Plum Varieties Research Articles

Phenolic contents in fruit juices of plums with different skin colors

Polyphenols in fruits are of increasing interest for consumers and for plant scientists because of their health beneficial potential and their role in plant physiology and disease resistance. Anthocyanins contribute significantly to the attractive pigmentation of red and blue plums. Mirabelles and several reineclaudes do usually not accumulate anthocyanins in the skin. Is this linked to a general low phenolic level? Both the health aspect and the pigmentation are interesting traits for the breeder. For this purpose, rapid analytical methods are necessary. One time consuming step is the extraction of polyphenols. However, fruit juices are easily produced and are anyhow used for estimation of quality traits such as sugars and acidity. Here we show that HPLC analysis of plum juices represent the phenolic profiles of the whole fruits. We analysed the phenolic patterns of juices from 43 plum varieties with yellow, blue and dark blue fruit skins. In most cases, a weak red pigmentation co-occurs with a low total phenol level. However, there are exceptions that may help the breeder to combine yellow fruit skin with a high level of health beneficial phenolic compounds by using the appropriate donor genotypes. The method described here offers a valuable tool for selection.

ВОЛГОГРАДСКИЕ СОРТА СЛИВЫ – ИСХОДНЫЙ МАТЕРИАЛ ДЛЯ СЕЛЕКЦИИ НА ПРОДУКТИВНОСТЬ И КРУПНОПЛОДНОСТЬ

Information is provided on promising plum varieties that are recommended for breeders seeking an increase of productivity and fruit size.

Determination of Starch Changes During Growth and Development of Three Plum Varieties

The aim of this study is the evaluation of changes which occurred in starch content during the growth and the development of three varieties of plums Stanley, VA¢nAƒt de Italia, Tuleu Gras. Depending on variety, the maximum amount of starch was reached in phases 3 and 4; the values have declined as the fruit was approaching the maturity stage. The amount of starch during plum fruit growth and development is influenced by the harvesting phase, variety and the interaction between variety and harvest stage. Â

Formation of the taste of plum fruits under the influence of abiotic factors

The research deals with scientific substantiation of the impact of stressful weather factors on the formation of the taste of plum fruits in conditions of the southern steppe subzone of Ukraine and the development of mathematical models to forecast them. For this, fruits of three varieties of plums: Voloshka, Uhorka Italiis'ka, Stanley were selected. The fruits were gathered from trees, typical of the variety and of the same age. Agricultural background at the experimental site satisfied the requirements of the farming equipment. As a result of the studies, it was found that the average content of total sugars in the fruits of the studied plum varieties was 11.4 %, free acids - 0.65 % and was characterized by strong volatility for years of research, as evidenced by the high coefficients of variation. The main stressful abiotic factor that has the most significant influence on the formation of a mass fraction of sugars and organic acids in plum fruits are weather conditions of the last month of fruit formation, i.e., absolute maximum temperature and precipitation during this period respectively. Using the methods of variation statistics, regression models were developed to predict the content of sugars and free acids, depending on abiotic factors, which are as follows: У=0,00222Х1 – 0,064460Х2+0,75256Х3+0,81939Х4–7,20252 – for sugars and У=0,425513+0,005985 Х1 – for acids. As the regression model to predict the taste of the plum fruits from abiotic factors, the model to predict the content of free acids should be used.

Melittophilous Mode of Pollination Predominates in European Plum (Prunus domestica L.) in the Semi-Arid Environment of Northwest India

European plum (Prunus domestica L.) is an important fruit and medicinal plant. This fruit plant is a new introduction in the Northwest region of India. Flowers of this plant need crosspollination for fruit set. However, the spectrum of pollinators and their relative role in pollination of flowers of this fruit plant in this region is not known. To meet these objectives, the present study was carried out. An entire range of flower visitors of this fruit plant was captured with hand net from its field and were identified. On the basis of foraging mode, the flower visitors were characterized as pollinators and non-pollinators. Their relative abundances, foraging rates, activity durations and number of pollen grains carried on the surface were recorded and these parameters were used to determine their pollinating efficiencies. During the two years of this study, a total of 12 insect species were observed on the three varieties of plum at Hisar. Among these insect visitors, five species belonged to Hymenoptera, five to Diptera, one to Lepidoptera and one to Coleoptera. Apis dorsata was the most abundant visitor having maximal foraging rate and carried maximal number of loose pollen grains and proved to be the most efficient pollinator of plum (P. domestica) in both the seasons followed by A. mellifera, A. cerana and A. florea; the dipterans were the least efficient pollinators of plum in both the years. On the basis of these parameters, melittophilous mode of pollination was found to predominate in this fruit plant in the semi-arid environment of Northwest India. Conservation of wild honeybees has been recommended.

