Variation In Energy Intake Research Articles

Short-term dietary compensation in free-living adults

Evidence suggests that compensatory behaviors operate in infants and pre-school children, such that the high variance characteristic of single eating occasions is much reduced over the day. However, the concept has not been fully explored in adults. The present within-subject, observational study investigated short-term dietary compensation patterns in fifty, weight-stable, normal weight ( n = 27), overweight ( n = 14), and obese ( n = 9) free-living adults (11 M, 39 F; age 30 ± 11 y; BMI 26.3 ± 5.9). Twenty four-hour diet recalls were obtained for 7 consecutive days, by the multi-pass technique. Each 24-h period was divided into 7 eating occasions. The coefficient of variation for energy intake was calculated for each adult, for each eating occasion, and over each 24-h period. Sub-group variability was assessed by BMI and frequency of consumption of sweetened energy-yielding beverages. The mean coefficient of variation for energy intake for the 7 eating occasions was 110.5%, compared to 28.9% for the day as a whole. Correlations between energy intakes at successive eating events were uniformly negative. No significant differences were noted in the sub-group analyses. Significantly greater variation in energy intake was noted for snacks compared to meals ( P < 0.0001). These data suggest that adults regulate energy intake over a 24-h period more closely than they do at individual eating occasions, similar to the pattern previously observed in children. Further studies of compensatory responses by larger sub-groups of individuals at risk for weight gain are warranted.

Estimating under-reporting of energy intake in dietary surveys using an individualised method

Under-reporting (UR) of energy intake (EI) by self-reported dietary methods is well-documented but the methods used to estimate UR in population-based studies commonly assume a sedentary lifestyle. We compared estimated UR using individualised estimates of energy requirements with a population cut-off based on minimum energy needs. UR was estimated for 1551 adults aged 19-64 years enrolled in the National Diet and Nutrition Survey. Physical activity diaries and 7 d weighed dietary records were completed concurrently. Mean daily EI (kJ/d) was calculated from the dietary records. Reported physical activity was used to assign each subject's activity level, and then to calculate estimated energy requirements (EER) from published equations. UR was calculated both as EER - EI with an adjustment for daily EER and EI variation, and also by a population method. By the individual method UR was approximately 27 % of energy needs in men and 29 % in women, with 75 % of men and 77 % of women classified as under-reporters; by the population method 80 and 88 % were classified as under-reporters respectively. When subjects who reported their eating being affected by dieting or illness during dietary recording were excluded, UR was 25 % of energy needs in both sexes. UR was higher in overweight and obese men and women compared with their lean counterparts (P < 0.001). UR of EI must be considered in dietary surveys. The EER method allows UR to be quantified and takes into account an individual's activity level. Measures of physical activity and questions to identify under-eating during dietary recording may help to evaluate secular trends in UR.

La leptine : du gène aux effets sur l’équilibre énergétique

The amount of stored energy (fat mass) results from a complex interplay of biological factors responding to variations in energy intake and expenditure that depend on behavior and environmental conditions. Leptin plays a key role in this homeostasis. This adipocyte-derived cytokine not only informs the brain about the level of energy stores but is also involved in energy metabolism in the periphery, as well as in reproduction, bone metabolism and immunity. Complete leptin deficiency is very rare, while partial leptin deficiency is more frequent. Hyperleptinemia is frequent in common obesity, indicating a state of leptin resistance. Therapeutic use of leptin remains limited.

