Variety Of Mutants Research Articles

Genome-Wide Analysis of KNOX Transcription Factors and Expression Pattern of Dwarf-Related KNOX Genes in Pear.

KNOTTED1-like homeobox (KNOX) transcription factors (TFs) belonging to the homeobox TF family play important roles in plant growth, development, and responses to abiotic and biotic stress. However, little information is available on KNOX TF in pear (Pyrus). In this study, 19 PbKNOXs TFs were re-identified in pear (Pyrus bretschneideri Rehd.). Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the TFs were clustered into three groups with 10 conserved motifs, some of which were group- or subgroup-specific, implying that they are important for the functions of the KNOX in these clades. PbKNM1 and PbKNM2 are KNM (encodes a MEINOX domain but not a homeodomain) genes identified in pear for the first time. KNOX genes in Pyrus and Malus were closely related, and a collinear relationship among PbKNOX genes in Pyrus and Malus was observed. Analysis of the expression patterns of PbKNOX genes in different tissues, at various growth stages, and in response to abiotic and biotic stress revealed that PbKNOXs are involved in plant growth and development. Our comparative transcriptional analysis of dwarf mutant varieties revealed that genes belonging to class I are highly expressed compared with genes in other classes. Analysis of the expression of PbKNOX genes in the hybrid offspring of vigorous and dwarf varieties revealed that PbKNOX genes were highly expressed in the vigorous offspring and weakly expressed in the dwarf offspring. These findings provide new insight into the function of KNOX TFs in pear and will aid future studies of dwarf fruit trees.

Development of versatile and efficient genetic tools for the marine-derived fungus Aspergillus terreus RA2905.

Marine-derived Aspergillus terreus produces a variety of structurally novel secondary metabolites, most of which show unique biological activities. However, the lack of efficient genetic tools limits the discovery of new compounds, the elucidation of involved biosynthesis mechanism, as well as the strain engineering efforts. Therefore, in this study, we first established both an effective PEG-mediated chemical transformation system of protoplasts and an electroporation system of conidia in a marine-derived fungus A. terreus RA2905. To overcome the insensitivity of RA2905 to fungicides, the uracil auxotrophy strain (pyrG gene deletion mutant, ΔpyrG) was constructed using PEG-mediated transformation system, and using ΔpyrG as the genetic background, the methyltransferase gene laeA-overexpression transformants were further constructed through both PEG- and electroporation-mediated transformations, which showed enhanced terrein production. Besides, in this study, an efficient CRISPR/Cas9 genome-editing system was established for the first time in A. terreus, and a higher gene deletion efficiency of 71% for APSES transcription factor gene stuA could be achieved when using short homologous arms compared with conventional long homologous ones. In addition, using a non-integrative Cas9 plasmid, another efficient and marker-free genome-editing system was established, which allowing repeatable and unlimited genetic manipulation in A. terreus. Using the marker-free genome-editing system, we successfully developed the ΔpyrGΔku70 double-deletion mutant in RA2905, which could further improve gene deletion efficiency. In conclusion, efficient genetic manipulation systems along with a variety of functional mutants were developed in this study, which would significantly expedite both theoretical and applied researches in not only A. terreus but also other marine-derived filamentous fungi.

Covalent inhibitors of EZH2: Design, synthesis and evaluation

The histone lysine methyltransferase EZH2 has been implicated as a key component in cancer development. Up to date, there are only a few EZH2 covalent inhibitors. In this study, a new series of 3-acrylamido-2-methyl-N-((2-oxo-1,2-dihydropyridin-3-yl) methyl) benzamide derivatives were designed, synthesized, and demonstrated to act as EZH2 covalent inhibitors, among which SKLB-03176 was the most potent compound. SAM competition experiments, mass spectrometry, and washing-out assays proved that SKLB-03176 could covalently bind to the SAM pocket of EZH2. Remarkably, SKLB-03176 exhibited weak activity against other targets, such as 5 histone methyltransferases and more than 30 kinases. Besides, it could inhibit the activity of a variety of EZH2 mutants and significantly inhibit the expression of H3K27Me3 in cells. Furthermore, SKLB-03176 showed no cytotoxicity to normal cells. Our data suggested that SKLB-03176 could be used as a promising lead compound for the development of new EZH2 covalent inhibitors and a valuable chemical tool to study the biological functions of EZH2 or PRC2.

