Soft Wheat Varieties Research Articles

Yield and quality of winter wheat grain under different cultivation technologies

Purpose. Study of the influence of preceding crops and sowing terms on the yield and quality of winter wheat grain. Methods. The study analyzed 11 varieties of soft winter wheat, ‘Podolianka’, ‘MIP Yuvileina’, ‘MIP Fortuna’, ‘MIP Roksolana’, ‘MIP Feieriia’, ‘MIP Vidznaka’, ‘MIP Nika’, ‘MIP Darunok’, ‘MIP Aelita’, ‘MIP Aurika’ and ‘MIP Dovira’. The study investigated the impact of preceding crops (soybean, sunflower, corn/MWR, green manure (white mustard), and mustard/seed) and sowing dates (25 September, 5 and 15 October) on grain yield and baking quality. Results. The research was conducted in 2021–2023 on the experimental fields of the V. M. Remeslo Myronivka Institute of Wheat. The weather conditions were characterized by high tempe­ratures and uneven precipitation. The highest winter wheat yields were obtained after green manure as a preceding crop (7.29 t/ha), and the lowest yields after sunflower (5.35 t/ha). Shifting the sowing date from 25 September to 15 October reduced the average yield of the varieties. The only exception to the results were those obtained after crops such as sunflower and mustard when sown on 5th October, which yielded 5.54 and 6.51 t/ha respectively. The highest yields (6.39–6.95 t/ha) were observed for the varieties ‘MIP Darunok’, ‘MIP Aurika’, ‘MIP Aelita’ and ‘MIP Vidznaka’. Higher protein, gluten and sedimentation values were observed after green manure and soya as a preceding crop; in addition, after soya there was a tendency to increase flour strength and bread volume. The aforementioned shift in sowing date also resulted in a decrease in bread volume and an increase in vitreousness; the remaining parameters were within the range of significant differences. The varieties ‘MIP Dovira’, ‘MIP Nika’ and ‘MIP Roksolana’ were characterized by the highest protein content in the grain. According to the complex of quality indicators, ‘MIP Yuvileina’, ‘MIP Roksolana’ and ‘MIP Aurika’ prevailed over others. Conclusions. It was found that green manure and soybean as a preceding crop, as well as optimal sowing dates – the third decade of September and the first of October – provided the maximum yield of the varieties studied. The varieties with the hig­hest yields were ‘MIP Darunok’, ‘MIP Vidznaka’, ‘MIP Aurika’ and ‘MIP Aelita’. According to the complex of grain quality indicators, the varieties ‘MIP Yuvileina’, ‘MIP Roksolana’ and ‘MIP Aurika’ were distinguished.

Sources of fungal infection of winter wheat grain in the forest-steppe of Samara region

Relevance. Among the pathogenic microflora of cereals, seed infection occupies the most important place, in this regard, the search for any ways to reduce it is very relevant.Methods. The research was conducted at the VSRISSG — Branch of SamSC RAS on seeds of 3 varieties of winter soft wheat of 2020 harvest, selected at different stages of harvesting and post-harvest grain processing: from ears before harvesting, from the harvested crop from under the combine and after grain processing on the seed cleaning machine Petkus К-531. Seed infestation was determined according to GOST 12044-93. After identification of phytopathogenic fungi, their percentage frequency of occurrence and relative abundance were calculated.Results. Seed infestation after combine harvesting increased for all varieties on average by 9.2%, and after grain treatment on Petkus — by 6.2% compared to seeds sampled from ears. The saturation of crop rotations with cereals from 30 to 50% lead to an 8.7% decrease in the number of healthy seeds in the samples (from 37.0 to 28.3%). Seeds were most often infected by fungi causing moulds with the frequency of occurrence from 32.9 to 39.1% and relative prevalence from 40.8 to 55.2% depending on the stage of harvesting. Moreover, the content of this group of mushrooms decreased during harvesting (compared with grain from ears) by 6.2% after harvesting by a combine harvester and by 3.4% after grain processing. During combine harvesting, the frequency of occurrence of fungi Fusarium sp. and Alternaria sp. it increased by 4.7–4.8% on seeds, and after cleaning it decreased again, but it was still 1.5–2.4% higher than on seeds from ears.

