Variation Of Light Intensity Research Articles

Identification and Characterization of DlGI Promoter Involved in Photoperiod, Light Intensity, Hormone, and DlELF4 Response from Longan

In fruit trees, flowering is a key event followed by fruit development and seed production. Gigentea (GI), a clock-associated gene, is known to contribute to photoperiodic flowering and circadian clock control in Arabidopsis thaliana. However, its functions in woody fruit trees remain unclear. In this study, a 2000 bp promoter fragment of the longan (Dimocarpous longan) DlGI gene was isolated from the genomic DNA of longan ‘Honghezi’ by polymerase chain reaction amplification. The DlGI promoter contained two main types of potential cis-acting elements: light-responsive and hormone-responsive elements. The promoter was fused with the β-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter gene of pBI121 to generate the pDlGI:GUS construct. GUS histochemical staining of transgenic A. thaliana revealed that DlGI might play a role in different developmental phases of longan. Exposure of transgenic A. thaliana to varying light intensities showed that the GUS activity increases with increased light intensity. Transient expression of pDlGI::GUS in Nicotiana benthamiana showed that the GUS activity was higher and reached peak a few hours earlier under short-day (SD) than long-day conditions. Exposure to different hormonal treatments revealed that the transcript level of GUS was activated by gibberellin (GA3) and indoleacetic acid (IAA) but suppressed by abscisic acid and methyl jasmonate treatment. In addition, N. benthamiana transient assay and dual-luciferase assay revealed that the presence of early flowering 4 (ELF4) homologs of longan (DlELF4-1 and DlELF4-2) significantly activated the DlGI promoter. The positive response of DlGI promoter to high light-intensity, SD photoperiod, GA3 and IAA signals, and DlELF4 transcription factor suggest that DlGI may function as a circadian clock and play a role in responding to SD conditions and other signals in flower initiation of longan.

Vertical distribution pattern of cbb genes and bacterial CO2 fixing potential in the South China sea

In this study, the cbb genes which encode the key enzymes in the Calvin cycle were used as functional markers to investigate the distribution pattern of CO2 fixing potential of autotrophic bacteria at different depths of the South China Sea (SCS). The results revealed that cbb gene abundance was similar between the surface and the deep layer of SCS, over two fold higher than the middle layer. The types of cbb genes showed dramatically different distributions with depths. Metagenomic amplicon sequencing revealed that Synechococcus was the main genus containing cbb genes in the surface layer, along with Rubrivivax and Limnohabitans in the middle, and unclassified Epsilonproteobacteria in the deep. Furthermore, the surface layer had the highest CO2 fixing potential due to that Synechococcus had a high CO2 fixation capacity and relatively high autotrophic growth rate. The difference in the distribution of bacterial species and therefore cbb types with depths was potentially affected by the variation in light intensity and concentration of dissolved oxygen, inorganic carbon and reducing substances.

Effect of membrane blocking on attached cultivation of microalgae

Membrane blocking is of great importance to nutrients transfer and illumination in attached cultivation of algae, which subsequently affects the biomass and nutrients production of algal biofilm. Accordingly, a vertical-algal-biofilm (VAB) with cellulose acetate (CA) membranes with pore size of 0.45, 1.2, 2.0, and 3.0 μm is settled to study the effect of membrane blocking on attached cultivation of microalgae. According to the results, the algae production is independent of the roughness, hydrophilicity, and surface free energy of membranes because the VAB is inoculated via filtration-on method in this work. Nevertheless, the algae productivity of first-cultivation on VABs increases to 5.02 g/m2. day when the pore size of CA membrane increases to1.2 μm, while it decreases to 4.5 g/m2. day on VABs with CA-3.0 due to the complete blocking of CA membranes by algae cells. The growth rates of first-cultivation and re-cultivation are well fitted by a logistic model and a linear model, respectively. The total lipids contents of microalgae on different CA membranes are affected by pore size due to the variations of nutrients transfer resistance and light intensity under different membrane blocking models. A maximum total lipids content of algae biomass cultivated on VABs with CA-1.2 is about 23.74% due to the nitrogen starvation and high illumination intensity under intermediate blocking model. Therefore, the attached cultivation of algae on VABs under intermediate blocking model is much favorable for algal biomass and lipid production.