Role of induced mutagenesis and improved crop varieties in food security: impact in the Indian context

Abstract Improvement of crop plants relies on the availability of plant genetic variation. There are several approaches for enhancing genetic variability and for breeding better genotypes to achieve high productivity to meet the demands of food security. India is an agrarian country, whose economic development is vastly dependent on sustained growth and achievements in the agriculture sector amid the raising population, shrinking arable land and adverse effects of climate change. Current and future challenges in agriculture will require a synergistic blend of conventional and advanced methodologies in crop improvement, crop production and crop protection which would holistically contribute to agricultural research for achieving national food and nutritional security. Crop improvement through mutation breeding, among various breeding methodologies, has played an important role in inducing novel genetic variability, improving existing popular varieties and developing promising superior varieties in different crop plants. Induced mutants and their utilization in recombination breeding have contributed to the development and release of more than 458 mutant and mutant-derived varieties in India covering cereals, food legumes, oilseeds, ornamentals, medicinal and aromatic plants and other crops for varied agro-ecologies. These varieties were improved for various agronomic traits, seed yield, nutritional traits, biotic and abiotic stress tolerance. Mutant varieties are now widely accepted and extensively cultivated by the farming community, which enabled in enhancing productivity in turn farm income across the country.

Isolation of keratinase-producing Bacillus strains and enhanced enzyme production using in vitro mutagenesis.

Millions of tons of feathers produced annually by the poultry industry cause environmental pollution and waste a significant source of protein. In the present study, three keratinolytic Bacillus strains, Bacillus sp. MK1, MK2, and MK3 were isolated. Some of the enzymatic properties of these keratinases were determined. The effects of some chemicals on enzyme activities were investigated. The specific activities of MK1, MK2, and MK3 were 2.76, 0.77, and 5.48 U/mg protein at 40°C, respectively, and mutant varieties were overexpressed after EtBr treatment. A comparison of keratinase activity between native and improved isolates showed that mutant variants exhibited higher activity ranging from 116 to 214%. According to BLAST analysis, the Bacillus sp. MK1 rDNA sequence was 96.83% similar to that of B. subtilis subsp. stercoris strain 153, B. subtilis strain FR10, B. tequilensis strain P12, and B. subtilis strain SRR21, and Bacillus sp. MK2 and MK3 16S rDNA sequences were 99.54% similar to those of B. subtilis strain 21M and B. subtilis strain NX17 sequences. The results of the enzymatic analysis of the enzymes and overexpressed mutant varieties are promising for application in the industrial production and application of the enzymes decomposition of feathers in poultry sector.

Evaluation of nitrogen use efficiency of mutant and parental varieties of rice in Chhattisgarh