The influence of virus infections on antioxidant levels in the genetically modified plum variety "Honeysweet" (Prunus domestica L.)

It is well-known that polyphenolic compounds are found abundantly in fruit, but various kinds of diseases lower these levels. This work measures total polyphenolic content, antioxidant activity and the levels of specific important antioxidants in fruits of the genetically modified (GM) plum variety HoneySweet, trees which were previously inoculated with a range of different virus infections. These were the Plum Pox virus (PPV), Prune Dwarf virus (PDV) and Apple Chlorotic Leaf-Spot virus (ACLSV). Uninoculated trees were used as controls. Antioxidant activity was measured using four different photometric methods – DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl), DMPD (N-dimethyl-p-phenylenediamine), ABTS (2,2-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) and FRAP (Ferric reducing antioxidant power). Total polyphenol content was measured using the Folin–Ciocalteau method. The profiles of 10 specific antioxidant constituents in the fruits of the GM plum variety HoneySweet were detected and analyzed, since these are of interest for their role in human diets and could play a role in the resistance of plants to viruses. Detection was made using HPLC with UV-VIS detection. They were: gallic acid, p-coumaric acid, 4-aminobenzoic acid, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, ferulic acid, vanillin, rutin and quercetin. The compound with the highest concentration was chlorogenic acid (587 mg/100 g), and that with the lowest was p-coumaric acid (0.95 mg/100 g). Of the four methods of antioxidant activity used, in three the lowest levels of antioxidant activity were seen where the PPV virus was combined with ACLSV, and in three the highest levels were seen in the un-inoculated control without any infection. The highest values of total polyphenols were seen in the control (65.3 mg/100 g), followed by infection of PPV, then treatment PPV, PDV and ACLSV, then treatment PPV and PDV and finally the lowest levels were seen in treatment PPV and ACLSV (44.2 mg/100 g), which was also that with the lowest antioxidant activity.

Composition of tocochromanols in the kernels recovered from plum pits: the impact of the varieties and species on the potential utility value for industrial application

The profile of tocopherol (T) and tocotrienol (T3) homologues in kernels recovered from 28 various plum varieties of hexaploid species Prunus domestica L. and diploid plums Prunus cerasifera Ehrh. and its crossbreeds were studied. One tocotrienol (α-T3) and four tocopherol homologues (α, β, γ and δ) were determined in all studied samples by an RP-HPLC/FLD method. The concentration of tocochromanols varied considerably in kernels of different plum varieties and amounted, respectively: 3.55–11.84 (α-T), 0.01–0.13 (β-T), 30.58–73.63 (γ-T), 0.71–4.04 (δ-T), 0.24–1.47 mg/100 g dw (α-T3). The total content of tocochromanols was recorded in the range 36.86–83.38 mg/100 g dw. The average percentage of individual tocochromanols detected in the plum kernels was as follows: α-T (11.6 %), β-T (0.1 %), γ-T (83.6 %), δ-T (3.5 %) and α-T3 (1.2 %). Concentration of tocopherol homologues and α-T3 in kernels of the diploid plums P. cerasifera and its crossbreeds were on average ~20 % lower, with the exception of δ-T (50 % lower), in comparison with the P. domestica. The principal component analysis allowed to classify the tested samples in two main groups and several outliers.

The Frequency of Xylophagous Fungi in a Plum Plantation from Reghin Area

The main purpose of the study was to observe the frequency of the wood decay fungi in plum plantations and also to identify the species of xylophagous fungi that grow on plum trees. The plum varieties used in the experiment were Anna Spath, De BistriE›a, Stanley and Silvia on which the lesions in the trees were counted and the infected lesions were monitored in four plantations. The monitored plantation was affected by two species of wood decaying fungi, identified as Phellinus igniarius and Stereum hirsutum, the frequency of the Stereum hirsutum specie being higher compared with Phelinus igniarius.

