Variation In Expenses Research Articles

Hydraulic Performance of a Solar-Powered Drip Irrigation System

The effect of emitter type and operating pressure on some hydraulic properties of a solar-powered drip irrigation system, under three types of dots, Turbo, Spiral, and GR, and three operating pressures100, 150 and 200 cm piezo meters were used. The results showed an increase in the values of the emitters discharge rate, emission consistency, and the decrease in the values of the variance ratio in the discharge and the coefficient of manufacturing variation by increasing the operating pressure for the Turbo, Spiral and GR emitters, respectively. The highest values of the droplet discharge rate were 4.98 and 5.56 L.hr-1 for GR and Spiral compared to 7.31L.hr-1 for Turbo type. The results showed that the operational pressures had a significant effect on increasing the rate of discharge and the consistency of the emission and decreasing the values of the rate of synthetic variation and the percentage of variation in the discharge, as the lowest coefficient of variation was 0.0260, 0.0393 and 0.0436 for the Turbo, Spiral and GR emitter, respectively. The use of different operating pressures led to an increase in the rate of discharge as well as the values of consistency of the flow and reduced the percentages of variation in expenses and the coefficient of manufacturing variation of the drippers. The average expenditure values were 3.732, 4.679 and 5.952 liters.hour-1 for operating pressures 100, 150 and 200 cm, respectively. The emission consistency values were also increased and were 91.11, 93.78 and 95.53%, and the coefficient of variation ratios were reduced by 32.13, 17.08 and 8.89% for the aforementioned operating pressures.

The Socio-Economic Burden of Autism Spectrum Disorders: a Review of the Literature

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) poses complex challenges, involving social, communication and behavioural intricacies, with its rising worldwide prevalence. In Kazakhstan, Soviet classifications have a lasting impact on the identification and care processes for ASD, creating distinctive barriers. ASD's socio-economic impact is far-reaching, affecting education, employment and the overall welfare of families. These obstacles are substantial owing to the rising number of diagnoses, the lack of a cure, and the extended social and medical aid that results in high economic costs. The significant variation in expenses per person with ASD worldwide underscores the necessity for precise and comprehensive approaches to combat the economic repercussions on individuals, families, and society. This study analyses the socio-economic costs associated with ASD on a global scale, focusing on regional disparities and advocating for targeted aid measures. There is an urgent need for research in Kazakhstan to investigate medical, non-medical, and indirect expenses to inform tailored policies and support programmes aimed at enhancing the quality of life for families of children with ASD. Their aim is to tackle the intricate challenges that these families face in healthcare, education, and social integration domains.

Quantifying Total and Out-of-Pocket Costs Associated With Head and Neck Cancer Survivorship

Oncologic treatment is costly to the health care system and to individuals, but patients with head and neck cancer (HNC) also have long-term care needs after treatment. Survivors of HNC require specific consideration given their rapidly growing numbers. This subpopulation of cancer survivors often experiences long-term treatment-associated morbidity. To describe the total and out-of-pocket (OOP) costs associated with HNC survivorship and the risk factors for financial toxicity among this population. This was a retrospective review and economic evaluation of a cohort of US adults with a diagnosis of HNC from 2006 to 2018. The study used data the from IBM MarketScan Commercial Claims Database. Data were analyzed from November 2020 to June 2022. Treatment for HNC. Total and OOP medical costs were assessed monthly and reported relative to the date of HNC diagnosis. The primary outcome was the difference between a patient's mean monthly survivorship costs (13-60 months after diagnosis) and mean monthly baseline costs (7-12 months before diagnosis). Univariate and multivariable linear regression models were created for total and OOP costs to generate coefficient estimates with 95% CIs. The study cohort of this economic evaluation included 19 098 patients with HNC (median [range] age, 56 [18-64] years; 14 144 [74.1%] men and 4954 [25.9%] women; race and ethnicity were not considered). Throughout the survivorship period, median total and OOP costs were $372 per month and $31 per month higher than baseline costs, respectively, with variation in expenses by demographic information, health plan type, and oncologic variables. In the multivariable model, greater total and OOP excess survivorship costs were associated with female sex ($343/mo; 95% CI, $126 to $560 and $9/mo; 95% CI, $4 to $14). Highest and lowest total excess survivorship costs associated with cancer site were seen for hypopharyngeal ($1908/mo; 95% CI, $1102 to $2714) and oropharyngeal cancers (-$703/mo; 95% CI, -$967 to -$439) vs oral cavity cancers. Compared with surgery or radiation therapy alone, multimodal treatment was generally associated with excess OOP survivorship costs. The findings of this retrospective economic evaluation review suggest that the costs of HNC survivorship remain persistently elevated above baseline costs for at least 5 years after diagnosis. High survivorship costs were associated with female sex, hypopharyngeal tumors, and treatment with multimodal therapy. Practitioners should seek to minimize costs for these patients at higher-risk of financial toxicity after treatment and work to provide directed supportive services.

