Variations In Alkaline Phosphatase Activity Research Articles

Seasonal variation in alkaline phosphatase activity in the central part of Tokyo Bay, 2013

Seasonal variation in alkaline phosphatase activity in the central part of Tokyo Bay, 2013

Assessment of Seasonal and Diurnal Variations of Alkaline Phosphatase Activity in Pasteurized Milk

The present study was conducted to detect the concentration levels of ALP (alkaline phosphatase) in pasteurized milk and determine whether the pasteurization was successful or not, according to WHO Directives, which clearly state that the ALP (alkaline phosphatase) substance in pasteurized milk must be totally inactivated, by implementing a newly developed method. The study, additionally, focused on repeatability, stability of results, the effect of the environmental temperature, the effect of the different origins of the milk and convenience with respect to performance characteristics of three methods for the detection of ALP. The milk samples were collected from different areas of Greece during February 2016–February 2018 and May 2019–January 2020. The novel enzymatic biochemical method, named the “AP test”, showed superior characteristics for a diversity of materials such as milk, whey, cheese and butter in comparison to the other two methods that were used for screening and quantitative estimation of the concentration of ALP in samples.

How dam construction affects the activity of alkaline phosphatases in reservoir sediments: A study of two highly regulated rivers

Dam construction causes phosphorus (P) accumulation in reservoir sediments and significantly affects the generation of available P. However, the effect of dam construction on the activity of sediment alkaline phosphatase (ALP), which is encoded by the bacterial phoD gene and participates in P mineralization, in river sediments remains unclear. Here, we investigated the ALP activities in 78 sediment samples collected from the cascade reservoir regions located in the Lancang River and the Jinsha River, two highly regulated rivers in southwestern China. The abundance and community composition of phoD-harboring bacteria were determined based on the phoD gene using quantitative real-time PCR and MiSeq sequencing, respectively. Comparison of control and affected sites indicated that dam construction significantly increased sediment ALP activity in both rivers. The abundances of phoD-harboring bacteria increased and their community compositions varied in response to dam construction; the relative abundances of the dominant genera Methylobacterium and Bradyrhizobium were particularly higher in affected site than control site. Co-occurrence network analyses revealed much higher network connectivity and relative abundances of keystone species in affected sites. Some microbial factors including phoD-harboring bacterial abundances, network clustering coefficients, and relative abundance of keystone species were positively correlated with ALP activity. The relative abundance of keystone species was identified as the most important microbial factor contributing to variation in ALP activity based on structural equation modeling analysis. These findings enhance our understanding of how dam construction affects the functions of phoD-harboring bacteria and their role in the P biogeochemical cycle in highly regulated rivers.

Temporal and spatial variations of alkaline phosphatase activity related to phosphorus status of phytoplankton in the East China Sea

Phosphorus (P) is a potential limiting nutrient for primary production in the East China Sea (ECS). Four cruises over four seasons were conducted during 2009–2011 to evaluate the dynamics of alkaline phosphatase (AP) activity (APA) and the P status of phytoplankton in the ECS. Sampling for bulk and single-cell APA assays was performed across the ECS, which included the Changjiang River diluted water (CDW), the mid-shelf surface water (MSW), and the Kuroshio surface water (KSW) masses. The results showed that the distribution patterns of APA varied between water masses and with season. Higher APA was normally observed in the CDW, which was influenced by the Changjiang River plume. In the CDW, phytoplankton were P-stressed during the late spring with an average bulk APA of 20.4 ± 19.5 nmol h−1 L−1, which strengthened during the late summer (average APA maximizing at 106.2 ± 133.3 nmol h−1 L−1) and remained severe during the late autumn (average APA of 48.7 ± 34.1 nmol h−1 L−1) until reducing during the winter (average APA of 9.1 ± 13.6 nmol h−1 L−1). The variation patterns of APA and the P status of phytoplankton in the MSW were similar but with slight variations. In the KSW, a certain amount of APA occurred during the late spring and late autumn (averages of 18.7 ± 19.8 and 23.1 ± 18.7 nmol h−1 L−1, respectively). Single-cell APA coincided with the bulk APA to exhibit the temporal and spatial P-stress status of the dominant micro-phytoplankton. Phytoplankton were the main AP producers in the CDW, especially during the late summer, while pico-plankton contributed most to AP in the MSW and KSW. Our results suggest that phytoplankton suffer P-stress in most seasons, and emphasize the importance of AP in the recycling of organic P to support primary production in the P-deficient ECS.