Corticosterone and Foraging Behavior in a Pelagic Seabird

Because endocrine mechanisms are thought to mediate behavioral responses to changes in the environment, examining these mechanisms is essential for understanding how long-lived seabirds adjust their foraging decisions to contrasting environmental conditions in order to maximize their fitness. In this context, the hormone corticosterone (CORT) deserves specific attention because of its major connections with locomotor activities. We examined for the first time the relationships between individual CORT levels and measurements of foraging success and behavior using satellite tracking and blood sampling from wandering albatrosses (Diomedea exulans) before (pretrip CORT levels) and after (posttrip CORT levels) foraging trips during the incubation period. Plasma CORT levels decreased after a foraging trip, and the level of posttrip CORT was negatively correlated with individual foraging success, calculated as total mass gain over a foraging trip. Pretrip CORT levels were not linked to time spent at sea but were positively correlated with daily distance traveled and maximum range at sea. In this study, we were able to highlight the sensitivity of CORT levels to variation in energy intake, and we showed for the first time that individual CORT levels can be explained by variation in foraging success. Relationships between pretrip CORT levels and daily distance traveled and maximum range were independent of pretrip body mass, suggesting that slight elevations in pretrip CORT levels might facilitate locomotor activity. However, because both foraging behavior and pretrip CORT levels could be affected by individual quality, future experimental studies including manipulation of CORT levels are needed to test whether CORT can mediate foraging decisions according to foraging conditions.

Reductions in portion size and energy density of foods are additive and lead to sustained decreases in energy intake

When the portion size and energy density (in kcal/g) of a food are varied simultaneously in a single meal, each influences energy intake independently. We aimed to determine how the effects of portion size and energy density combine to influence energy intake and satiety over multiple meals for 2 d. In a crossover design, 24 young women were provided with meals and snacks for 2 consecutive days per week for 4 wk; all foods were consumed ad libitum. Across the 4 sessions, the subjects were served the same 2 daily menus, but all foods were varied in portion size and energy density between a standard level (100%) and a reduced level (75%). Reducing the portion size and energy density of all foods led to significant and independent decreases in energy intake over 2 d (P < 0.0001). A 25% decrease in portion size led to a 10% decrease in energy intake (231 kcal/d), and a 25% decrease in energy density led to a 24% decrease in energy intake (575 kcal/d). The effects on energy intake were additive and were sustained from meal to meal. Despite the large variation in energy intake, there were no significant differences in the ratings of hunger and fullness across conditions over the 2 d. Reductions in portion size and energy density independently decreased ad libitum energy intake in women when commonly consumed foods were served over 2 d. Reductions in both portion size and energy density can help to moderate energy intake without increased hunger.

A review of the effect of energy intake on pregnancy rate and litter size–discussed in relation to group-housed non-lactating sows

The number of group-housed non-lactating sows is increasing rapidly in Europe as a consequence of changed legislation initiated by elevated public concern of animal welfare. Lower litter size and pregnancy rate in group compared to individually housed non-lactating sows have been observed in several on-farm experiments. The overall aim of this paper is to consider whether the variation in energy intake in a group of non-lactating sows can influence variation in litter size and pregnancy rate. A review of existing literature with main emphasis on publications after 1980 was carried out to clarify whether pregnancy rate and litter size may be influenced by energy intake. The studies reviewed indicate that low energy intake compared to high energy intake before mating may impair litter size in gilts and in sows that experienced severe weight loss during lactation. Furthermore, moderate energy intake compared to low energy intake in the first 3 days after mating may reduce litter size in the gilt but not in the sows. Both pregnancy rate and litter size might be influenced by very low energy intake in the first 4 weeks of pregnancy. Based upon studies indicating that low ranking sows may consume considerably less than high ranking sows (e.g., 50–80%) in group-housed systems, it is suggested that the variation in feed intake in a group of restricted fed pregnant female pigs may be large enough to influence pregnancy rate and litter size.

Modulatory factors in the effect of energy density on energy intake.

The effect of energy density (ED) on energy intake (EI) has been assessed in short-term and long-term experiments. In the short term, it was found that ED affects EI directly in situations when the subjects cannot estimate the ED of the food; then subjects mainly monitor the weight of the food ingested. In the long term, the effects of ED on EI are modulated. Average daily EI appears to be related to ED of the food and drinks when ED is determined by specific macronutrients, but not when ED is only determined by the weight of water. Thus, the short-term effect ED has on EI cannot be extrapolated to the long term, because a possible dominating effect of the weight of water determining ED undoes the relationship of ED with EI. Moreover, in the long-term portion sizes are used to compensate for correctly estimated ED, resulting in less variation in EI than ED alone would imply. Finally, dietary restraint compensates for the effect of a relatively high ED on daily EI, whereas dietary unrestraint compensates for the effect of relatively low ED on daily EI. We conclude that the short-term effect of ED on EI is modulated by the effect of water on ED, and compensated for by the effect of dietary restraint and adapted portion sizes.