Smartphone-Based Quantitative Fluorescence Detection of Flowing Droplets Using Embedded Ambient Light Sensor

The detection of fluorescent droplets on the smartphone-based platforms is normally limited by several aspects such as the imaging quality, automaticity, and accessibility. To address the issues, the smartphone-embedded ambient light sensor, which has shown the advantages-including high accuracy, low noise, easy and reliable integration, becomes more and more noted to detect the light intensity variation. In this study, we develop a low-cost and portable smartphone-based platform using the embedded ambient light sensor for flowing fluorescent droplet detection. This platform is simply assembled with a 3D-printed holder and a light-emitting diode (LED) light source powered by the smartphone. Based on the Android system, two applications are self-developed for the performance test and fluorescent droplet detection respectively. After fabricating the droplet generator with off-the-shelf components, fluorescent droplets are generated under different flow rates of the continuous phase and characterized with both the microscopy and the presented platform. And 15 μ L/min was selected as the optimized flow rate of the continuous phase. Finally, the detections of the droplets in different fluorescein concentrations are performed in our smartphone-based platform to confirm its capacity of quantitative analysis. And a linear relationship between the intensity and the concentration with the R square larger than 0.99 is found. We believe that this platform will be a powerful tool in the areas including point-of-care diagnosis, environmental monitoring and food safety. More importantly, it can provide a new sight for the development of novel smartphone-based platforms beyond the embedded cameras.

Surface Plasmon Resonance for Human Bone Marrow Cells Imaging

Surface plasmon resonance imaging (SPRI) detects the changes in refractive index in close proximity to the surface of a thin metal film as variations in light intensity reflected from the back of the film and thus does not require labeling for visualization of the structures under investigation. While traditionally, the wave vector scanning is performed via angular rotations, the wave vector can also be scanned though tuning of the wavelength. Here we demonstrate that a combination of a non-monochromatic electrically tunable bandpass filter in conjunction with highly chromatically corrected imaging objectives can yield subcellular resolution for imaging of the interior refractive index of human mesenchymal stem cells.

Exploration of Solar Cell Materials for Developing Novel PUFs in Cyber-Physical Systems

Internet of Things (IoT) devices can be considered a significant component within cyber-physical systems. They can provide network communication in addition to controlling the various sensors and actuators that exist within the larger cyber-physical system. IoT devices tend to be small and contain a limited battery supply. They typically have strict constraints placed on their power consumption and available hardware resources. It is for these reasons that energy-efficiency is a major consideration in the design of these resource-constrained devices. In addition, these devices are often deployed in unsecured locations which raises concerns about the security of the device. However, the limited amount of available resources presents an obstacle towards the implementation of security protocols for these cyber-physical systems. Physically Unclonable Functions (PUFs) show promise as a potential security option. PUFs can help provide protection from issues such as IC piracy, counterfeiting, etc. Furthermore, solar cells have been utilized as a power source in IoT devices. In this paper, we propose a novel solar cell-based PUF that leverages the intrinsic variations present in solar cells. As a proof of concept, we have constructed multiple copies our proposed solar cell-based PUF using amorphous silicon, monocrystalline silicon, and polycrystalline solar cells. The reliability and uniformity of the responses produced by the copies of the PUFs made from the different types of solar cells were evaluated against variations in temperature and light intensity. From our experiments, we found that with respect to temperature the range of average reliability values was 84.41–91.20% and the range of average uniformity values was 49.34–51.26%. With respect to light intensity, the range of average reliability values was 95.45–97.75% and the range of average uniformity values was 48.74–52.81%. In addition, Monte Carlo simulations performed on monocrystalline silicon resulted in a uniqueness value of 49.989%.