Урожайность сортов яровой пшеницы на фоне разных приёмов основной обработки почвы в засушливых условиях

Abstract. The article provides data on the reserves of productive moisture, the content of nitrate nitrogen, and the yield of spring wheat varieties when grown under different backgrounds of basic tillage. The purpose of the research is to study the response of spring soft and durum wheat varieties to the methods of basic tillage. Methods. The object of research is 3 varieties of spring soft wheat and 2 varieties of spring durum wheat. The experiments were carried out in the central zone of the Orenburg region. For 5 years, two options for basic soil cultivation were studied: plowing to a depth of 23–25 cm and moldless loosening to a depth of 25–27 cm. Scientific novelty. The reaction of spring wheat varieties to the methods of basic tillage, taking into account the reserves of productive moisture and the content of nitrate nitrogen in the soil, in the arid conditions of the Orenburg Cis-Urals was revealed. Results. The reserves of productive moisture during the sprouting phase of spring wheat in a meter layer of soil were satisfactory (less than 130 mm) for four years out of five years of research, and good for one year (150-153 mm). The advantage of non-moldboard tillage was noted in all years of research with the exception of 2019, when the mouldboard background contained 18 mm more soil moisture. Depending on weather conditions, the amount of nitrate nitrogen in the soil varied from very low values in 2022 to high and very high values in 2017 and 2019–2020. The yield of spring wheat, on average according to experience, was 0.6 c per 1 ha higher against the background of moldless loosening. The varietal response to basic soil tillage methods has been established. The Uchitel’ variety did not respond to processing techniques. For other varieties, the difference in favor of non-moldboard tillage ranged from 0.4 centners per 1 hectare for the Tulaykovskaya zolotistaya variety, to 0.7–0.8 centners per 1 hectare for the varieties Ul’yanovskaya 105, Orenburgskaya 10, Bezenchukskaya 210.

Economic and biological characteristics of soft winter wheat variety Krasnoobskaya ozimay

One of the main tasks of modern breeding is to create the varieties that are resistant to negative environmental factors giving consistently high yields in a changing climate. Since 2021, the variety of soft winter wheat Krasnobskaya оzimaya, created by recombination breeding, has been included in the State Register of Breeding Achievements. Its pedigree includes, along with wheat varieties, triticum-agropyrum hybrid and triticale. This variety was evaluated for its economically valuable traits and properties. The studies were carried out in 2015–2022 in the Novosibirsk region. Novosibirskaya 40 was the standard, Novosibirskaya 3 was the control. Krasnobskaya оzimaya variety is recommended for cultivation in the forest-steppe zone of the West Siberian region. It is medium maturing, has rather high winter hardiness (60.0%) and resistance to lodging (4.1 to 4.7 points) with plant height up to 101 cm. The weight of 1000 grains averages 37.9 g. The variety has a high coefficient of productive tillering (5.3 pcs.). Over the years of the study, the average yield of the variety was 5.03 t/ha. On average, according to the results of the tests in the state variety test plots of the Novosibirsk region the yield amounted to 4.34 t/ha, the maximum yield was observed at the Maslyaninsky variety test plot – 4.9 t/ha, which is 1.14 t/ha higher than the standard. According to the results of the ecological test, the yield exceeded the varieties Novosibirskaya 40 and Novosibirskaya 3 by 0.74 and 0.41 t/ha, respectively, winter hardiness was at the level of the standards. High and stable yield of this variety is formed due to a number of economically valuable features: productive bushiness, weight of 1000 grains, resistance to lodging, winter hardiness. According to the results of the study, it was determined that the optimal sowing date of the Krasnobskaya оzimaya variety is September 1 with a shift of 1–3 days in both directions.