Effects of energy density of daily food intake on long-term energy intake

An important question that has been raised recently is whether it is mainly the energy density (ED) of the food consumed or its macronutrient composition that determines daily energy intake (EI). In this scope, the effect of ED on EI has been assessed in short-term as well as long-term experiments. Over the short term, i.e., during a meal, it was found that ED affects EI directly; then subjects mainly monitor the weight of the food ingested. Over the long term, the effects of ED on EI are modulated. Average daily energy intake (ADEI) does not only consist of meals but also includes snacks and drinks. ADEI appears to be related to ED of the food and drinks where ED is at least determined by specific macronutrients (primarily fat and carbohydrate), but not when ED is determined only by the weight of water. With respect to the separate effects of the ED of foods and of drinks on ADEI, only ED from foods had a significant relationship with total EI. Moreover, during daily food intake, subjects seem to adapt their portion sizes to estimated EDs. Long-term studies have shown that dietary restraint compensates for the effect of increases in ED on ADEI, whereas unrestrained eaters compensate for the effect of decreases in ED on ADEI. In conclusion, ED determines short-term EI. This cannot be extrapolated to the long term because only the ED of food, and not the ED of drinks, determines total EI. In addition, over the long term, the short-term effect is modulated by dietary restraint and adapted portion sizes. ED is not a universal concept that determines EI, yet rather a characteristic of the macronutrients: mainly fat and carbohydrate contributing to variation in EI.

Macronutrient Intakes as Determinants of Dietary Protein and Amino Acid Adequacy

It has long been known that dietary amino acid adequacy is markedly influenced by energy balance but in recent years the importance of this has been generally underestimated. Important practical issues include unintentional variation in energy intake and consequence energy balance that may be responsible for much of the apparent variability in protein requirements. Because variation in energy expenditure and intakes in subjects in energy balance may influence nitrogen balance (NB), a framework for evaluating studies of protein or amino acid adequacy in relation to the level of energy intake needs definition. The common assumption that the type of energy influences protein utilization is probably incorrect with fat as effective as carbohydrate in maintaining NB at energy maintenance. A more difficult conceptual issue relates to the use of protein:energy (P:E) ratios in evaluating adequacy of intakes in relation to requirements. This is necessary given that protein intakes are determined by overall food energy intake that varies markedly throughout the life cycle and with lifestyle. For any diet that might be considered limiting in protein, population groups most likely to be at risk are those with the lowest energy requirements, the sedentary elderly. Thus, increased amino acid density of diets becomes more important for this population, and increased physical activity and higher food intakes at energy balance are likely to reduce the extent of any deficiency. Modeling of the implications of proposed protein and amino acid requirement values for likely risk of deficiency by comparing P:E ratios of intakes and requirements implies high levels of deficiency risk in both developing and developed population groups. This raises the question of whether proposed values for the lysine requirement need to be reevaluated and consideration given to the extent to which adaptive mechanisms might enable the metabolic requirement for protein to be met from current intakes.

Seasonal dietary stress in Peruvian children.

This article examines the seasonal variation in energy intake among young children in a fanning community in southern Peru. Caloric intakes among young children fall to their lowest annual level during the post-harvest season even though food and cash resources are at their highest levels. Among toddlers (1-3 years) the decline is statistically significant (p = 0.006). Their energy intake meets only 65.6 per cent of their predicted requirement during the post-harvest season. In contrast to the literature, dietary stress for young children is not greatest in the pre-harvest season. Also, household food availability does not accurately indicate dietary risk among young children in this community.