Revisit and optimisation of spectral data collection techniques from vegetation using handheld non-imaging spectroscopic sensor for minimising errors

Spectral data are now-a-days widely used for assessment of biochemical, biophysical and structural traits of vegetation by analysing their spectral signatures. In field, it is recorded by handheld spectroradiometer sensor. In doing so, the spectral data acquisition is influenced by several factors such as variations in light intensity during recording; number of spectral readings per plant; distance between sensor and plant; impact of heating due to sun, wind, and wetness of plants. Thestandard operating practices for such data acquisition are generally based on the similar work earlier carried out by researchers in bits and pieces. In the present study experimental set-ups have been laid for systematic studies to answer the influence of above factors on spectral data and required optimisations have been suggested. It was found that variations in light intensity influence the spectral readings, when the illumination difference was more than ∼20%. The 30 spectral readings were found optimum. The reflectance spectra recorded at distance of 20-35 cm were treated as pure spectra in case of 25 °FOV sensors. The heating of samples due to sun, speed and direction of wind, and wetness of samples influenced the plant spectral reflectance . It was also observed that averaging of spectra recorded in several observations (instead of single observation) for the same plant samples optimize the errors. It was concluded that in order to have a good quality of vegetation field spectral data, case to case calibrations, and care must be taken to eliminate influence of surrounding environmental variables while spectral data acquisition to avoid/minimize the errors.

Energy dissipation and photosynthetic electron flow during the transition from juvenile red to mature green leaves in mango (Mangifera indica L.)

Leaf colouration during development from juvenile red to mature green leaves is a genetically controlled process in mango (Mangifera indica L.). This study aimed to determine the pigmentation pattern and electron transport flow in both red and green leaves under varied light intensity. In this study, 5- and 10-day old juvenile red and mature green leaves, respectively, were used. Three different photosynthetic active radiation levels (600 ± 5, 1000 ± 5 and 1200 ± 5 µmol m−2 s−1) were chosen to examine chlorophyll a fluorescence (O-J-I-P) transients. The vacuole of spongy cells in mesophyll contained anthocyanin in the juvenile leaf and rapidly degraded during the colour transition from red to green. A significant difference in chlorophyll, carotenoid and anthocyanin pigments was observed in both leaf types. The O-J-I-P parameters revealed that light intensity has a greater influence on the PSII electron transport chain than on PSI. Furthermore, the PSI of both leaves appeared to be more tolerant than that in PSII. The red leaf performed more energy dissipation than the green leaf after elevated light intensity exposure. O-J-I-P transients can be used as a sensitive, non-destructive method for measuring energy dissipation induced by intense radiation in plants.

PSB33 protein sustains photosystem II in plant chloroplasts under UV-A light.

Plants can quickly and dynamically respond to spectral and intensity variations of the incident light. These responses include activation of developmental processes, morphological changes, and photosynthetic acclimation that ensure optimal energy conversion and minimal photoinhibition. Plant adaptation and acclimation to environmental changes have been extensively studied, but many details surrounding these processes remain elusive. The photosystem II (PSII)-associated protein PSB33 plays a fundamental role in sustaining PSII as well as in the regulation of the light antenna in fluctuating light. We investigated how PSB33 knock-out Arabidopsis plants perform under different light qualities. psb33 plants displayed a reduction of 88% of total fresh weight compared to wild type plants when cultivated at the boundary of UV-A and blue light. The sensitivity towards UV-A light was associated with a lower abundance of PSII proteins, which reduces psb33 plants' capacity for photosynthesis. The UV-A phenotype was found to be linked to altered phytohormone status and changed thylakoid ultrastructure. Our results collectively show that PSB33 is involved in a UV-A light-mediated mechanism to maintain a functional PSII pool in the chloroplast.