Comparative study on alkaline phosphatase activity of main tributaries of Three Gorges Reservoir

为进一步认识和理解三峡水库中磷的迁移、转化规律及其与富营养化之间的关系，于2014年7月至2015年7月对三峡水库12条典型支流的水体碱性磷酸酶活性进行跟踪观测与比较分析，同步监测各样点水体的理化指标.结果发现，各支流水体碱性磷酸酶活性的分布呈现显著的时空异质性，该异质性与各支流水体富营养化程度密切相关.从季节上看，春季碱性磷酸酶活性呈逐渐上升的趋势，到夏季达到高峰，秋季碱性磷酸酶活性逐渐下降，冬季降到全年最低点.从空间分布上看，水体碱性磷酸酶活性在各支流的总体分布趋势为：小江 > 香溪河 > 苎溪河 > 童庄河 > 青干河 > 袁水河 > 磨刀溪 > 梅溪河 > 汤溪河 > 草堂河 > 大宁河 > 神农溪.综合营养指数较高的小江、香溪河和苎溪河，其碱性磷酸酶活性较高；综合营养指数较低的大宁河和神农溪，碱性磷酸酶活性较低.相关分析显示，各支流碱性磷酸酶活性与水温、溶解氧、电导率、pH和浊度均存在显著正相关；与透明度呈显著负相关.在营养盐方面，碱性磷酸酶活性与可溶性活性磷呈显著负相关；与高锰酸盐指数、叶绿素a浓度和综合营养状态指数均呈显著正相关.不同时期不同生物的贡献和不同环境因素的影响是导致碱性磷酸酶时空异质性的主要原因.;To further understand the migration and transformation characteristics of phosphorus and its relationship with eutrophication in the Three Gorges Reservoir, the physical and chemical parameters, alkaline phosphatase activity of 12 typical tributaries of the reservoir were analyzed from July 2014 to July 2015. The research found significant seasonal and regional variations of alkaline phosphatase activity in the tributaries, and the heterogeneity was closely related to the degree of eutrophication. In temporal view, alkaline phosphatase activity was gradually increased from spring to summit in summer. The activity of alkaline phosphatase then dropped from autumn to bottom in winter. On the spatial side, the activity of alkaline phosphatase had high values in Xiaojiang River, Xiangxi River and Zhuxi River, which were at high level of eutrophication. The activity of alkaline phosphatase had low values in Daning River and Shennong River, which were at low level of eutrophication. The correlation analysis results showed that there was a significant positive correlation between alkaline phosphatase activity and water temperature, dissolved oxygen, conductivity, pH and turbidity; there was a significant negative correlation between alkaline phosphatase activity and transparency in each tributary. In terms of nutrient, alkaline phosphatase activity was significantly negatively correlated with soluble active phosphorus and positive correlated with chemical oxygen demand, chlorophyll-a and trophic state index. The contributions of different organisms and the influences of different environmental factors are the main causes of the spatial and temporal heterogeneity of alkaline phosphatase.

Spatiotemporal variation of alkaline phosphatase activity in coastal waters off Trivandrum

Summary Phosphatase is an extracellular enzyme which releases inorganic phosphate (Pi) from dissolved organic phosphate and indirectly organic carbon as nutrients for aquatic communities. Here, we have examined spatiotemporal variation in total alkaline phosphatase activity (APA) over a short period off Trivandrum, SW India. Sampling was at 50 m water depth at 5, 15, 25 and 45 m for 5 consecutive days at 6 h intervals during post-monsoon season. Total APA and phosphatase producing bacteria (PPB) were estimated along with pertinent environmental parameters. APA increased with depth up to 3.98 µM P h−1 at 45 m. Increase in pigment concentration with depth is responsible for an increase in APA and Pi uptake. There is a marginal increase in APA towards 18–24 h suggesting feeding activities of secondary producers. On the whole, chlorophyll and phaeophytin were responsible for nearly 45 and 55% variation in APA (p

Vitamin B-6 Metabolism and Interactions with TNAP.