ПРОДУКТИВНОСТЬ И ЭКОЛОГИЧЕСКАЯ ПЛАСТИЧНОСТЬ СЛИВЫ (Prunus domestica) В НЕСТАБИЛЬНЫХ УСЛОВИЯХ СРЕДЫ

In perennial crops, particularly in plum trees, a genotypic (varietal) ecological plasticity as the ability to respond to external changes and anthropogenic factors is little studied. Plum tree is one of the most adaptive and wide spread fruit crop peculiar in its drought resistance, winter hardiness, high and sustainable fruit production. However, plum varieties significantly differ in valuable traits and ecological plasticity. Here we show the data on yield, fruit size and plasticity of differently originated plum varieties under conditions of four soil and climatic zones of Krasnodarskii krai. The data were obtained by statistical processing results of varietal testing. The main regional varieties Kabardinskaya rannyaya, Renklod Altana, Vengerka italianskaya, Anna Shpet, Vengerka azhanskaya and Tuley Gras were assessed. The role of the genotype in adaptation to environment indicated by fruit size and yield as an integrated parameters of the response to adverse condition was studied. In some varieties the yield varied from 18.0 до 50.0 centner per ha but did no exceed an average value for all varieties in each zone. Higher average yield for all zones was observed in Stenley variety at 165-170 centner per ha, in Anna Shpet variety at 115-145 centner per ha, in Kabardinskaya rannyaya variety at 130.4-147.9 centner per ha, and it was a little bit lower in Renklod Altana and Tuley Gras while the lowest in Vengerka azhanskaya and Vengerka italianskaya varieties. The yield was shown to be specific to genotype as a varietal biological peculiarity influencing the yield at 51.6 % rate, and also it depends on weather condition of the year with 28.7 % influence, and on their interaction at 17.2 % influence. Definite effects were shown for additional factors such as scheme of planting, type of crown, mineral nutrition, protection measures against diseases and pests. Fruit size was shown to be a varietal parameter closely related to the weather conditions and stresses during vegetation such as heat and water deficit at the phases of ovary and fruit formation and maturation. According to fruit size the rate of influence for weather, variety and their interaction was 41.6 %, 37.5 % and 20.8 %, respectively. Calculated regression coefficient b 1 for the yield value was > 1, thus the tested plum varieties were characterized as intensive and responding to new technologies such as dense planting schemes, flattened crowns, integrated protection, etc. The Kabardinskaya rannyaya and Stenley plum varieties being the most plastic, adaptive and productive were selected as basic for commercial assortment of plum trees in the conditions of the southern gardening.

Luther Burbank’s Plums

The 113 named varieties of plums introduced by Luther Burbank (1849–1926) were by far the most numerous and arguably the most significant of his horticultural accomplishments. He began by importing 12 seedlings from Japan in 1885, including ‘Abundance’ and ‘Satsuma’ (Prunus salicina). The cultivars he released in the late 19th and early 20th centuries played a crucial role in developing commercial cultivation of Asian-type plums in California, the United States, and much of the world; they also served as founding clones for later breeders. His crowning achievement was ‘Santa Rosa’ (introduced 1906), which in 1945, ‘Santa Rosa’ accounted for 36% of the California plum harvest. Many of Burbank’s other cultivars of primarily P. salicina ancestry were extensively cultivated in California in the early and middle 1900s, including ‘Beauty’ (introduced 1911), ‘Burbank’ (1888), ‘Duarte’ (1911), ‘Eldorado’ (1904), ‘Formosa’ (1907), and ‘Wickson’ (1895). His most important introductions of European plum (P. domestica) were ‘Improved French’ prune (1898), ‘Sugar’ prune (1899) and ‘Standard’ prune (1911). Some of Burbank’s more obscure introductions never received general distribution and have disappeared; others such as ‘Santa Rosa’, ‘Shiro’ (1899), and ‘Elephant Heart’ (released posthumously in 1929) still are commonly cultivated today in home gardens and for sale at local markets.

Effect of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi on Water Relations and Growth of Young Plum Trees under Severe Water Stress Conditions