A Conceptual Investigation at the Interface between Wireless Power Devices and CMOS Neuron IC for Retinal Image Acquisition

In this paper, a conceptual investigation of the interface between wireless power devices and a retina complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) neuron integrated circuit (IC) have been presented. The proposed investigation consists of three designs: design-I, design-II, and design-III. Design-I involves a slotted loop monopole antenna as per American National Standards Institute (ANSI) guidelines, which achieve an ultra-wide band ranging from 3.1 GHz to 10.6 GHz. The biocompatible antenna is made on silicon-nitride substrate using on-wafer packaging technology and it is used as a receiver device. The performance of antenna provides a wideband, sufficient power to receive, and low losses due to the avoidance of printed circuit board (PCB) fabrication. A CMOS based multi-stack power harvesting circuit achieves the output power ranging from 4 mW to 2.7 W and corresponds from the selected Radio Frequency (RF) bands of loop antenna is exhibited in design-II. The power efficiency of 40% to 82%, with respect to output powers of 4 mW to 2.7 W, is achieved. Design-III includes a CMOS based retina neuron circuit that employs a dynamic feedback technique and support to achieve the number of read-out spikes. At the end of the interface between wireless power devices and a CMOS retina neuron IC, 50 mV read-out spikes are achieved, with varying light intensity, from 0 mW/cm2 to 2 mW/cm2. The proposed design-II and design-III are implemented and fabricated using commercial CMOS 0.065 µm, Samsung process. The antenna and RF power harvesting IC could be placed on a contact lens platform while retina neuron IC can be implanted after ganglions cells inside the eye. The antenna and harvesting IC are physically connected to the retina circuit in the form of light. This conceptual investigation could support medical professionals in achieving an interfacing approach to restore the image visualization.

Diurnal Flying Activity of a Neotropical Bat (Saccopteryx leptura): Effect of Light Intensity, Temperature, and Canopy Cover

Nocturnal behavior is a critical life-history trait associated with the evolutionary success of bats. Avian predation, competition with birds, and hyperthermia may explain the origin of this behavior, but it is difficult to assess the validity of these hypotheses due to the rarity of diurnal activity in bats. In Gorgona National Natural Park, Colombia, the population of the lesser sac-winged bat (Emballonuridae: Saccopteryx leptura) has an unusual daylight flight activity, which provides an opportunity to learn about the origin of nocturnality in bats. We described the daylight activity of S. leptura in Gorgona Island and explored the influence of environmental factors at different spatiotemporal scales, potentially involved in this particular behavior. We registered the variation of light intensity and temperature across days, months, and different vegetation canopy covers and assessed their effects on the number of daylight flights. We found that the daytime activity of this insular population increases with vegetation cover, decreases with light intensity and temperature, and varies seasonally. These responses of flying activity to environmental temperature and light intensity seem to be related to avoiding the risk of overheating. Furthermore, bats were also active at night, and daytime flights included echolocation and feeding, which suggest that daytime activity complements but does not replace night-time activity. Consequently, our results provide empirical support for the notion that the nocturnality in bats can reflect the actions of avoiding overheating during the day.

An Investigation into the application and practical use of (UV) ultraviolet light technology for marine antifouling

This paper presents an alternative to conventional antifouling methods through the projection of ultraviolet (UV) irradiation onto submerged surfaces.Tests carried out establish that UV irradiation can effectively prevent biofouling growth on a small scale using commercially available technology with low cost. The demonstration for antifouling purposes also indicates the potential for ultraviolet irradiation to be applied to many different surfaces and diverse applications across the maritime industry.It is demonstrated that intermittent UV can achieve successful antifouling results on submerged surfaces. This significantly increases the design versatility for this antifouling approach, without the need for constant UV exposure there is inherently greater design flexibility for such applications. This suggests the possibility of in-situ UV antifouling systems which can be deployed when vessels are stationary.UV intensity measurements carried out suggest manufacturing variability exists between light emitting diodes (LEDs) of the same specification. The large variation in light intensity observed indicates that devices may perform below the indicated manufacturer's specifications and this could have a detrimental effect on antifouling performance.Results indicate that minor shadowing from direct UV irradiation exposure can impede antifouling performance. Tests indicate prolonged UV LED exposure is likely to result in the photo-degradation of polymer based materials.