Natural feeding of the temperate asymbiotic octocoral-gorgonian Leptogorgia sarmentosa (Cnidaria: Octocorallia)

MEPS Marine Ecology Progress Series Contact the journal Facebook Twitter RSS Mailing List Subscribe to our mailing list via Mailchimp HomeLatest VolumeAbout the JournalEditorsTheme Sections MEPS 254:141-150 (2003) - doi:10.3354/meps254141 Natural feeding of the temperate asymbiotic octocoral-gorgonian Leptogorgia sarmentosa (Cnidaria: Octocorallia) Marta Ribes1,4,*, Rafel Coma2, Sergi Rossi3 1Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology, PO Box 1346, Kaneohe, Hawaii 96744, USA 2Centre d¹Estudis Avançats de Blanes (CSIC), Accés Cala Sant Francesc 14, PO BOX 118, 17300 Blanes, Girona, Spain 3Institut de Ciències del Mar (CSIC), Passeig Marítim 37-49, 08003 Barcelona, Spain 4Present address: Institut de Ciències del Mar (CSIC), Passeig Marítim 37-49, 08003 Barcelona, Spain *Email: mribes@icm.csic.es ABSTRACT: Octocorals are common components of sublittoral benthic communities in temperate, tropical and polar areas. However, their natural diets and feeding rates are poorly known. In this study, we examined natural feeding and respiration of the ubiquitous temperate species Leptogorgia sarmentosa (Cnidaria: Octocorallia) in the NW Mediterranean. We measured in situ grazing rate on dissolved organic carbon (DOC), detrital particulate organic carbon (POC) and live particulate carbon <100 µm (i.e. pico- and nanoplankton, dinoflagellates, diatoms and ciliates) using continuous flow incubation chambers. L. sarmentosa captured nanoeukaryotes, dinoflagellates, diatoms, ciliates, as well as detrital POC, but no significant capture of DOC, nor of prey items smaller than nanoeukaryotes (mean 3.6 µm), was observed. Feeding rate on detrital POC and live carbon <100 µm was 402 ± 35 and 67 ± 6 µg C g ash-free dry mass (AFDM)-1 h-1, respectively. Detrital POC and zooplankton‹previously studied‹were the 2 main food sources, while live carbon <100 µm accounted for less than 10% of the total ingested carbon. Respiration rate was 0.55 ± 0.24 mg O2 g AFDM-1 h-1 (mean ± SE), which is equivalent to a requirement of 155 ± 67 µg C g AFDM-1 h-1. On the basis of estimated feeding and respiration rates, the respiratory demand can largely be met. The spectrum of food sources and the contribution of different food sources to the diet is consistent with previous feeding studies and suggests 2 general patterns in the diet of octocorals. First, octocorals feed on a wide spectrum of food sources ranging from ca. 4 µm (nanoeukaryotes) to seston particles measuring several hundred microns. Second, despite the wide spectrum of food sources, microplankton and detrital POC constitute the bulk of the heterotrophic diet of octocorals. The contribution of detrital POC to the diet of octocorals suggests that there may be important seasonal variations in energy intake, which may affect the seasonal dynamics of temperate octocorals due to the marked seasonal variation in the availability of this particulate carbon source in temperate ecosystems like the Mediterranean. KEY WORDS: Octocorals · Natural feeding · Respiration · Gorgonians · Benthic communities · Mediterranean Full text in pdf format PreviousNextExport citation RSS - Facebook - Tweet - linkedIn Cited by Published in MEPS Vol. 254. Online publication date: June 04, 2003 Print ISSN: 0171-8630; Online ISSN: 1616-1599 Copyright © 2003 Inter-Research.

Relationship of high energy expenditure and variation in dietary intake with reporting accuracy on 7 day food records and diet histories in a group of healthy adult volunteers.

To assess the accuracy of reporting from both a diet history and food record and identify some of the characteristics of more accurate reporters in a group of healthy adult volunteers for an energy balance study. Prospective measurements in free-living people. Wollongong, Australia. Fifteen healthy volunteers (seven male, eight female; aged 22-59 y; body mass index (BMI) 19-33 kg/m(2)) from the local community in the city of Wollongong, Australia. Measurement of energy intake via diet history interview and 7 day food records, total energy expenditure by the doubly labelled water technique over 14 days, physical activity by questionnaire, and body fat by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Increased misreporting of energy intake was associated with increased energy expenditure (r=0.90, P<0.0001, diet history; r(S)=0.79, P=0.0005, food records) but was not associated with age, sex, BMI or body fat. Range in number of recorded dinner foods correlated positively with energy expenditure (r(S)=0.63, P=0.01) and degree of misreporting (r(S)=0.71, P=0.003, diet history; r(S)=0.63, P=0.01, food records). Variation in energy intake at dinner and over the whole day identified by the food records correlated positively with energy expenditure (r=0.58, P=0.02) and misreporting on the diet history (r=0.62, P=0.01). Subjects who are highly active or who have variable dietary and exercise behaviour may be less accurate in reporting dietary intake. Our findings indicate that it may be necessary to screen for these characteristics in studies where accuracy of reporting at an individual level is critical.

