on Combined Application With Nanoparticles in Alzheimer's Disease.

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is one of the most common neurodegenerative diseases and accumulating evidences suggest a key role of amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide in the pathogenesis of AD. According to the amyloid cascade hypothesis, the imbalance of producing and clearing Aβ is the beginning of neurodegeneration and dementia. Consequently, immunotherapy becomes popular through using antibodies against Aβ. However, many studies of monoclonal antibodies were stopped because adverse effects appeared or there were no evident benefits observed. Some antibody fragments have many advantages over monoclonal antibodies, such as small sizes, lack of the crystallizable fraction (Fc) and so on. There are three main antibody fragments, including single chain variable fragments (scFvs), Fab fragments and single-domain antibody fragments. Nanoparticles can facilitate the entry of drug molecules across the blood-brain barrier, making them become excellent carriers. Various kinds of nanoparticles have been applied in the treatment of AD. The combination of nanoparticles and antibody fragments against amyloid-β can be used in the diagnosis and treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. In this review, we summarize the progress of antibody fragments against amyloid-β in AD, focusing on the combined application with nanoparticles in the diagnosis and treatment of AD.

Update on Nanoparticle-Based Drug Delivery System for Anti-inflammatory Treatment.

Nanobiotechnology plays an important role in drug delivery, and various kinds of nanoparticles have demonstrated new properties, which may provide opportunities in clinical treatment. Nanoparticle-mediated drug delivery systems have been used in anti-inflammatory therapies. Diseases, such as inflammatory bowel disease, rheumatoid arthritis, and osteoarthritis have been widely impacted by the pathogenesis of inflammation. Efficient delivery of anti-inflammatory drugs can reduce medical dosage and improve therapeutic effect. In this review, we discuss nanoparticles with potential anti-inflammatory activity, and we present a future perspective regarding the application of nanomedicine in inflammatory diseases.

The Effect of Membrane Modification Using TiO2, ZnO, and GO Nanoparticles: Challenges and Future Direction in Wastewater Treatment

Since a long time ago, membrane technology has been applied in the field of wastewater treatment. This technology is considered effective, environmentally-friendly, and does not require a large amount of space in operation. Fouling, either caused by microorganisms or non-living organisms, are the biggest problems that often occur in this technology. Most of the time, organic compounds can cause cake formation and fouling problems. If left untreated, it can increase the maintenance costs and shorten the durability of the membrane. Hence, a membrane-modification effort is needed to be done. In previous studies, nanoparticles such as TiO2, ZnO, and GO were utilized. They are considered affordable and able to prevent the fouling problem. However, some problems occur due to the addition of nanoparticles. In this paper, we will elaborate on the effect of adding various kinds of nanoparticles towards the modified membrane and evaluate its morphology, performance, and photocatalytic abilities. This article is expected to provide both a new and broad perspective in the future.

Recent advances in surface engineering of porous silicon nanomaterials for biomedical applications

Surface engineering of the nanomaterials opens a new era of their biomedical applications. To date, various kinds of nanoparticles and their surface engineering techniques have been developed and applied to drug-delivery systems, bio-imaging, sensors, disease diagnosis, and therapy. Among them, nanostructured porous silicon (pSi) materials have been highlighted due to their unique properties in the biological system. This review focuses on the recent advances in surface engineering of porous silicon nanoparticles (pSiNPs) from a chemistry viewpoint. Conventional surface functionalization strategies and fabrication methods for pSiNPs are outlined with a schematic map, followed by the recently developed new techniques to maximize the properties of pSiNPs and overcome the drawbacks of known methods. New chemical reagents and chemical reactions for the surface engineering of pSiNPs are the main focus covered in this review. We also described the new approaches of polymer hybridization. Finally, the current status of pSi surface engineering, its future prospects, and challenges in biomedical applications are discussed. Conventional and recent advances in surface engineering methods of porous silicon nanomaterials are summarized. • A general overview of porous silicon nanoparticles and a brief introduction of surface engineering are introduced. • Conventional and recent advances in surface engineering methods of porous silicon nanomaterials with their representative biomedical applications are comprehensively summarized. • Promising porous silicon nanoparticles' prospects and their potential within biomedical fields (targeted DDS, controlled drug release, multi-functional ability) are covered.

The Application of Nanomaterials in Cell Autophagy.

Autophagy is defined as separation and degradation of cytoplasmic components through autophagosomes, which plays an essential part in physiological and pathological events. Hence it is also essential for cellular homeostasis. Autophagy disorder may bring about the failure of stem cells to maintain the fundamental transformation and metabolism of cell components. However, for cancer cells, the disorder of autophagy is a feasible antitumor idea. Nanoparticles, referring to particles of the size range 1-100 nanometers, are appearing as a category of autophagy regulators. These nanoparticles may revolutionize and broaden the therapeutic strategies of many diseases, including neurodegenerative diseases, tumors, muscle disease, and so on. Researches of autophagy-induced nanomaterials mainly focus on silver particles, gold particles, silicon particles, and rare earth oxides. But in recent years, more and more materials have been found to regulate autophagy, such as nano-nucleic acid materials, nanofiber scaffolds, quantum dots, and so on. The review highlights that various kinds of nanoparticles have the power to regulate autophagy intensity in stem cells of interest and further control biological behaviors, which may become a reliable treatment choice for disease therapy.

The Rational Design and Biological Mechanisms of Nanoradiosensitizers.

Radiotherapy (RT) has been widely used for cancer treatment. However, the intrinsic drawbacks of RT, such as radiotoxicity in normal tissues and tumor radioresistance, promoted the development of radiosensitizers. To date, various kinds of nanoparticles have been found to act as radiosensitizers in cancer radiotherapy. This review focuses on the current state of nanoradiosensitizers, especially the related biological mechanisms, and the key design strategies for generating nanoradiosensitizers. The regulation of oxidative stress, DNA damage, the cell cycle, autophagy and apoptosis by nanoradiosensitizers in vitro and in vivo is highlighted, which may guide the rational design of therapeutics for tumor radiosensitization.

Overview of Polyvinyl Alcohol Nanocomposite Hydrogels for Electro-Skin, Actuator, Supercapacitor and Fuel Cell.

The properties of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) nanocomposite hydrogels influenced by nanoparticles are reviewed. Various kinds of nanoparticles with excellent mechanical and electrical properties have been introduced into PVA hydrogel to produce stretchable and conductive PVA nanocomposite hydrogel. Understanding the mechanism between the matrix of PVA hydrogel and nanoparticles is therefore critical for the development of PVA nanocomposite hydrogels. This review focuses on the nanoparticles include carbon nanotubes, graphene oxide and metal nanoparticles, and describes the effects of nanoparticles on the mechanical and conductive properties of PVA nanocomposite hydrogels. A new promising area of soft stretchable PVA nanocomposite hydrogel is highlighted for possible applications. Finally, a brief outlook for future research is presented.