Modeling and electromagnetic transient simulation of photovoltaic generators in large-scale photovoltaic power generation systems

On account of the large amount of electromagnetic transient simulation of single photovoltaic power generation units, it is difficult to simulate a large-scale photovoltaic power generation system with multiple photovoltaic power generation units by power system simulation software. A method of single photovoltaic power generation unit model simplification is proposed in this paper, which can be applied in a large-scale photovoltaic power generation system. In order to improve simulation efficiency to study the output characteristics of photovoltaic power generation units more efficiently, the converter model and the control loop in the electromagnetic transient model are simplified and reduced respectively. There is no need to change the algorithm of simulation software, and the requirement to the computer performance is lower because of the reduction in the amount of computational data. The simplified simulation models are built by PSCAD simulation software, which are applied in the electromagnetic transient simulation of the large-scale photovoltaic power generation system. The simulations are carried out under constant light intensity and temperature condition, variable light intensity and temperature condition and single-phase ground fault condition. The output characteristics of the simplified model under different working conditions are compared in detail. The simulation results show that the dynamic response curves of simplified model and the electromagnetic transient model for a single device are consistent. Within the allowable precision range, the simulation speed can be improved and the time consumption can be shortened by using simplified model. The larger the number of photovoltaic power generation unit modules is, the more obvious the simulation speed improvement is. So the simplified model can be applied to the simulation research of the large-scale photovoltaic power generation systems where the output characteristics of photovoltaic power generators needs to be observed.

The Converged Internet of Lights Network for Telecommunication, Positioning, Illumination, and Medical Therapy

With LED-based lighting lamps now being utilized all over the world, the concept of the Internet of Lights (IoL) using existing LED illumination networks with information and communications technologies including visible light communications (VLC) was created. IoL improves the lighting efficiency and indoor lighting comfort level, and can support value-added information services by modulating the light intensity. However, further investigation of its impact on human beings is needed. This article first introduces the concept, the requirements, and the system structure of IoL using the Internet of Radio Light system as an example for information service. We investigate the feasibility of regulating human physiological rhythms, especially to alleviate degenerative neurological diseases. This would possibly bring light therapy treatments to patients in a non-intrusive way. From a preliminary set of experiments, it is seen that the hippocampus area of mice clearly reacts to the lighting at low frequency, showing the influence of light intensity variation on degenerative neurological diseases. This suggests that the future standardization of VLC needs to consider not only the system transmission performance but also its potential impact on human beings for indoor applications.

An Integrated TRNG-PUF Architecture Based on Photovoltaic Solar Cells

This article presents an integrated true random number generator (TRNG) and physically unclonable function (PUF) architecture using photovoltaic (PV) solar cells. We illustrate that the PV solar cell sensor response can be engineered into dynamic (TRNG) and static responses (PUF). The proposed prototype uses the iterative Von Neumann postprocessing scheme to produce random bits with 34% better throughput compared to a single Von Neumann operation. The random bit quality was checked by statistical test suites from the National Institute of Science and Technology and achieves an average p-value of 0.45 at all variations in light intensity. The PUF response achieves 92.13% reliability and 50.91% uniformity. The integrated TRNG-PUF architecture is beneficial for resource-constrained cyber-physical system.

Two chloroplast thioredoxin systems differentially modulate photosynthesis in Arabidopsis depending on light intensity and leaf age.