Molecular and genetic basis for improving the quality of soft wheat grain

The increase in agricultural territories in Azerbaijan can no longer cover the problem of shortage of high-quality baking flour in the domestic market. Thus, there is a need to improve the quality of grain harvested from existing areas to obtain more grain products. The purpose of this study is to review and investigate the physico-chemical and genetic parameters of local and introduced soft wheat varieties to further identify promising areas of breeding. For this purpose, a PCR study of individual loci of the Wx genes responsible for amylose synthesis and electrophoresis of Glu genes encoding gluten quantity and quality were performed. In addition, for the varieties Shafaq 2 and Gonen, which were selected during the research for the test baking of bread, a PCR analysis was performed to compile the gliadin formula of the varieties using a sample of the Bezostaya 1 variety as a marker. The physico-chemical characteristics were determined according to quality standards, as well as baking bread sample. During the pilot sowing, one of the varieties – Girmizi Gul1, was sown on plots with various tillage methods – traditional, minimal, and zero. Thus, it was determined that the varieties Gonen and Ekinci 84 contain a zero allele of the Wx-B1 – Wx-B1b gene, which means that their endosperm contains higher-quality starch, and the varieties Askeran, Azemetli 95, Gonen, Kirmizigul, Nurlu 99, Tale 38, and Ugur, in turn, contain a zero allele of the gene GluA1 – GluA1d, which on the contrary worsens the gluten quality of these varieties. As for tillage, the traditional system showed itself to be the best, the minimal tillage was slightly worse, and the zero tillage system turned out to be the least suitable in these conditions. Thus, the obtained data outline further areas for conducting research and open up prospects for targeted selection for alleles of the considered genes

Adaptive potential of short-stemmed winter bread wheat genotypes in the eastern Forest-Steppe of Ukraine

Among the unresolved issues of breeding short-stemmed winter bread wheat genotypes of different ripeness groups, the problem of obtaining high and stable yields without reducing the adaptive potential in the face of limiting environmental factors that periodically occur in different agroecological conditions of cultivation stays relevant. The preliminary identification of suitable sources with a combination of necessary adaptive properties is a crucial step towards the development of highly promising varieties and improvement of the gene pool of plants in Ukraine. The purpose of this study was to find the level of adaptive potential in short-stemmed winter bread wheat genotypes with different vegetation periods, to investigate the plasticity and stability of yields, and to select highly adaptive source material for the conditions of the eastern part of the Forest-Steppe of Ukraine. To fulfil this purpose, the study employed general scientific, field, and dispersion methods of scientific cognition. It was found that in the eastern part of the Forest-Steppe of Ukraine, among short-stemmed winter bread wheat genotypes, the share of those with the highest genetic potential for adaptability combined with high yields (over 16% of the standard) is highest in the group of mid-ripening varieties and amounts to 53.3%. These include mainly Ukrainian genotypes, namely: Blahodarka Odeska, Zoreslava, Rozdynka Odeska, Kruhozir, Shpalivka (UKR); Ilona (SVK), Urbanus (AUT), and Evklid (FRA). Among the early-ripening samples, the share of such genotypes was 33.3%, and in the group of late-ripening varieties – 13.3%. High yield stability (S2dі=0.0) was inherent in 66.7% of the samples of the early-ripening group, 60% of the mid-ripening group, and 26.7% of the late-ripening group. The identified sources are valuable starting material for the development of new and highly promising winter soft wheat varieties adapted to the growing conditions in the eastern part of the Forest-Steppe of Ukraine

МОНИТОРИНГ ЭФФЕКТИВНОСТИ СОРТОСМЕНЫ И СОРТООБНОВЛЕНИЯ ЯРОВОЙ МЯГКОЙ ПШЕНИЦЫ НА ТЕРРИТОРИИ ВОЛГОГРАДСКОЙ ОБЛАСТИ

The article discusses the problems of conducting a scientifically based variety change of the seed material of soft spring wheat in the conditions of the Volgograd region. The main content of the review article is the analysis and validity of the competent application of variety substitution in the territory of agro-industrial complex enterprises of the Volgograd region. As a research task, statistical data on the productivity of varieties of soft spring wheat used in production with new recommended varieties are compared. The article justifies the use of an individual varietal complex for each enterprise as one of the least expensive ways to maintain and increase liquidity, demand in the market, which is carried out without global changes not only in the material and technical base of the enterprise, but also in the restructuring of the enterprise as a whole. The use of a multi-grade varietal complex based on the analysis of the biological characteristics of soft spring wheat, agrotechnical, arid, and material conditions of the enterprise's production facilities will allow enterprises of the agro-industrial complex of the Volgograd region to receive not only high-quality, in-demand products, stable profits, but also contribute to the development of the agro-industrial complex of the region as a whole. Special attention is paid to the problem of the limited selection of varieties for conducting and creating a variety complex specialized to the specific conditions of the enterprise, which allows it to carry out the necessary technological operations necessary to obtain high-quality, liquid products that meet modern qualitative and economic requirements of consumer demand in the prevailing financial and demographic conditions. The result of the analysis of the studied and justified factors was the conclusion that it is unlikely that a scientifically based variety substitution using new, more plastic and productive varieties of soft spring wheat will be used in production.