Financial Performance of Janapriya Multiple Campus Pokhara

Financial performance analysis is based on financial statement. Financial statement is the final product of accounting process. Fundamentally, financial performance analysis refers to financial statement analysis to identify financial strength and weaknesses by establishing appropriate relationship among the figures of income statement and balance sheet. The main objective behind this study was to assess the financial performance of Janapriya Multiple Campus (JMC). Beside this, it also aimed to compare the financial performance and analyze the financial changes over a period of five years along with examining the cost recovery rate of JMC. This research was done with the help of secondary data entirely gathered from the annual report and official documents of the campus. The financial performance measured by using various financial/accounting and statistical tools such as common size financial statement, horizontal trend percent analysis, profitability ratios, mean and standard deviation. Based on the analysis, internal sources of fund including reserve and surplus, long term fund and campus development fund contribute more than 65% of the total liabilities/total assets. The highest percentage of permanent capital and fixed assets denote that the durable assets and fixed deposit amount were covered by the internal sources of fund. Findings have been arrived that the campus has got enough current assets to meet its current liabilities. The income statement shows total revenues increased every year at good rate and profit also increased every year except the years of 2070/71 and 071/72. In average, all profitability ratios are positive. Moreover, the analysis of collected data showed that there is no high fluctuation in the calculated profitability ratios and cost recovery rate. There exist positive relationship between revenue and expenses but the relationship is insignificant. Revenue explains 52.3 percent variation of variation in expenses. However, the institution is financially viable and there is a strong possibility to make money in long run.

Allocating the cost of the medicines after implementing an automated dispensing system†

BackgroundOur 450-bed general hospital had a unit dose dispensing system in 100% of inpatient wards until July 2010, when an automated dispensing system (ADS) incorporating most of the medicines was...

Using Hierarchical Models to Shrink Alphas and Interpret Residual Covariance in Mutual Fund Returns

We present and estimate a Bayesian Hierarchical model of mutual fund returns. In our model, a fund's alpha reflects not only that fund's return history, but also information from other fund returns. Because parameters are estimated simultaneously for all funds, we can identify common residual covariation, and extract a factor to capture it. We show that the residual co-movement cannot be fully explained by common exposure to priced risk factors; rather, it is most likely attributable to common time-varying skill or fund manager herding behavior. In contrast to earlier studies, we find significant alpha-variation across funds, even after controlling for cross-sectional variation in expenses and turnover. This finding is robust even for prior beliefs that are strongly skeptical of alpha-variation, and has market efficiency and asset allocation implications. We demonstrate the strength of Bayesian framework by using posterior simulations to calculate 95% posterior confidence intervals for the fraction of mutual funds with alphas above various thresholds. Lastly, we conduct a mean-variance portfolio choice exercise, and demonstrate that Bayesian hierarchical alphas lead to optimal portfolios with much more reasonable allocations than their conventional counterparts.

Relationship of Management and Financial Measures Among Dairy Herds in Virginia

Owners of 74 dairy herds (58 DHI) chosen randomly from nine percentiles of size and production per cow were surveyed personally for management characteristics not available in DHI records, in cluding financial information. Management variables were related to production and financial measures on a per cow basis. Variables contributing to production per cow were parlor milking (+680kg), regular herd health care (+448kg), and corn silage as primary forage (+480kg). Contributing to net cash in come per cow were estrus detection aids (+$147), silages (+$470), high moisture corn (+$64), and feed analysis (+$227). Herringbone parlors were associated with 7% more frequent severe mastitis, which was reduced by .9% for each milking recommendation practiced. Estrus detection aids reduced days open by 11 d. Lowest calf mortality to freshening was 8.4% for calves housed individually in cold housing and weaned before 7 wk of age. Income minus feed cost from survey and DHI were similar but lowly correlated (.35). Net cash income per cow was largest in large herds ($951) and smallest in medium-sized high producing herds ($308). Purchased feed accounted for 42% of expenses and 46% of variation in expenses. The DHI herds had $644/cow more debt than non-DHI herds but $991/cow more 5-yr debt capacity.