SUMMARYVarious regulatory mechanisms have evolved in plants to optimize photosynthetic activity under fluctuating light. Thioredoxins (TRX) are members of the regulatory network balancing activities of light and carbon fixation reactions in chloroplasts. We have studied the impact of two chloroplast TRX systems, the ferredoxin‐dependent TRX reductase (FTR) and the NADPH‐dependent TRX reductase C (NTRC) on regulation of photosynthesis by mutants lacking or overexpressing a component of either system. Plants were subjected to image‐based phenotyping and chlorophyll fluorescence measurements that allow long‐term monitoring of the development and photosynthetic activity of the rosettes, respectively. Our experiments demonstrate that NTRC and FTR systems respond differently to variation of light intensity. NTRC was an indispensable regulator of photosynthesis in young leaves, at light‐intensity transitions and under low light intensities limiting photosynthesis, whereas steady‐state exposure of plants to growth or higher light intensities diminished the need of NTRC in regulation of photosynthesis. In fluctuating light, overexpression of NTRC increased the quantum yield of Photosystem II (YII) at low light and stimulated the relaxation of non‐photochemical quenching (NPQ) after high light exposure, indicating that overexpression of NTRC improves leaf capacity to convert light energy to chemical energy under these conditions. Overexpression of chimeric protein (NTR‐TRXf) containing both the thioredoxin reductase and TRXf activity on an ntrc mutant background, did not completely recover either growth or steady‐state photosynthetic activity, whereas OE‐NTR‐TRXf plants exposed to fluctuating light regained the wild‐type level of Y(II) and NPQ.

High Stomatal Conductance in the Tomato Flacca Mutant Allows for Faster Photosynthetic Induction.

Due to their slow movement and closure upon shade, partially closed stomata can be a substantial limitation to photosynthesis in variable light intensities. The abscisic acid deficient flacca mutant in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) displays very high stomatal conductance (gs). We aimed to determine to what extent this substantially increased gs affects the rate of photosynthetic induction. Steady-state and dynamic photosynthesis characteristics were measured in flacca and wildtype leaves, by the use of simultaneous gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorometry. The steady-state response of photosynthesis to CO2, maximum quantum efficiency of photosystem II photochemistry (Fv/Fm), as well as mesophyll conductance to CO2 diffusion were not significantly different between genotypes, suggesting similar photosynthetic biochemistry, photoprotective capacity, and internal CO2 permeability. When leaves adapted to shade (50 µmol m−2 s−1) at 400 µbar CO2 partial pressure and high humidity (7 mbar leaf-to-air vapour pressure deficit, VPD) were exposed to high irradiance (1500 µmol m−2 s−1), photosynthetic induction was faster in flacca compared to wildtype leaves, and this was attributable to high initial gs in flacca (~0.6 mol m−2 s−1): in flacca, the times to reach 50 (t50) and 90% (t90) of full photosynthetic induction were 91 and 46% of wildtype values, respectively. Low humidity (15 mbar VPD) reduced gs and slowed down photosynthetic induction in the wildtype, while no change was observed in flacca; under low humidity, t50 was 63% and t90 was 36% of wildtype levels in flacca. Photosynthetic induction in low CO2 partial pressure (200 µbar) increased gs in the wildtype (but not in flacca), and revealed no differences in the rate of photosynthetic induction between genotypes. Effects of higher gs in flacca were also visible in transients of photosystem II operating efficiency and non-photochemical quenching. Our results show that at ambient CO2 partial pressure, wildtype gs is a substantial limitation to the rate of photosynthetic induction, which flacca overcomes by keeping its stomata open at all times, and it does so at the cost of reduced water use efficiency.

Influence of light intensity and photoperiod on embryonic development, survival and growth of threatened catfish Ompok bimaculatus early larvae.