The present study was conducted during the year 2019 - 2020 with objectives to study the effects of nitrogen application in yield and yield attributes of mutant and parent rice varieties and to estimate the nitrogen uptake and use efficiency of mutant and parent rice varieties. The soil of the experimental field exhibited neutral soil pH i.e. 7.29, Electrical conductivity 0.16 dS/m, low organic carbon content (0.35), low soil available nitrogen (210.62 kg/ha), high soil available phosphorus (31.53 kg/ha) and high soil available potassium (437.68 kg/ha). The experiment was conducted in split-plot design and replicated thrice, consisting four nitrogen levels (0, 60, 80 and 100 kg N / ha) as main factor and four varieties as sub factor. There were total 16 treatment combinations. Two new high-yielding mutant varieties of paddy i.e. C.G. Javaphool Trombay and Sonagathi Mutant-1 were developed from two traditional varieties of paddy Javaphool and Sonagathi by gamma irradiation method of inducing mutation. Morpho-physiological parameters and nutrient content were analyzed plot wise and calculated to hectare basis. Likewise, soil samples were collected, processed and utilized for determining physico-chemical properties of soil. Among all varieties, Sonagathi mutant-1 (30.12%) and C.G. Javaphool Trombay (27.04%) were more efficient in utilizing nitrogen than Sonagathi parent (26.93%) and Javaphool parent (23.28%). Nitrogen use efficiency increased up to 80 kg N / ha then it further decreased at 100 kg N / ha. The treatment combination N₈₀V₃ viz., Sonagathi Mutant-1 with 80 kg N/ha application was found to be superior among all combinations in terms of nitrogen use efficiency.

Determination of mutagenic-sensitivity and induced variability in the mutant populations of ‘Bacardi’ chrysanthemum cultivar

Mutation breeding is one of the most important breeding method for ornamental plants. Chrysanthemum is the genus that has the richest mutant varieties in ornamental plants. The objective of this study is to create variation by gamma irradiation and improving traits by mutation breeding. For this aim, in vitro bud explants of white Bacardi variety were irradiated by gamma radiation at 20 Gy (Gray). In vitro subcultures were continued until M1V4 period and observations were obtained in this period. Some changes were observed on heights and flowers of the plants such as; variable flowers, flowering time, differentiation on plant length, flower number per bunch and ray floret differentiations. The changes of the ray florets were determined as color changes to pink and yellow. Mutation frequency was calculated by 1.1% of the population. Approximately 0.9% of useful mutant lines determined from the selected mutants.

Development of Timor local red peanut with multi gamma irradiation technique for obtaining several superior mutant cultivars that tolerant of drought stress, disease pests, and high production

The main problem studied in this research is the development of local Timor red peanuts using multigamma irradiation. This study aims to develop local Timo red peanut varieties through breeding using standard multi-gamma irradiation and careful selection to obtain superior mutant cultivars. Research methods include: irradiation, observation, sampling, selection, purification, comparative, and interpretation. The results obtained: The development of local Timor red peanuts varieties through breeding with multigamma irradiation techniques and careful selection resulted in superior mutant cultivars that could adapt to several abiotic and biotic conditions and significantly increased production. The use of multigamma irradiation in the development of local Timor red peanuts resulted in three varieties of selected high yielding mutant varieties with relatively similar production and significantly increased compared to the parent variety. The average total percentage increase in production for the three varieties of selected high yielding mutant varieties resulting from multigamma irradiation was 49.16% with an average total dry seed moisture content of 11.07%.

Biochemical evaluation of mutant genotypes of Sesamum indicum for the development of improved varieties

The nutritional attributes of sesame, Sesamum indicum, vary substantially and are primarily influenced by the plant’s genetic makeup. This investigation accessed the biochemical composition of sesame mutants from two generations. Seeds of eleven M3 lines were planted in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) to raise M4 lines, which were advanced to M5 generation. The seeds were harvested at maturity, and their biochemical compositions were quantitatively determined following standard procedures. Results revealed significant differences (p < 0.05) in the biochemical composition of the mutants across the two generations. Exactly 27.27% of the mutants showed a substantial increase in oil composition over their parental varieties at the M4 generation. In comparison, 36.36% of the mutants had higher oil contents than their parental varieties at the M5 generation. The M5 mutants showed significantly (p < 0.05) higher oil content than the M4 mutants. Significant differences (p < 0.05) were observed in the protein content of M4 and M5 mutants, with M4 mutants having higher protein content. Significant differences (p < 0.05) were observed in fibre, carbohydrate, energy, and moisture contents of M4 and M5 mutants, with M5 mutants having significantly higher (p < 0.05) carbohydrate and energy contents, while no significant difference (p > 0.05) was observed in ash content of M4 and M5 mutants. Results also reveal significant differences (p < 0.05) in anti-nutrients of M4 and M5 mutants with notable reductions in some anti-nutritional properties of some mutant lines. High and stable nutritional attributes are desirable traits in sesame breeding. The identified mutants with desirable traits are potential candidates that could be selected and developed as the first mutant varieties of sesame in Nigeria.