Two observations stimulated the interest in vitamin B-6 and alkaline phosphatase in brain: the marked increase in plasma pyridoxal phosphate and the occurrence of pyridoxine responsive seizures in hypophosphatasia. The increase in plasma pyridoxal phosphate indicates the importance of tissue non-specific alkaline phosphatase (TNAP) in transferring vitamin B-6 into the tissues. Vitamin B-6 is involved in the biosynthesis of most of the neurotransmitters. Decreased gamma-aminobutyrate (GABA) appears to be most directly related to the development of seizures in vitamin B-6 deficiency. Cytosolic pyridoxal phosphatase/chronophin may interact with vitamin B-6 metabolism and neuronal development and function. Ethanolaminephosphate phospholyase interacts with phosphoethanolamine metabolism. Extracellular pyridoxal phosphate may interact with purinoceptors and calcium channels. In conclusion, TNAP clearly influences extracellular and intracellular metabolism of vitamin B-6 in brain, particularly during developmental stages. While effects on GABA metabolism appear to be the major contributor to seizures, multiple other intra- and extra-cellular metabolic systems may be affected directly and/or indirectly by altered vitamin B-6 hydrolysis and uptake resulting from variations in alkaline phosphatase activity.

Effects of organic matter and submerged macrophytes on variations of alkaline phosphatase activity and phosphorus fractions in lake sediment

Organic matter and submerged plants may affect internal phosphate loading in lake sediment. In this study, we investigated the changes of alkaline phosphatase activity (APA) and phosphorus (P) fractions in lake sediment by adding organic matter (0.0%, 0.5% and 1.0% of dry weight) and plant submerged plants under experimental conditions. Results indicated that the APA in sediments significant increased after 50 days incubation than at 7 days. The APA in the treatments by adding organic matter and submerged plants increased by 26.37%–61.78% than that of control after 7 days incubation, and increased by 1.00%–29.51% at 50 days, indicating both organic matter and submerged plants may remarkable affect APA in sediment, especially for the early stage of incubation. In addition, the soluble reactive P (SRP) concentrations of the overlying water increased significantly with increasing sediment organic matter, possibly related to increase of APA in sediment. However, the release of SRP was obvious restrained due to absorption of submerged plant. TP and P fraction in sediment decreased with increasing incubation time, but the decrease of TP content in sediment was mainly from NaOH–P and OP sources, but not from HCl–P and IP. Effects of organic matter and submerged plants on P fractions in sediment mainly occurred in NaOH–P and OP fractions. At the end of experiments, the contents of NaOH–P and OP in the treatments by adding organic matter and submerged plant decreased by 5.46%–20.47% and 7.87%–21.46%, respectively. These results indicated that the relative importance of organic matter and submerged plants during the release and transformation of P in lake sediment.

Stratification of alkaline phosphatase in sediments of two urban lakes and its effect on phosphorus cycle

Phosphorus loadings in sediments play an important role in lake eutrophication and the progress of its recovery. The phosphorus release is controlled by physical, chemical and biological mechanisms. Alkaline phosphatase catalyzes remineralization of organic phosphorus and then it may be an important factor accelerating phosphorus cycling in sediments.In this paper, distributions, properties and function of alkaline phosphatase with depths in sediments of two urban lakes were discussed. Alkaline phosphatase activity (APA) in the sediments of Lake Yuehu decreased with the sediment depth. APA in sediments of Lake Yuehu was, mostly, inhibited by Phe and L-Cys; and inhibiting ability of Phe could be stronger than L-Cys. APA in deeper layer (20–30cm) of sediments was more sensitive to the inhibitors than other layers, but range of variation in APA was most wide in the subsurface layer (10–20cm). All the facts implied that alkaline phosphatase occurred in various forms (isoenzymes). APA in the sediments with different depths of Lake Donghu responded Phe differently. Reacted with Phe and incubated for 1day, the amounts of SRP released by these sediments varied correspondingly. SRP on the overlying water in deeper layers (5–10cm and 15–20cm) of Site T1 was higher than that in surface layer (0–5cm) of the same site, 1day after incubation.Hence, the SRP release resulted, at least partially, from the hydrolysis of some liable organic phosphorus mediated by APA. Alkaline phosphatase in lake sediments plays an important role in the release of internal phosphorus loadings and eutrophication. A possible explanation for the sensitivity at deeper layers could be another active region of hydrolysis by alkaline phosphatase from organic phosphorus, which added a new dimension in phosphorus cycling mediated by some biochemical mechanisms.