Aims: Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) can mitigate plant response to severe water stress. On this basis, an experiment was carried out under field conditions to evaluate the effect of arbuscular mycorrhization, realized by a mixture of two AMF species, Rhizophagus intraradices and Funneliformis mosseae, on drought tolerance of young plum trees. Study Design: The experimental design was a criss cross with three variable factors: water regime, mycorrhization and plum variety. Place and Duration of Study: the trial was conducted during one year (2013) under field condition in experimental station Ain Taoujdate of the Regional Agricultural Research Center of Meknes, in northern Morocco. Methodology: The experiment was performed on four one year old mycorrhizal and nonmycorrhizal plum varieties submitted to two water regimes, 50% and 100% of crop evapotranspiration (ETc). Measurements have concerned vegetative growth parameters (shoot elongation, trunk growth and leaf area), water status (predawn and midday leaf water potential, Original Research Article Razouk and Kajji; IJPSS, 5(5): 300-312, 2015; Article no.IJPSS.2015.083 301 stomatal conductance and leaf relative water content) and leaf phosphorus content). Results: the young plum trees, even mycorrhized, did not tolerate water stress applied. However, plants were dependent on AMF under water stress, highly compensating its effects even at 50% of ETc. The compensatory effect of AMF was related to an increase of water potential and stomatal conductance without changing relative water content of plants. AMF also induced a significant increase of phosphorus uptake under water stress. Conclusion: it was demonstrated that AMF significantly improve water and nutrient use efficiency of young plum trees submitted to water stress amounting to 50% of ETc. The observed improvements due to AMF were considerable, suggesting possibility of adoption of this water restriction to optimize deficit irrigation of mycorrhizal plants of this rosacea under low water availability conditions.

Fruit bearing shoot characteristics of European plum (Prunus domestica L.) and Japanese plum (Prunus salicina Lindl.) cultivars

Morphological properties of fruit bearing shoots: length, number of flower buds and vegetative buds and their ratio were studied in 11 cultivars of European plum and 11 cultivars of Japanese plum during a two-year period. Fruit bearing shoots were divided into two groups: long (shoots) and short (spurs). For all studied traits, statistically significant differences between plum cultivars were found. Japanese plums had lesser thickness and shorter internodes of shoots in relation to European plums. They also had a significantly higher number of flower buds both on shoots and spurs. Based on obtained results, recommendations for pruning can be made. Cultivars with a higher number of flower buds per 1-m length and in relation to vegetative buds, like most varieties of Japanese plum and some varieties of European plum ('Stanley', 'Topper', 'Top', 'Topking'), require severe pruning. On the other hand, cultivars with lower density of flower buds, such as 'Cacanska rana' and 'Golden Plum', can be pruned slightly.

Results Regarding the Influence of Plum (Prunus Domestica) Fruit Thinning over Production and Fruits Firmness

The removal of the excess fruit can be done in three stages: in the bud stage, by cuts, in the blossom stage, by chemical treatements and in the period when the fruit start to grow, through chemical treatements or through hand-thinning. In this study, chemical thinning was applied to flowers when 80% were open. The study took place in fruit-growing ecosystems CAƒlacea and SteluE›a, different ecosystems in terms of climate, by analyzing 7 varieties of plum. On these varieties were conducted determinations regarding thinning influence on: flower pollination (%), fruit weight (g) and fruit firmness (Kgf/cm2). In CAƒlacea fruit-growing ecosystem, regardless the treatment, â€sTuleu Timpuriu’ variety registered the highest percentage of binding/ fertilized flowers (28.66%), and in Agroindustriala fruit-growing ecosystem, the highest percentage was obtained by â€sVinete RomA¢neE™ti’ variety (29.16%). Analyzing fruit firmness, in CAƒlacea fruit-growing ecosystem, regardless the treatment, â€sStanley’ variety registered the highest fruit firmness (36.95 kgf/cm2), and in Agroindustriala fruit-growing ecosystem, the highest values for fruit firmness were obtained by ‘Stanley’ (36.55 kgf/cm2). Analyzing fruit weight, in CAƒlacea fruit-growing ecosystem the highest fruit weight (g) was registered by â€sStanley’ variety (48.05g), and in Agroindustriala fruit-growing ecosystem the highest values for fruit weight were obtained by â€sNectarinAƒ RoE™ie’ variety (53.41 g).