Comparative Analysis Reveals Changes in Some Seed Properties in Amaranth Mutant Variety ‘Zobor’ (A. hypochondriacus × A. hybridus)

The aim of our long-term research program is to improve the quality and quantity of amaranth production through mutation breeding using γ-radiation. In this paper, we present the characterization of the new variety ‘Zobor’ of A. hypochondriacus × A. hybridus developed by radiation-induced mutagenesis of hybrid K-433. Multiyear phenotypic characterization of an important yield parameter (1000-seed weight) showed that the studied mutant variety ‘Zobor’ has an advantage in seed weight over the nonirradiated control seeds of K-433 with predictable performance of this yield trait. ‘Zobor’ exhibited changes in seed morphometric parameters, starch particle size, and pasting properties with no change in amylose content and swelling power. Moreover, the seeds of ‘Zobor’ showed the significantly highest folate content among selected amaranth varieties. The mutant variety could, therefore, be interesting for the development of functional foods and as a low-management crop, attractive for cultivation in Europe.

Detection of changes in growth, yield and genetic variation using RAPD markers among M1V2 and M1V3 generations of irradiated ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe)

The effects of gamma-rays on the growth and yield of twelve mutant lines of Zingiber officinale Roscoe from 2 varieties; namely Bentong and Tanjung Sepat were analysed for a second (M1V2) and a third generation (M1V3). Mutant rhizomes have previously been exposed to different doses (0, 5, 7, 9, 11, and 13 Gy) of gamma-rays that were propagated until the third generation. In the study, the phenotypic characteristic and genetic variation study using Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) of ginger mutant lines of M1V2 and M1V3 were analysed and compared with the first generation (M1V1). Parameters such as sprouting rhizome, plant height, the average number of leaves and shoots, average length and width of leaves, and average weights of rhizomes per plant for mutant lines of both varieties were collected. It was observed that the increase in dosage had a negative effect on the growth performance of plants. The number of leaves and shoots, length and width of leaves and average weight of rhizomes for both generations were decreased as the dose increased. The plants from the treatment 5 Gy dose produced the highest ginger rhizome yields of 65.45±1.35 g and 165.0±2.30 g in the Bentong and Tanjung Sepat varieties respectively, after nine months of cultivation in M1V2. While in M1V3, the rhizome yield at 5 Gy showed that the highest rhizome yields were reduced in both varieties of Bentong (45.45±1.25 g) and Tanjung Sepat (125.0±2.30 g). The PCR-based RAPD analysis showed 98.29% of polymorphism which indicated genetic variations between ginger mutant lines. The information provides an important input in determining resourceful management strategies for genetics improvement of ginger.

Cultivar Repair of Local Vigna Radiata L to Use Multigamma Irradiation Technique (Nuclear) That Tolerant to Dry Condition, Rainy Season, Germ, and High Production

Vigna Radiata L is grouped as the third important legume in Indonesia after soybean and peanut with high nutrition. The research aims to develop local Vigna Radiata L from Timor Island Indonesia with multi-gamma irradiation technique and carefully selection for obtaining several variations of superior varieties. The main research method comprised of observation, irradiation, purifying, careful selection, comparative, analysis, and interpretation. The results of research on final purifying are obtained three variations of mutant varieties with several superior chemical and physical characteristics. The production of Vigna Radiata L as a result of Multigamma irradiation significantly increased, and on final purifying obtained especial superior of selected mutant varieties namely, two varieties can be fruited for the second time with harvest age are relatively short