Controlling Fusarium head blight in wheat through a Mixture of varieties in an organic production system

In the organic production system, the management of diseases and pests is based on agricultural practices rather than the use of certified phytosanitary inputs. The mixture of varieties is an agricultural practice that has shown its interest not only in the management of diseases and pests but also in the increase and stability of crop yields. The objective of our study is to evaluate the performance of this practice in the management of fusarium head blight in wheat. To achieve this objective, we conducted four trials. Two trials (one on durum and the other on soft wheat) in 2019 on a certified organic farm and the two trials were repeated in 2020. During the two years of experimentation, we compared the mixture of four durum wheat varieties and the mixture of four soft wheat varieties with the monoculture varieties. In the field, we evaluated the severity of Fusarium head blight and wheat yield components as well as the grain yield. The results showed a significant difference between the different treatments for Fusarium head blight severity and yield components for both species and in both years of the experiment.

Anatomical and morphological stem structure for modern medium-sized, intensive varieties of soft spring wheat

Medium-sized, lodging-resistant varieties differ from long-stemmed ones by a straw length of 14 cm and by 1.3-1.8 cm of the lower internodes. The shortest supporting internode in the Rang, Troll varieties (5.3-6.7 cm), thickened lower internodes in the Rang, Troll, Grekum 114 varieties (2=2.6-2.8 mm; 3= 3,0-3,2-3,4 mm). Apollo, Rank, and Graecum 114 (14.0-14.3 m2/cm) are marked with specific weight of the straw. In medium-sized varieties, there are more vascular-fibrous bundles in the lower internodes, the following are distinguished: Rang (44.9-46.2 pcs.), Grekum 114 (39.8-42.1), Phoebus (39.4-42.8 pcs.). The diameter of large fibrous vascular bundles is more pronounced in Grekum 114, Lerma Rofo, Chapola (141-144 microns). Varieties with an increased number of vascular fibrous bundles have smaller diameters, which contributes to the flexibility of their stems. Medium-ripened ones have a more complete thickness of the straw and sclerenchymatous ring - 2 m-node = 68-72-82 microns; 3 = 56-62 microns, in high-stemmed ones it is 63 microns and 48-50 microns. The conjugation of the number of vascular-fibrous bundles, their diameters with elements of stem morphology is positive – from a weak to medium degree, more pronounced in stem density (0.553-0.653), other conjugations are practically absent, which makes it possible to combine well-expressed anatomical features with optimal stem morphology parameters in the created genotypes.

FATTY ACID CONTENT AND MORPHOLOGICAL INDICATORS OF WINTER WHEAT (TRITICUM AESTIVUM L.) SEEDLINGS GROWN FROM SEEDS TREATED WITH OZONE

Background. Presently, a selection of environmentally friendly technologies for pre-sowing treatment of wheat seeds is conducted in agriculture. Ozone, an allotropic form of oxygen, is highly reactive, acts as an effective insecticide, promotes seed improvement, and reduces soil contamination. The impact of ozone on seeds is one of the promising technologies to improve the quality of seedlings. It is known that the field germination of winter wheat may be less than 50%, depending on the environmental conditions, and therefore the quality of seedlings is very important.
 Purpose. To evaluate the effect of different ozone concentrations on morphological parameters and synthesis of fatty acids (FA) in winter wheat seedlings.
 Materials and methods. The object of the study was the seeds of soft winter wheat (variety Irkutskaya). The ozonation was conducted with ozone concentrations of 2, 4, 6 and 8 g/m3 during 15, 30, 45 and 60 min. The germination of treated and control seeds was carried out for three days in the dark in a thermostat (24±1°C). On the third day, the morphometric characteristics were measured. The extraction of lipids from shoots and roots was carried out according to the method of Bligh, Dyer [14]. The methyl esters of lipid fatty acids were analyzed by chromato-mass spectrometry. Statistical data processing was conducted with the use of R programming language and SigmaPlot v. 12.5.
 Results. Ozone in concentrations of 2, 4, 6 g/m3 has a stimulating effect on seedling germination, the length of the shoots and roots increases. At ozone concentration of 8 g/m3, the length of the shoots and roots decreases.
 There is a general trend in the content of fatty acids, in the shoots of seedlings there is some decrease in lipid unsaturation, and in the roots - some increase in lipid unsaturation.
 Conclusion. Ozone in concentrations up to 8 g/m3 is suitable for pre-sowing seed treatment and improves seedling performance.