Critical evaluation of energy intake using the Goldberg cut-off for energy intake:basal metabolic rate. A practical guide to its calculation, use and limitations.

To re-state the principles underlying the Goldberg cut-off for identifying under-reporters of energy intake, re-examine the physiological principles and update the values to be substituted into the equation for calculating the cut-off, and to examine its use and limitations. New values are suggested for each element of the Goldberg equation. The physical activity level (PAL) for comparison with energy intake:basal metabolic rate (EI:BMR) should be selected to reflect the population under study; the PAL value of 1.55 x BMR is not necessarily the value of choice. The suggested value for average within-subject variation in energy intake is 23% (unchanged), but other sources of variation are increased in the light of new data. For within-subject variation in measured and estimated BMR, 4% and 8.5% respectively are suggested (previously 2.5% and 8%), and for total between-subject variation in PAL, the suggested value is 15% (previously 12.5%). The effect of these changes is to widen the confidence limits and reduce the sensitivity of the cut-off. The Goldberg cut-off can be used to evaluate the mean population bias in reported energy intake, but information on the activity or lifestyle of the population is needed to choose a suitable PAL energy requirement for comparison. Sensitivity for identifying under-reporters at the individual level is limited. In epidemiological studies information on home, leisure and occupational activity is essential in order to assign subjects to low, medium or high PAL levels before calculating the cut-offs. In small studies, it is desirable to measure energy expenditure, or to calculate individual energy requirements, and to compare energy intake directly with energy expenditure.

Variation in energy intake and basal metabolic rate of a bird migrating in a wind tunnel

1. We studied the changes in body mass, metabolizable energy intake rate (ME) and basal metabolic rate (BMR) of a Thrush Nightingale, Luscinia luscinia, following repeated 12‐h migratory flights in a wind tunnel. In total the bird flew for 176 h corresponding to 6300 km. This is the first study where the fuelling phase has been investigated in a bird migrating in captivity. 2. ME was very high, supporting earlier findings that migrating birds have among the highest intake rates known among homeotherms. ME was significantly higher the second day of fuelling, indicating a build‐up of the capacity of the digestive tract during the first day of fuelling. 3. Further indications of an increase in size or activity level of metabolically active structures during fuelling come from the short‐term variation in BMR, which increased over the 2‐day fuelling period with more than 20%, and in almost direct proportion to body mass. However, mass‐specific BMR decreased over the season. 4. The patterns of mass change, ME and BMR of our focal bird following two occasions of 12‐h fasts were the same as after flights, indicating that fast and flight may involve similar physiological processes. 5. The relatively low ME the first day following a flight may be a contributing factor to the well‐known pattern that migrating birds during stopover normally lose mass the first day of fuelling.

Quantitative genetics of energy balance--lessons from animal models.

Evidence for quantitative genetic variation in components of energy balance in animals is overwhelming. Much of this evidence is drawn from livestock species and relevant rodent models, especially long-term selection lines. This mini-review summarizes findings from several animal studies that have characterized quantitative genetic variation in energy intake and energy expenditure. Applications of this information toward understanding and treatment of human obesity are explored.

From individual variation in energy intakes...to variations in energy requirements and adaptations to them

Dr Widdowson and Professor McCance always expressed a great deal of interest in the inter-individual variability in their scientific data considering that extreme values often provided the most revealing results. Their interest developed as a result of Dr Widdowson’s studies of the individual diets of men, women and children conducted in the 1930s; she later used the phrase ‘nutritional individuality’ to describe between-individual variability in intake and expenditure (Widdowson, 1962). This paper continues Dr Widdowson’s theme of individual variability. It focuses on recent data which describe between-individual differences in daily energy expenditure, particularly the extremes, and also on the insights these have given into the measurements of energy intake (EI).