Larval growth and survival of catfishes are largely influenced by the various biotic and abiotic factors. The present study investigated the effect of different light intensities and photoperiods on growth and survival of Ompok bimaculatus larvae. Three separate trials of 21 days each were carried out in an aquarium tank. The first trial investigated the embryonic changes (based on hatching rate and time) upon exposure to varied light intensity (0, 300, 500, 900 and 1200 lx) and photoperiodic regime (24l:0d, 16l:8d, 12l:12d, 8l:16d and 0l:24d). Subsequently, hatched-out larvae were subjected to the aforementioned intensities (Trial II) and photoperiod (Trial III, intensity of 300 lx) for growth and survival attributes. Eight hundred healthy larvae (average body weight = 0.003 g) were randomly distributed into five treatment groups for the last two trials. Results suggest a higher embryo hatching rate and larval survival at 0 and 300 lx, whereas the largest larval growth was observed at 900 lx. In Trial III, survival was highest in 0l:24d and growth in 24l:0d and 16l:8d was higher (P < 0.05). Performance index was higher (P < 0.05) in both 0 and 300 lx light and decreased at higher intensities. The overall interpretation from the present study concludes that a completely dark rearing environment is recommended for better survival of O. bimaculatus although growth was compromised.

Characterisation of the impacts of the environmental variables on Timepix3 Si sensor hybrid pixel detector performance

The study was conducted to calibrate and characterise the response of the Timepix3 photon-counting hybrid pixel detector. The study was conducted to calibrate and characterise the response of the Timepix3 photon-counting hybrid pixel detector. The goal was also to determine the impact of the angular variation of the detector to the source, of temperature change, and of ambient or strobe light on the on the detector response (measured fluence and energy spectrum). The impacts were studied using X-ray fluorescence lines, as well as Am-241 and Fe-55 radioactive sources. Angular variation measurements indicated angular dependence. This dependency increased with the angle and increased with lower energies. A decrease in fluence of up to 98.4% was recorded for Fe-55 (5.89 keV) and 43.1% for Am-241 (59.56 keV) at an angle of 90°. Temperature measurements showed a 4% decrease of photon count when increasing the temperature from 10 °C to 36 °C. Energy spectra were shifted to lower energies when the temperature increased. Measurements with variable light intensities showed no variations in terms of fluence or energy spectra. However, if it was a strobe light, the fluence was overestimated by 10% and the spectral shape presented an additional artefactual peak around 3 keV. To restrict the variability of the detector response and avoid a time-consuming calculation of the error factor, due to the detector’s temperature variation, we showed that it is necessary to keep the measurement temperature as close as possible to the temperature at which the calibration was performed. We also discovered the necessity of focusing on other relevant parameters such as the effect of the ambient light level or the angle of incidence of the X-ray beam impinging the detector on the detector response. This enabled us to propose a set of correction factors that can be used for other applications.

Method Standardization for Conducting Innate Color Preference Studies in Different Zebrafish Strains.

The zebrafish has a tetrachromatic vision that is able to distinguish ultraviolet (UV) and visible wavelengths. Recently, zebrafish color preferences have gained much attention because of the easy setup of the instrument and its usefulness to screen behavior-linked stimuli. However, several published papers dealing with zebrafish color preferences have contradicting results that underscore the importance of method standardization in this field. Different laboratories may report different results because of variations in light source, color intensity, and other parameters such as age, gender, container size, and strain of fish. In this study, we aim to standardize the color preference test in zebrafish by measuring light source position, light intensity, gender, age, animal size to space ratio, and animal strain. Our results showed that color preferences for zebrafish are affected by light position, age, strain, and social interaction of the fish, but not affected by fish gender. We validated that ethanol can significantly induce color preference alteration in zebrafish which may be related to anxiety and depression. We also explored the potential use of the optimized method to examine color preference ranking and index differences in various zebrafish strains and species, such as the tiger barb and glass catfish. In conclusion, zebrafish color preference screening is a powerful tool for high-throughput neuropharmacological applications and the standardized protocol established in this study provides a useful reference for the zebrafish research community.