The Rate of Bone Mineralization in Birds Is Directly Related to Alkaline Phosphatase Activity

Recent studies have suggested that a biochemical marker, plasma alkaline phosphatase (ALP), can be used as a general indicator of skeletal development in vertebrate animals. In birds, age-related variation in ALP activity, presumably due to bone formation processes, has been demonstrated, but to date, a direct connection between bone mineralization and enzyme activity has been elusive. In this study, we show that the activity of a bone isoform of ALP (bone ALP) is closely related to the overall rate of skeletal mineralization in nestlings of a small passerine bird, the great tit (Parus major L). Moreover, bone ALP activity predicted the rate of mineralization of leg and wing bones but not that of the skull. Liver isoform of ALP was only marginally related to the overall rate of skeletal mineralization, while no association with the mineralization of long bones was found. We conclude that bone ALP activity in the blood plasma is a reliable biomarker for skeletal mineralization in birds. This marker enables detection of subtle developmental differences between chicks of similar structural size, potentially facilitating the prediction of offspring mid- and long-term survival.

Variations of alkaline phosphatase activity and P fractions in sediments of a shallow Chinese eutrophic lake (Lake Taihu)

The distribution of alkaline phosphatase activity (APA) and P fractions in sediment cores and the relationship between them were studied in a shallow Chinese freshwater lake (Lake Taihu). Sediment cores were collected from four sites, characterized by different degrees of eutrophication in June 2004. Sediment P was fractionated into Fe/Al-P, Ca-P, organic P (OP), inorganic P (IP) and total P (TP). The former two species made the largest contribution to the sediment P pool. Results show that trophic status and hydrological conditions have great impact on the APA of the sediments. The order of the APA in sediments was conjectured to be: macrophyte dominated lake > transitional lake > algal dominated lake. APA profiles follow a similar downcore decreasing trend. There was a positive relationship between the APA and the TP, IP. The multiple linear regression equation of the APA and P fractions is: APA = −97 + 0.768TP − 0.985Fe/Al-P.

Phosphorus stress of phytoplankton in the Taiwan Strait determined by bulk and single-cell alkaline phosphatase activity assays

Phosphorus stress of marine phytoplankton was determined by using both bulk and single-cell alkaline phosphatase activity (APA) assays during the summer (July to August 2004) and winter (March 2005) along 2 transects (A and B) in the Taiwan Strait. During the summer of 2004, time-series variations in APA were monitored on a daily basis for 6 d along a third transect (F). Results showed that surface APA along Transects A and B ranged between 1.14 and 7.30 nmol l -1 h -1 , respec- tively with a mean of 4.43 nmol l -1 h -1 . High soluble APA contribution indicated that phytoplankton in this area suffered long-term phosphorus (P) stress. Percentages of enzyme-labeled fluorescence (ELF-labeled) representative phytoplankton increased with bulk APA during the time-series investi- gation and compared favorably with phosphate concentration. Dinoflagellates had high percentages of ELF labeling during both seasons, suggesting that they were under severe P-stress. The predomi- nant dinoflagellates were Skeletonema costatum, Chaetoceros spp., Asterionellopsis glacialis, Tha- lassionema nitzschioides and Pseudo-nitzschia spp. During the summer, A. glacialis, T. nitzschioides and Pseudo-nitzschia spp. were labeled with ELF, which meant they were also P-stressed during that time of year. Percentages of algal cells labeled with ELF were lower during the winter, suggesting that the relatively high, soluble reactive phosphorus supply softened phytoplankton P-stress in this period. Species such as Rhizosolenia spp. and T. nitzschioides were for some reason still P-stressed during the winter. Both field and lab data suggested that bulk and single-cell APA should be used together to provide comprehensive assessment of phytoplankton P-stress from the community level to the individual taxon level in natural phytoplankton communities.