Model of winter soft wheat variety for steppe condition zone

Due to the increased aridization of the environment in the main agricultural zones of the Don, the parameters of the model of winter soft wheat varieties of intensive and semi-intensive types have been clarified. At the present stage, the potential productivity of intensive wheat at a high agrofone is 9,0-10,5 t/ha of grain, which is due to the productive stem of 660-800 ears/m2. In semi-intensive varieties on the average agrophone, the values of these indicators are respectively 7,0-7,5 t/ha and 580-620 ears/m2. The productivity of the ear, respectively, should be 1,2-1,5 g and 1,1-1,2 g and with a grain share in the cenosis of 40-45% and 36-38%, respectively. With different stress factors, the peculiarities of the formation of agroecotypes of new varieties were revealed. The selection criterion for drought-resistant productive forms was the selection of genotypes with a high yield index. However, the main trend related to productivity and adaptability in drought conditions is the creation of new genotypes with increased grain weight from the plant and from the ear. This is the most objective integrated assessment of their drought resistance. The progress in the yield growth of semi-dwarf and medium-sized wheat varieties is also due to an increase in the capacity of cenosis. as a result of the use of new parameters of the model of intensive and high-intensity genotypes, varieties of winter soft wheat Donmira, Akapella, Bogema, Bylina Dona i Pal'mira 18, Kuryanochka 19, Pafos, developed for the Central Chernozem, North Caucasus, Lower Volga, Middle Volga and Ural regions, were created and included in the State Register of Breeding Achievements in 2019-2022. These varieties are well adapted for arid regions according to the complex of breeding and valuable traits.

Response of Soft Wheat Varieties to Application Time of Nitrogen Fertilizer under Mediterranean Climate Conditions

Applying nitrogen fertilizer during the appropriate time is an opportunity to reduce the application amount and improve its availability in the plant, which reduces the costs of Agriculture and environmental pollution. The experiment was carried out in the winter agricultural season 2020-2021 at two sites (Nimrud and Bashiqa) to study the response of soft wheat varieties to different application time of Nitrogen fertilizer under the Mediterranean climate conditions. The experiment included four soft wheat varieties (Benghal, Ebaa-99, Rashida, Tal-Afar), three application time of Nitrogen fertilizer at tillering stage (early application), stem elongation stage (late application) as well as control treatment (no application). The results showed that the Bashiqa site excelled at grain filling stage duration, bio yield, spike number, grain yield, harvest index, while the Nimrod site excelled in the rest of the traits. The Benghal variety excelled in the majority of studied traits at both sites, while application time of Nitrogen fertilizer of stem elongation stage (late application) excelled of the majority studied traits.

Mechanisms of Antioxidant Resistance in Different Wheat Genotypes under Salt Stress and Hypoxia