Calcium Oxalate Crystals as Raw Food Antinutrient: A Review

The nutritional value of food can be altered by the presence of antinutrients such as oxalates present abundantly in plants as ergastic crystals. High oxalate content in plant-based raw food can lead to oxalonephropathy, nephrolithiasis and renal dysfunction. Presence of oxalate can hinder the absorption of other minerals such as calcium and magnesium present in food. CaOx antinutrient intake can be minimised by avoiding plant with high oxalate content or by decreasing oxalate levels through cooking practices like, boiling, fermenting, treating with baking soda, adding yoghurt and milk etc. More sophisticated ways of minimising antinutrient intake through raw diet is by choosing genetically modified crops which are bred for low oxalate content or by choosing mutant varieties which are devoid or low in oxalate content in food crops. The future for sustainable antinutrient management and nutritional value enhancement is by incorporating genes from bacteria or fungi which are capable of breaking down oxalate using the enzyme oxalate decarboxylase, on to plants and thereby modifying them to have less antinutrient effects in raw consumption.

Comparative study of zootechnical parameters between two species of salmonids; Oncorhynchus aguabonita and Oncorhynchus mykiss

The main objective of this study is to compare the zootechnical parameters of two species of rainbow trout; Oncorhynchus aguabonita (mutant trout) and Oncorhynchus mykiss (wild trout) subjected to the same ecological and dietary conditions during the fry phase. The results showed that the alevins of mutant trout have better growth performance compared to the alevins of wild trout. The average weight gain, average daily growth rate, and food conversion efficiency during the experimental period are 6.67 g, 0.071 g/d, and 0.76, respectively, compared to only 3.47 g, 0.036 g/d, and 0.86 for wild trout. The results obtained during the experimental period are encouraging to give greater importance to the mutant variety Oncorhynchus aguabonita, which will contribute to the increased demand for animal protein and essential fatty acid for cardiovascular diseases.

Mutation Associated with Orange Fruit Color Increases Concentrations of β-Carotene in a Sweet Pepper Variety (Capsicumannuum L.).

Pepper is the second most important vegetable crop in Bulgarian agriculture and has become the subject of extensive breeding programs that frequently employ induced mutagenesis. The success of breeding programs can be enhanced by the efficient and integral application of different biochemical and molecular methods to characterize specific mutant alleles. On the other hand, identifying new cost-effective methods is important under a limited-resources environment. In this paper we compare the levels of five health-related carotenoid compounds of fruits (α-carotene, β-carotene, lutein, β-cryptoxanthin, zeaxanthin) between a mutant variety Oranzheva kapia (possessing high ß-carotene concentration) and a corresponding initial pepper variety Pazardzhishka kapia 794. Both varieties are intended for fresh consumption. Pepper is a major natural source of β-carotene. It was observed that fruit at both commercial and botanical maturity from mutant variety had greater α-carotene and β-carotene concentrations to the initial variety (7.49 and 1.94 times higher, respectively) meaning that the mutant was superior in fruit quality to the initial genotype. Two hydroxylase enzymes, converting α- and β-carotene to lutein and zeaxanthin, respectively, are known to exist in pepper and are encoded by two genes on chromosomes 3 and 6-CrtZchr03 and CrtZchr06. The molecular characterization of the mutant variety through locus-specific Polymerase chain reaction amplification, gene cloning and sequencing as well as expression was performed. Our results suggest that the increased ß-carotene accumulation in the mutant variety Oranzheva kapia results from a biosynthetic pathway breakdown due to deletion of CrtZchr03 gene.