Results Concerning the Influence of Fruit Load Upon Plum Fruit Quality

Chemical thinning consists in spraying the trees with different substances. The intensity of chemical thinning depends on the vigour of the tree, the phenophase in which it is done, the type of solution and its concentration. In this study for the chemical thinning the following products were used: Ethrel, 0.01% in concentration, Cosavet 80 DF, in concentration of 5%, Sulphur 80 WG, in concentration of 5% and Sulfomat 80 PU, in concentration of 5%, when 80% of the flowers were open. The study took place in fruit-growing ecosystems CAƒlacea and SteluE›a, by analyzing 7 varieties of plum, in the following order: ‘Tuleu timpuriu’, ‘Stanley’, ‘Gras Ameliorat’, ‘Anna Spath’, ‘Tuleu gras’, ‘Vinete RomA¢neE™ti’, ‘Vinete de Italia’ and ‘NectarinAƒ roE™ie’. On these varieties were conducted determinations regarding thinning influence on: dry substance and total acidity. In CAƒlacea fruit-growing ecosystem, regardless the treatment, the highest dry substance content was obtained by ‘Stanley’ variety (15.57 %), and in Agroindustriala ecosystem, the highest value for dry substance content was registered by ‘ Vinete de Italia’ variety (20.19 %). The results show that regardless the treatment, in CAƒlacea fruit-growing ecosystem the highest value for acidity was obtained by â€sTuleu Timpuriu’ variety (10.9540 %), and in Agroindustriala fruit-growing ecosystem the highest acidity was registered by â€sTuleu Gras’ variety (12.88 %).

Physico-Chemical Changes during Growth and Development of Three Plum Varieties

In order to determine the physico-chemical changes during growth and development of three plum varieties, three species were analyzed (Stanley, VA¢nAƒt de Italia and Tuleu Gras) by harvesting the fruits at six different phases of development from the interior and the periphery of the crown. The changes that occurred for the studied samples were the following: the mass increased from 2.29 g to 37.16 g (Stanley 3.90 g / fruit →30.96 g / fruit, VA¢nAƒt de Italia variety 4.42 g / fruit →35.11 g / fruit, Tuleu Gras variety 2.81 g / fruit → 38.29 g / fruit), the diameter increased from 2.52 cm to 5.2 cm (Stanley 3.15 cm / fruit → 5.17 cm / fruit, VA¢nAƒt de Italia 3.00 cm / fruit → 5.20 cm / fruit ,Tuleu Gras 2.63 cm / fruit → 4.99 cm / fruit), the moisture ranged from 73.83-90.01% (Stanley 79.97% - 88.52% , VA¢nAƒt de Italia 75.84% - 87.80%, Tuleu Gras 79.85% - 90.02%), the acidity decreased from 0.48% - 0.07% (Stanley 1.27%→ 0.78%, VA¢nAƒt de Italia 1.28%→ 0.80%, Tuleu Gras 1.28%→0.75%), pH increased from 2.52 to 5.2 (Stanley 3.14 → 3.74, VA¢nAƒt de Italia 2.72 → 3.78, Tuleu Gras 2.97 → 3.94) and the total soluble solide (TSS) ranged from 6.4-23.95EsBrix (Stanley 6.4Es → 21.3Es Brix, VA¢nAƒt de Italia 7.05Es → 23.35Es Brix, Tuleu Gras 8.55Es → 23.95EsBrix). The obtained results are helpful for the industry and consumers to choose the suitable plum fruits.

Result of plum growth development of different plum varieties in Altai region

Due to global warming and Mongolian climate change air temperature has increased by 1, 56 degree in last 60 years. 25 percent of desertification covers once in 2-3 years whereas more than 50 percent of desertification occurs once in 4-5 years in Mongolian territory. Dust storm increased 3-4 times in Gobi and step regions in comparison to 1960s (Desertification UB 2009).Studying perennial trees, bushes and fruit tree cultivation, its adaptability and yield increasement is a stable way to reduce desertification, restore land degradation, increase yield and improve soil fertility. Plum is easily adaptable plant to cultivate in any type of soil and climate of Mongolia.Plum specificities are highly adaptable, yields in short period after planting, tolerant during winter, disease infected condition is comparably low, later uses of plum fruits are diverse and economically valuable.Plum is also planted for medicinal and ornamental use. Increasing interests and demand on making home garden and to plant diverse of fruit trees are primary reason to conduct this study. Experiment was done in Khovd branch of Agricultural State University in fruit experimental station. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5564/mjas.v11i2.224 Mongolian Journal of Agricultural Sciences Vol.11(2) 2013 pp.83-86