Various stressors lead to an increase in ROS and damage to plant tissues. Plants have a powerful antioxidant system (AOS), which allows them to neutralize excess ROS. We detected an intense fluorescent glow of ROS in the cells of the cap, meristem, and elongation zones in the roots of wheat Triticum aestivum (Orenburgskaya 22 variety) and Triticum durum (Zolotaya variety). An increase in ROS was accompanied by DNA breaks in the nuclei of wheat root cells, the release of cytochrome c from mitochondria into the cytoplasm, and the translocation of phosphatidylserine into the outer layer of the plasma membrane under salt stress and hypoxia. The different resistances of the two wheat varieties to different abiotic stresses were revealed. The soft wheat variety Orenburgskaya 22 showed high resistance to salt stress but sensitivity to hypoxia, and the durum wheat variety Zolotaya showed tolerance to hypoxia but high sensitivity to salt stress. Different activations of AOS components (GSH, MnSOD, Cu/ZnSOD, CAT, PX, GPX, and GST) were revealed in different wheat genotypes. The basis for the tolerance of the Zolotaya variety to hypoxia is the high content of glutathione (GSH) and the activation of glutathione-dependent enzymes. One of the mechanisms of high resistance to salt stress in the Orenburgskaya 22 variety is a decrease in the level of ROS as a result of the increased activity of the MnSOD and Cu/ZnSOD genes. Identifying the mechanisms of plant tolerance to abiotic stress is the most important task for improving breeding varieties of agricultural plants and increasing their yield.

Influence of varietal characteristics of winter wheat and weather conditions on lodging resistance and productivity

Growing technologies and variety selection are crucial for increasing yields and improving the quality of winter wheat grain. The area under winter wheat is the largest in Ukraine, which is associated with the production of high-quality grain. The aim of the study was to determine the influence of weather conditions and variety characteristics on winter wheat plant height, internode length, lodging resistance, productivity factor and yield during the years under study. In the course of the study, the following generally accepted methods were used: systematic approach, system analysis approach, analytical synthesis approach, field approach and statistical approach. The article presents data on the results of research with 20 varieties of soft winter wheat in the conditions of the Training and Practical Centre of Mykolaiv National Agrarian University from 2017 to 2023. Agricultural technology for growing winter wheat varieties is widespread in the steppes of southern Ukraine. The influence of weather conditions and varietal characteristics on lodging resistance and productivity of winter wheat was investigated. The results showed that the optimum plant height of winter wheat varieties ranged from 82.1 to 84.5 cm, and the highest yield was 6.32 t/ha in Staleva and 6.68 t/ha in Duma Odeska. A significant effect of varietal traits on stem length, second and last internode, number of stems formed per 1 m2 , grain weight in the ear and lodging resistance of winter bread wheat was established. Plants of the tested winter soft wheat varieties Staleva, Dyvo, Katarina, Felix, Ozerna, PONTICUS, Faust, Glaucus have a very high (9.0 points) resistance to lodging regardless of the weather conditions of the year. Ukrainian varieties Duma Odeska (6.68 t/ha) and Staleva (6.32 t/ha) achieved higher productivity. The obtained scientific results of the research contribute to the widespread use of the studied winter wheat varieties of this reasonably climatic zone and contribute to further improvement of grain production

Creation and introduction into production of a new variety of soft winter wheat for cultivation in fallows and the best non-fallow predecessors

Relevance. Winter wheat is the main food crop in Russia, having the leading role in gross grain harvest improvement. The use of new adaptive varieties of winter common wheat in agriculture is the most realistic means of reducing the adverse effects of climate change ensuring a productivity rise and improving the technological properties of grain and flour. The developed winter wheat varieties should combine potential productivity and resistance to abiotic and biotic environmental factors through improved adaptability.Methods. The study was carried out in 2018–2022 on the fields of the research crop rotation of the FSBSI «ARC “Donskoy”», according to a green manure fallow due to the methods of SVT and a field trial.Results. The winter common wheat variety Zodiak can form a consistently high yield after various forecrops from 5.63 t/ha, when sown after sunflower to 10.23 t/ha when sown in green fallow. The variety formed the maximum productivity of 11.14 t/ha when sown in weed free fallow in 2018 and 2022. The study of the physicochemical properties of grain showed that the quality of grain and flour in the Zodiac variety corresponds to valuable wheat varieties. The protein percentage is 14.15%, gluten is 28.5%, the gluten quality corresponds to group I (IDK is 67 bp), the alveograph index is 255 f. a., the volume yield per 100 g of flour is 700 cm³, the baking assessment is 4.4 points, valorimetric estimation is 79 bp, SDS-sedimentation is 59 ml. The new winter common wheat variety Zodiak has been included in the State Register of Breeding Achievements since 2022 and recommended for cultivation in the 6th North Caucasus region.