A high-efficiency method for site-directed mutagenesis of large plasmids based on large DNA fragment amplification and recombinational ligation

Site-directed mutagenesis for large plasmids is a difficult task that cannot easily be solved by the conventional methods used in many laboratories. In this study, we developed an effective method for Site-directed Mutagenesis for Large Plasmids (SMLP) based on a PCR technique. The SMLP method combines several effective approaches, including a high-efficiency DNA polymerase for the large DNA amplification, two independent PCR reactions and a fast recombinational ligation. Using this method, we have achieved a variety of mutants for the filamin A gene (7.9 kb) cloned in the pcDNA (5.4 kb) or the pLV-U6-CMV-EGFP (9.4 kb) plasmids, indicating that this method can be applied to site-directed mutagenesis for the plasmids up to 17.3 kb. We show that the SMLP method has a greater advantage than the conventional methods tested in this study, and this method can be applied to substitution, deletion, and insertion mutations for both large and small plasmids as well as the assembly of three fragments from PCR reactions. Altogether, the SMLP method is simple, effective, and beneficial to the laboratories that require completing the mutagenesis of large plasmids.

Differential GRK Recruitment and the Phosphorylation Barcode as a Mechanism for Biased Agonism at G Protein‐Coupled Receptors

G Protein-Coupled Receptors (GPCRs) are the largest and most diverse family of cell receptors in the human genome and account for ~30% of all FDA-approved drugs. GPCR signaling is mediated by various effectors, including G proteins, β-arrestins, and GPCR kinases (GRKs). Some ligands preferentially activate G protein- or β-arrestin-dependent signaling pathways, a phenomenon known as biased agonism. One proposed mechanism for GPCR biased signaling—the phosphorylation barcode—hypothesizes that unique phosphorylation patterns of a GPCR induce differential signaling pathways, thereby producing highly specific cellular outputs. To study the phosphorylation barcode hypothesis as a mechanism of biased agonism, we explored the differential recruitment of GRKs 2, 3, 5, and 6 to CXCR3, a chemokine receptor which binds three endogenous biased ligands, CXCL9, CXCL10, and CXCL11. We hypothesized there to be differential recruitment of the GRKs to CXCR3 depending on the endogenous ligand used for stimulation. We first used a split nano-luciferase assay in HEK293T cells to examine the recruitment of GRKs 2, 3, 5, and 6 to the wild type receptor and a variety of phosphorylation deficient mutants following stimulation with the endogenous ligand. An intramolecular biosensor assay known as FlAsh-BRET—fluorescent arsenical hairpin-bioluminescence resonance energy transfer—was also used to monitor β-arrestin2 conformational changes in GRK 2, 3, 5, 6 knockout HEK293 cells following rescue of each individual GRK and stimulation with the endogenous ligands. The split luciferase assay showed evidence of ligand bias across CXCR3′s endogenous ligands. Whereas GRKs 2 and 3 were recruited to the receptor, GRKs 5 and 6 were shown to not actively recruit. GRK recruitment at the phosphorylation mutants and the WT receptor revealed evidence of ligand bias in both the magnitude and location (C-terminus vs. receptor core) of GRK recruitment to the receptor for GRKs 2 and 3. The FlAsh-BRET assay to monitor β-arrestin2 conformation changes revealed biased activation of β-arrestin2, which was differentially directed by the individual GRKs, including GRK5 and GRK6. We demonstrate the endogenous ligands of CXCR3 lead to differential recruitment of the GRKs which promote diverse β-arrestin2 conformations. Our work provides supporting evidence that an overall biased cellular response involves the complex interaction between a GPCR ligand, phosphorylated receptor, GRKs, and other effectors. Further exploration of the biased properties of chemokine ligands and the roles of the GRKs and phosphorylation patterns of CXCR3 may underscore the therapeutic promise of developing highly specific biased agonists to treat a variety of disorders involving chemokine receptors and the broader GPCR family.

Variety of Nucleotide Polymerase Mutants Aiming to Synthesize Modified RNA.