Phytochemicals in Japanese plums: impact of maturity and bioaccessibility

In recent years there has been increasing consumer interest in the potential health benefits of dietary derived phytochemicals such as polyphenols (including anthocyanins and flavonols) and carotenoids. A new variety of Japanese plum (Prunus salicina Lindl.), named Queen Garnet (QG), was developed as a high anthocyanin plum in a Queensland (Australia) Government breeding program and may be attractive to consumers, but knowledge of other phytochemical content, and bioaccessibility, is currently limited. As a result, the present study examined (1) the impact of harvest date on anthocyanins, quercetin glycosides and carotenoids in Queen Garnet and another red fleshed commercial Japanese plum variety, Black Diamond (BD), (2) the content of bound phenolics in plum fruit and (3) the in vitro bioaccessibility and release of these phytochemicals as an initial measure to predict their potential bioavailability. For both QG and BD, the last harvest resulted in the highest anthocyanin content in peel, flesh and whole fruit, whereas no significant effects could be observed for quercetin glycosides, and total carotenoids decreased over time. The highest content of bound phenolics (30% of total amount) could be found in BD flesh. Between 53% and 59% of quercetin glycosides and anthocyanins were released from QG after the gastric and small intestinal digestion procedure, whereas the release of carotenoids ranged between 4–6%. A relative high release of anthocyanins and quercetin glycosides could be observed from QG which may result in a higher gastro-intestinal absorption rate of these compounds. However, follow-up studies (clinical trials) are warranted to investigate the in vivo bioavailability and subsequently biological activity of QG.

Cracking susceptibility evaluation of some stone fruit species (Sour cherries – Prunus cerasus L.; Sweet cherries – Prunus avium and European plums – Prunus domestica L.) grown in Hungary

Cracking susceptibility evaluation of some stone fruit species (Sour cherries – Prunus cerasus L.; Sweet cherries – Prunus avium and European plums – Prunus domestica L.) grown in Hungary

The parameters of homemade jams after storage

Nowadays producing jams is considered a traditional way of plum processing in Hungary. Plum jams without added sugar can be stored
 This research aimed to analytically determine which quality parameters of the jams and to what extent they change during storage. Furthermore, this study intended to find out whether a concious consumer can presume any difference between varieties or the year of harvest, or wheather a one-time customer should suspect differences in quality parameters of the different products. This study focused on those differences or alterations in the parameters that occur in the jams made from several different plum varieties produced in different years.
 I analyzed the classic chemical parameters (dry matter content and ash content) and physiologically important nutritional components (phenolic and flavonoids antioxidants and vitamin C). In this research I used jams which were produced from 6 varieties grown in 2009 (President, Tophit, Bluefre, Elena, Presenta, Stanley), 4 varieties from 2010 (President, Bluefre, Elena, Presenta) and 6 varieties from 2011 (President, Tophit, Bluefre, Elena, Presenta, Stanley). Jams were produced with traditional technology in cauldrons without added sugar. Jars were placed into a relatively dark and cool place and were stored there until the analysis.
 Having regard to the results, when consumers choose between the different products they also choose quality since the processed plum variety, and the year of production/processing determine the nutritional value of the specific product. This could be used for market positioning and promotion of the product, however further research is needed to gain more information from the differences that derive from the varieties, year of harvest or other factors. This way fruit and jam producers could turn these informations into market advantage.

The setting of fenological-stadium of plum (Prunus domestica) rootstock-variety combinations in 2011–2013

We planted experimental trees, namely 6 plum varieties and 6 plum rootstocks in the spring of 2010, which of aim were the phenological -phases of variety-rootstock combinations analyses.
 We observed 18 plum varieties – rootstocks combination in Kecskemét, in Garden of Kecskemét Collage. We set the examination with 2 kind irrigations. A plum combination appear in the examination in 6 repetition depend on irrigation. The vegetative period started bursting of buds in 2011 March 15–18.; 2012 March 16–19. and 2013 March 12.–April 2. This was followed green buds stadium shorter or longer periods, than appeared white buds stadium and in the following day we could see started of flowering. The main flowering kept 7–10 days, except in 2012, when arriving frozen by April 8. morning stopped the main flowering. Following flowering we observed fruit falling 3 occasion, these weren’t noticed calendar date. These were in order: fruit falling after set, fruit falling in June, fruits falling before harvest. In 2013 these fruit falling there weren’t considerable. The ripening was characteristically varieties. The most of earlier ripening was ‘Katinka’/‘St Julien A‘, from which we didn’t harvest in 2011, but in 2012 July 17, and in 2013 July 9. pick up some plum fruits. The ‘Cacanska lepotica’ ripped in July 21–30, this was followed in ripening time the ‘Topfive’ in July 19.–August 6., The ‘Toptaste’ in August 5–23., The ‘Jojo’ in August 2–26., and the ‘Topper and ‘Katinka’/‘Mirobalan ’ stopped ripening in August 22.–September begin. The colouring leaves and the falling leaves started continue after harvesting, but we experienced the end of the falling leaves in the first bigger frozen time, October 24.–November 26.