Mutagenic sensitivity, effectiveness and efficiency of gamma rays and ethyl methane sulfonate on soft and semi-hard bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) varieties in the north-western Himalayan climate

Purpose The North-western Himalayan region requires unique varietal traits for the cultivation and quality of grain produced. Wheat varieties released for this zone in the past remained very popular among the farmers. However, with the passage of time certain traits such as the appearance of pathogenic rust races and grain softness have become threat to the fecundity of these genotypes and needs immediate improvement in this region. Mutation breeding facilitates improving one or two traits of a popular cultivar and to generate variability for most of plant traits upon which selection can be imposed. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the mutagenic sensitivity, effectiveness and efficiency of physical and chemical mutagens in four bread wheat varieties with differential grain texture. Materials and methods Four bread wheat varieties; HS 490, HPW 89, HPW 360 and HPW 251 were irradiated using six doses of gamma rays (γ-rays) ranging from 175 to 300 Gy; Co60 source (BARC, Mumbai, India) and six doses of ethyl methane sulfonate (EMS) ranging from 0.3 to 1.3%; EMS (Sigma-Aldrich, Bangalore, India) to assess their mutation sensitivity, effectiveness, efficiency and spectrum of induced macro-mutations in M1 and M2 generation. Results Based on mutagen sensitivity tests, both gamma rays and ethyl methane sulfonate had similar effects as the doses/concentrations increased in all four varieties. Ethyl methane sulfonate had a discernible effect on seed germination and growth parameters as compared to gamma irradiated treatments. Pollens viability studies confirmed the differential effects of both mutagens on germination and plant survivability. The LD50 and LC50 values varied between 290–315 Gy for gamma rays and 0.90–1.35% for EMS under controlled laboratory conditions, however, the range substantially differs for gamma rays (240–290 Gy) and for EMS (0.50–1.1%) under field conditions, irrespective of the variety treated. The frequency of chlorophyll mutations was low and showed a linear correlation with the doses/concentrations of the mutagen. A total of 117 putative mutants with desirable agro-morphological characteristics were also isolated. Mutagenic effectiveness and efficiency results showed that gamma irradiation doses of 250–300 Gy and ethyl methane sulfonate of 0.7–1.3% were most potent for an effective mutation breeding programme in wheat crop. Conclusions It was found that semi-hard textured varieties showed higher sensitivity to chemical mutagens as compared to soft-textured varieties. Gamma irradiation dose of 250–300 Gy and ethyl methane sulfonate concentration of 0.7–1.3% were found to be most effective and efficient across four bread wheat varieties and can be used in large scale mutagenesis programmes.

Productivity of soft and hard spring wheat varieties under the conditions of Primorsky Krai

Relevance. Currently, the most important tasks of breeding are the creation and introduction into production of new high—yielding varieties, resistant to stressful environmental conditions and with high grain quality, adapted to the conditions of the monsoon climate.The purpose of the study is to study varieties of spring soft and durum wheat of various origins according to the main economically valuable characteristics in the conditions of the Primorsky Territory.Methods. The research was conducted at FSBSI «FSC of Agricultural Biotechnology of the Far East named after A.K. Chaiki» in 2020–2022. Sixteen spring wheat varieties of various breeding origin served as the research object — six soft spring wheat varieties and ten hard spring wheat varieties. The weather conditions during the growing season of wheat differed over the years of the research (2020–2022). This allowed an objective evaluation of the breeding material for adaptability and resistance to stress factors.Results. For breeding and production, wheat varieties with high yields (more than 4.0 t/ha) have been identified: spring soft — Voronezh 18, Rima, Primorskaya 50, spring hard — Don Elegia. As a result of the correlation analysis, high positive associations were revealed between yield and productive bushiness (r = 0.95), the mass of 1000 grains (r = 0.85), the number of spikelets in the ear (r = 0.84). Aleyskaya, Khabarovsk and Primorskaya 40 varieties stood out with the highest index of protein and gluten in grain. Variety Sunny 573 was distinguished by high hardness (67.5%) and grain type (785 g/l).