Characterization of human primary osteoblast response on bioactive glass (BaG 13–93)‐ coated poly‐L,DL‐lactide (SR‐PLA70) surface in vitro

Bioabsorbable polylactide-based polymers are commonly used for bone reconstruction. Although these polymers have proven successful in many applications, they do not have the capacity to induce osteoconduction. Therefore, several strategies have been developed to manufacture osteoconductive polylactide-based composites. In this study, we have investigated in vitro response of human primary osteoblasts for self-reinforced poly-L,DL-lactide 70/30 (SR-PLA70) plates coated with spheres of bioactive glass 13-93 (SR-PLA70 + BaG). Osteoblasts were cultured on SR-PLA70 and SR-PLA70 + BaG plates for 2, 7, or 14 days. By day 7, both materials induced a reduction in total cell population. However, by day 14 the proliferative response of osteoblasts on SR-PLA70 + BaG surface was such that the cell population had regained similar levels as that of day 2 controls. Alkaline phosphatase activity was higher on SR-PLA70 at day 7 but declined to control levels by day 14. There were no significant time-dependent variations in alkaline phosphatase activity on SR-PLA70 + BaG. After in vitro hydrolysis for 7 days, the elemental analysis of SR-PLA70 + BaG surface showed the presence of mineral precipitates that were confirmed as crystalline hydroxyapatite. This was accompanied by osteoblast spreading, protrusions of microvilli adhered to BaG 19-39 surface, cuboidal phenotype and cell surface associated formation of hydroxyapatite microspheres. In conclusion, the SR-PLA70 + BaG composite is capable of inducing a proliferative response of human primary osteoblasts, and appears to support the development of mature osteoblast phenotype. Therefore, the SR-PLA70 + BaG composites appear as promising osteoconductive scaffold candidates for reconstruction and regeneration of bone matrix.

Variation of alkaline phosphatase activity in sediments of shrimp culture ponds and its relationship with the contents of C, N and P

Nine enclosures (5 m × 5 m) were built in a Fenneropenaeus chinensis culture pond of Rushan Gulf in April, 2001. The probiotics and BIO ENERGIZER solution were applied for disparate treatments. Variations of alkaline phosphatase activity (APA) and its relationship with the contents of C, N and P in sediments were studied. Results show that APA of sediments increases from 3.096 nmol g−1min−1 to 5.407nmol g−1min−1 in culture period; the bacteria biomass is not the only factor to determine APA; the contents of total P and total organic carbon have a significant positive correlation with APA, while that of total nitrogen has a negative correlation. In addition, the contents of inorganic P and organic P are not regular with APA. By comparison, TOC shows a more significant coherence with APA, meaning that organic pollution in sediments affects APA remarkably.

Bioavailability of dissolved organic phosphorus compounds to typical harmful dinoflagellate Prorocentrum donghaiense Lu

The bioavailability of dissolved organic phosphorus (DOP) compounds to harmful alga Prorocentrum donghaiense Lu and its alkaline phosphatase activity (APA) were studied. Results showed that P. donghaiense could utilize the test DOP compounds such as glucose-6-phosphate (G-6-P), adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and ribonucleic acid (RNA) to sustain its growth. Nutrition between the test DOP compounds and orthophosphate was comparable. P. donghaiense could utilize intracellular phosphorus to sustain growth under depletion of dissolved phosphorus. Variation of APA in different test DOP compounds was addressed; the controlling mechanism of APA in different DOP media was discussed.