From individual variation in energy intakes ... to variations in energy requirements and adaptations to them.

From individual variation in energy intakes ... to variations in energy requirements and adaptations to them.

Factors Associated with Diet and Weight in Rural Older Women

The purpose of the study was to identify factors that may contribute to variability in dietary and weight status in a group of rural older women (n = 180). Subjects completed a questionnaire regarding personal, behavioral and social/environmental variables followed by three random 24-hour recalls. Dietary factors, such as diet variety, were derived from the recalls. The dietary outcome measures were: energy, mean adequacy ratio (MAR), percent kilocalories from fat, sodium, and weight, expressed as body mass index (BMI). Results indicate that diet variety and number of meals together explained 36% of the variation in energy intake and 26% of the variation in MAR. BMI was related to a number of factors including following a weight-loss diet, and being diagnosed with hypertension.

Effects of Age on Energy Expenditure and Substrate Oxidation During Experimental Overfeeding in Healthy Men

Relatively little is known about the influence of age on energy regulation during energy imbalance. We compared the effects of overfeeding on changes in energy expenditure, substrate oxidation, and energy deposition between young men (age 23.7 +/- 1.1 [SEM] years) and older men (age 70.0 +/- 7.0) of normal body weight who were leading unrestricted lives. Changes in total energy expenditure, resting energy expenditure (REE), the thermic effect of feeding (TEF), respiratory quotient (RQ), and body energy content were determined in response to overeating by 4.09 +/- 0.07 Megajoule (MJ)/day for 21 days in 16 healthy subjects consuming a typical diet. After excluding data from one young subject with unusual results and adjusting for individual differences in excess energy intake, there was a tendency towards a smaller increase in REE in older men compared to the young men (p = .07) which was accounted for by their lower fat-free mass (p = .016). There was also a significantly smaller increase in resting energy expenditure averaged over fasting and fed states (i.e, REE + TEF) with overfeeding in older men than in young men (p < .01). Combined, these smaller increases in energy expenditure with overfeeding in the older subjects averaged an estimated 365 kilojoule (kJ)/day (8.9% of the excess energy intake) (p < .02). There were also significant effects of age on fasting RQ (p < .001) and the change in RQ with overfeeding (p < .001), but no significant increase in energy expenditure for physical activity and thermoregulation with overfeeding in either age-group. These results are consistent with the suggestion that older individuals experience both a reduction in the ability to increase energy expenditure, and an alteration in the pattern of substrate utilization, in response to overfeeding. These changes may promote cumulative increases in body energy during normal cycles of positive energy balance unless compensated for by adaptive variations in energy intake.

Metabolic Status and Interval to First Ovulation in Postpartum Dairy Cows

For 21 postpartum dairy cows studied during the period of negative energy balance, the rate of muscle protein degradation, gluconeogenic changes, circulating large neutral AA, and plasma IGF-I were measured to investigate their possible association with the duration of anovulation and LH secretions. Cows that ovulated (n=17) were energetically deficient at first ovulation but were approaching a balanced state. The dynamic changes in energy balance, but not the mean energy balance or the extent of BW loss, were correlated with days to first ovulation. Variations in energy balance were explained largely by variations in energy intake. Increased mobilization of body protein was indicated by higher concentrations of 3-methylhistidine during the first 3 wk postpartum and was not correlated with duration of postpartum anovulation. Plasma aspartate transaminase decreased significantly, and the proportion of Tyr to total large neutral AA significantly increased in the 12 d prior to first ovulation; both were correlated with LH secretion. Plasma IGF-I did not correlate with days to first ovulation, but correlated with LH pulse frequency. These findings indicate that decreased gluconeogenesis from AA is associated with duration of recovery and that Tyr may participate in metabolic signaling to the hypothalamus-hypophyseal axis controlling ovarian function in the postpartum dairy cow.