Study of variability alpha-amylase isozymes in wheat varieties of Ukrainian breeding

Aim. To investigate the variability of alpha-amylase isoenzymes in soft wheat varieties of Ukrainian selection, created by breeding institutions located in different climatic zones (Forest Steppe and Steppe). Methods. Isoenzymes of alpha-amylase were detected by electrophoretic protein separation in a polyacrylamide gel. The fall number on the «Falling Number 1700» was determined. Results. For a representative assessment of the distribution of alpha-amylase isoenzymes, we studied the zoned varieties of common wheat from two breeding centers located in different climatic zones: the Institute of Plant Physiology and Genetics of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv (Forest-steppe) and the Breeding and Genetics Institute of the National Academy of Sciences, Odessa (Steppe). The variability of wheat grain alpha-amylase was revealed. A search for associations between alpha-amylase variants and resistance to pre-harvest grain germination was conducted. Conclusions. The prevalence of alpha-amylase isoenzyme variants in Ukrainian common wheat varieties was estimated. Among Odessa varieties, the AbCd alpha-amylase variant predominates with a frequency of 50.0 %. AbCd and AbCD phenotypes with a frequency of 38.8 % predominate in the selection varieties of the IFRG of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine. It was shown that the genotypes containing the AbCD and ABсD isoenzyme variant are more resistant to pre-harvest germination, and the ABCd and AbcD variants are less resistant to pre-harvest grain germination.

Influence of sodium chloride on morphophysiological characteristics of wheat and maize plants

Aim. The effect of sodium chloride on the physiological and biochemical parameters of wheat and maize genotypes, the identification of salinity-resistant varieties was studied. Wheat and maize plants were grown in pots in the soil with the addition of 0.5 % sodium chloride. To create new salt-tolerant varieties of wheat and maize, a comparative analysis of the morphophysiological parameters plants was carried out. Methods. Morphophysiological parameters such as growth, chlorophyll and carotenoid content, photochemical activty of chloroplasts and PSII activity have been studied in wheat and maize plant. Results. The effect of salt on the amount of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoids, which are the main physiological indicators, is manifested in different ways in both plants. When studying salt-tolerance of plants, differences were detected in the relative amounts of chlorophyll (a+b), carotenoids, as well as the photochemical activity of chloroplasts and efficiency of PS 2. Conclusions. Among the varieties, according to all morphophysiological parameters, the most tolerant to the action of salt was the soft wheat variety Mirbashir-128, and the corn hybrid Belaya x Gurur.

Search for productive, drought-resistant accessions of soft spring wheat for breeding in the conditions of Kirov region

The article presents the results of study of 73 varieties of soft spring wheat from the new samples in the world collection of the Federal Research Center "All-Russian Institute of Plant Breeding named after N. I. Vavilov" in order to include the productive, drought-resistant samples into the working collection on crop breeding in the conditions of the Kirov region. According to the results of the field assessment of 2019...2021, which includes an analysis of the elements of productivity and yield structure, 23 samples were identified as sources of breeding-valuable traits. According to the lowest depression of thevalues of productivity elements in a dry year (2021, НTC = 1.07) relative to the optimal moisture supply (2019, НTC = 1.30), domestic medium-ripened samples RIMA (Moscow region, Ryazan region), Tobolskaya (Altai Kr.), Ulyanovskaya 105 and Ekada 70 (Ulyanovsk region) are classified as drought-resistant, which allows them to be included into breeding work for resistance to summer drought. Resistance to early spring drought was evaluated in the laboratory conditions under simulated drought (sucrose solution, osmotic pressure 6 atm.) and normal humidification conditions (distilled water, 0 atm.) according to the percentage of germination of seeds and the parameters of one seedling (the number of seminal roots, the mass of dry matter). As the result, 19 potentially drought-resistant samples of soft spring wheat were identified. For inclusion into breeding work for resistance to early spring drought, medium-early varieties Zauralochka (Kurgan region, Russia) and Chayka (Belarus), medium-ripened RIMA (Moscow region, Ryazan region, Russia) and Uralosibirskaya (Omsk region, Russia) are recommended.Highly productive samples with complex drought resistance Ekada 109 (Tatarstan, Russia) and Ekaterina (Sverdlovsk region, Russia) have been identified, which provides them to be considered as universal donors for the creation of varieties of soft spring wheat adapted to the conditions of the Kirov region.