Significant efforts have been made to develop therapeutic RNA aptamers that exploit synthetic RNA to capture target molecules. However, ensuring RNA aptamers are resistant against intrinsic nucleases remains an issue and restricts their use as therapeutics. Introduction of chemical modifications to the 2' sugar moiety of RNA improves their stability effectively and can be achieved by chemical synthesis using modified phosphoramidites; however, this approach is not suitable for preparing long RNA molecules. Although recombinant nucleotide polymerases can transcribe RNA, these polymerases cannot synthesize modified RNA because they do not recognize 2' modified nucleoside triphosphates. In this review, we focus on several polymerase mutants that tolerate substrates containing modifications of the 2' sugar moiety to synthesize RNA, and the problems that must be overcome to prepare chemically modified RNA with high efficacy by in vitro transcription.

The VH framework region 1 as a target of efficient mutagenesis for generating a variety of affinity-matured scFv mutants

In vitro affinity-maturation potentially generates antibody fragments with enhanced antigen-binding affinities that allow for developing more sensitive diagnostic systems and more effective therapeutic agents. Site-directed mutagenesis targeting “hot regions,” i.e., amino acid substitutions therein frequently increase the affinities, is desirable for straightforward discovery of valuable mutants. We here report two “designed” site-directed mutagenesis (A and B) targeted the N-terminal 1–10 positions of the VH framework region 1 that successfully improved an anti-cortisol single-chain Fv fragment (Ka, 3.6 × 108 M−1). Mutagenesis A substituted the amino acids at the position 1–3, 5–7, 9 and 10 with a limited set of substitutions to generate only 1,536 different members, while mutagenesis B inserted 1–6 random residues between the positions 6 and 7. Screening the resulting bacterial libraries as scFv-phage clones with a clonal array profiling system provided 21 genetically unique scFv mutants showing 17–31-fold increased affinity with > 109 M−1Ka values. Among the mutants selected from the library A and B, scFv mA#18 (with five-residue substitutions) and mB1-3#130 (with a single residue insertion) showed the greatest Ka value, 1.1 × 1010 M−1.

A REVIEW ON OVERVIEW ROLE OF MUTATION IN PLANT BREEDING

Genetic diversity is the basis for plant breeders to develop new and improved cultivars with desirable, suited, and adaptive characteristics. Several factors such as hybridization, recombination, and mutation (Spontaneous and induced) are useful measures for providing variation in plants. However, naturally occurring mutation rate offers less for their optimum utilization. Hence induced mutation is considered to be a prime alternative other than naturally occurring variation. It has been considered a verified way of creating new variation within a crop variety which offers a possibility for the induction of desirable attributes which either can’t be expressed in nature or have been faded away during the process of evolution. Some of the mutant varieties of several crop species have led to a global contribution to crop improvement. The fate of the induced mutation largely depends on how induced mutagenesis underpins plants’ functional genome. Plant mutagenesis is had already played a significant role in crop improvement by successful enhancement of the yield, better nutritional quality, and wider adaptability. This review article is primarily centered around mutation, selection of mutant, how and when to use induced mutation, their treatment dose, and roles of mutation in Plant Breeding. Lastly, there still lies a huge potential aspect for future crop improvement through the application of induced mutation in plant species. In barley, a mutant that is resistant to mildew was 1st recorded in 1942. From the 170 diverse plant species, 3222 mutant varieties are evolved in 60 countries across the world officially. That release of varieties is possible due to the extensive use of induced mutation for 50 years in plant breeding activities all over the world. The modification of the nucleotides sequence of the genetic material of an organism, virus, extrachromosomal DNA is called a mutation. Mutagen is the agent causing mutation. There is extensive use of mutants in different subjects such as genetics, plant breeding, and plant physiology. Hugo deVries coined the term ‘mutation’ in 1901 to show sudden alteration in character considered to be heritable. Hence transmittable to the offspring while an agent causing mutation is called a mutagen. Mutation can occur naturally (spontaneous mutation) or by different agents such as chemical mutagen, ultraviolet light, x-rays, gamma rays, and so on (induced mutation). Mutagenesis is defined as the process in which the genetic information of an organism changed in a stable manner resulted in mutation.