Seasonal Variation of Alkaline Phosphatase Activity in Meiliang Bay, Lake Taihu

Seasonal variation of the alkaline phosphatase activity (APA) and its kinetic parameters was studied from May, 1998 to May 1999 in five sampling sites of Meiliang Bay. The results show that there were stronger variations of the alkaline phosphatase activity and its kinetic parameters (Vmax,Km ) in different seasons and different sampling sites. The Vmax of APA were higher in this lake and the APA was the negative correlation with orthophosphate, especially in summer. Phytoplankton seem to compensate for their phosphorus deficiency by increasing the alkaline phosphatase activity and changing the kinetic parameters to improved the ability to use lower concentration phosphorus.

Testing the allometric scaling of alkaline phosphatase activity to surface/volume ratio in benthic marine macrophytes

Abstract Alkaline phosphatase activity (APA), tissue P, N and C were determined for 23 species of benthic marine macrophytes (22 macroalgae, 1 seagrass). In addition, estimates of the surface area/volume ratio (SA:V) of these species were derived from experimental work and from the literature. The tissue nutrient content (especially P) does not explain differences in APA among the species of marine macrophytes. On the contrary, a regression analysis suggested that size-specific variation in APA can be attributed in part to changes in relative surface area among benthic marine macrophytes. The slope of the logarithmically transformed equation relating APA and SA:V was 0.48 (SE=0.16). The slope increased to 0.65 (SE=0.09) when three “anomalous” species, showing high SA:V ratio but negligible APA were not taken into account. The relationship between APA and SA:V suggests an allometric scaling of APA in benthic marine macrophytes. Along with other indicators, the equation might help to indicate to what extent a population of benthic marine macrophytes is limited by phosphorus. The results agree with previous reports on allometric relationships between nutrient uptake (N and P) and SA:V within narrow size-ranges in macroalgae. They also support the hypothesis that there is a general coupling between ecophysiological and morphological properties in aquatic photosynthetic organisms.

Diel variation of alkaline phosphatase activity in a Brazilian coastal lagoon (Imboacica Lagoon, Rio de Janeiro State)

Diel variation of alkaline phosphatase activity in a Brazilian coastal lagoon (Imboacica Lagoon, Rio de Janeiro State)

Uses of alkaline phosphatase activity in evaluating phytoplankton community phosphorus deficiency

The phosphorus (P) deficiency status of phytoplankton communities was measured using the physiological indicator, alkaline phosphatase activity (APA) and nutrient-addition growth bioassays in field sampled from four northeastern Minnesota lakes and the far western arm of Lake Superior. Phosphorus additions generally reduced APA, while other treatments increased activity. Samples receiving nitrogen (N) and P increased APA after a long lag period. P-addition bioassays of Lake Superior were consistent with phytoplankton P limitation and variations in APA indicated potential seasonal and spatial changes in P deficiency status. The results suggest that APA reliably reflected the phytoplankton P status, but may not provide sufficient information when N or NP limitation is present.

Alkaline phosphatase distribution in rat endometrial epithelium during early pregnancy: a scanning electron-microscopic study.

The participation of apical membranes of uterine epithelial cells in the process of blastocyst adhesion makes them an interesting object in the study of changes occurring during early pregnancy. In the study of these changes alkaline phosphatase (AIP), a typical brush border enzyme, was chosen for demonstration with the scanning electron microscope (SEM) by means of a backscatter detector. Thus the temporal and spatial pattern of enzyme activity on the uterine luminal surface was made visible with lead salt procedures. AIP activity was shown to be located on apical membranes and microvilli of endometrial epithelial cells with high activity on day 2 of pregnancy decreasing to virtually no activity on day 5. This decrease in overall AIP activity was shown to be asymmetrical with respect to the uterine cavity. It begins on the antimesometrial half of the uterine lining on day 2. A distribution pattern demarcating a presumptive implantation site along the uterine horn was not found. However, on day 5 of pregnancy, a characteristic pattern of surface folds was found, dividing the uterine horn into 'implantation segments'. In addition, SEM investigation revealed a marked variation of AIP activity from one individual cell to the next on day 2 of pregnancy resulting in a mosaic-like pattern. This pattern is lost with the decrease of AIP activity on day 5. Thus heterogeneity of uterine epithelial cells in AIP activity is apparently a feature of nonreceptive epithelium in contrast to the homogeneous epithelium on day 5. It is proposed that epithelial cell homogeneity could be a marker for uterine receptivity.