How vehicle and fuel specifications affect evaporative and refuelling emissions from petrol vehicles.

Salt-making is a major agro-industry in the coastal municipalities and cities of Pangasinan, Philippines. During salt refining, vapor with corrosive properties is released as a by-product, contributing to infrastructure deterioration in surrounding communities. This study aimed to develop a salt-making machine with a built-in distillation system to capture and utilize this vapor by converting it into distilled water. A prototype salt-making machine equipped with an integrated distiller was fabricated and operated under typical refining conditions. Distilled water produced during the refining process was collected and subjected to laboratory analysis to evaluate its chemical quality. Results showed that the recovered water contained measurable amounts of magnesium, potassium, sodium, calcium, chlorides, and bicarbonates, indicating incomplete removal of dissolved ions during distillation. While the system effectively recovered water vapor and refined salt simultaneously, the chemical composition of the collected distilled water did not meet the purity requirements for direct use in automotive radiators or lead-acid batteries. The distilled water, however, may be suitable for other non-automotive applications following appropriate treatment. The findings highlight the potential of vapor recovery in salt refining as a sustainable practice, while emphasizing the need for further purification to expand the utility of the recovered water.

A condensate fractionation plant recycles vapors coming from the tank batteries and from the fractionation column by a vapor recovery unit (VRU). Otherwise, these valuable hydrocarbons would be lost through flaring or venting to the atmosphere. VRU is a multi-stage compressor, with intercooler and after cooler. The VRU must be designed such that it is not over-sized or under-sized. The project examined an existing plant of 4,000 barrels/day capacity and attempted to re-design the VRU for scenario where additional 6,000 barrels/day will be added to the plant capacity. The major obstacle in this task is to correctly estimate the total volume of vapor to be handled. There is no facility for direct measurements, so the amount of vapor must be estimated from correlations and by process simulation. The volume of the by-products from the fractionation column was estimated by using software, which simulated the whole fractionation process. With the help of tank data from the site, an analytical calculation was performed to compute the amount of tank vapor. A compressor for the VRU system was designed to handle the estimated total amount of hydrocarbon vapor. The benefit of using VRU from an environmental point of view was included in this work. New technologies to minimize tank vapor loss, such as construction of floating roof tanks, were also considered. The results obtained from the calculation and simulation steps reflect actual values from the plant with minor deviation, which gave confidence in this design process. The calculations indicate that, for the proposed capacity upgradation, the required VRU compressor should have 1.62 times greater capacity and 1.63 times greater horse power in case of fixed roof tanks. With floating roof, both the additional capacity and horsepower is negligible. Chemical Engineering Research Bulletin: 24 (Issue 1): 63-69

Energy conservation and consumption reduction are vital for alleviating energy constraints and advancing ecological civilization. Within energy management, improving efficiency at oil depot stations represents a critical scenario and leverage point for achieving broader energy-saving and emission-reduction targets. These stations bear significant responsibility for enabling green development and pioneering energy efficiency. This paper examines the context of China's "Dual Carbon" (Carbon Peaking and Carbon Neutrality) goals. It begins by analyzing the current energy consumption patterns and carbon emission structures of oil depot stations, highlighting their substantial potential for improvement. Subsequently, from three perspectives—energy substitution, energy-saving technology upgrades, and oil vapor recovery and emission reduction—it systematically explores the application of renewable energy sources (e.g., photovoltaic, wind, geothermal) and the principles, benefits, and implementation strategies of key technologies like variable frequency drives and waste heat recovery. The paper also provides an in-depth analysis of optimization paths and intelligent development trends for oil vapor recovery technologies. Finally, based on identified trends such as intelligentization and integration, it proposes specific recommendations targeting policy environments and corporate practices. The aim is to offer theoretical reference and practical guidance for oil depot stations and related energy enterprises in formulating scientific, viable pathways for energy saving, emission reduction, and sustainable green development.

Design and Evaluation of an onboard refueling vapor recovery system for scooter

The paper presents the results of analyzing the actual problem of pollutant emissions into the atmosphere due to the evaporation of petroleum products during their discharge from railway tanks into reservoir at transshipment points and oil depots. A method is proposed to reduce significantly the amount of emissions of these substances into the atmosphere without using expensive vapor absorption and recovery plants. The study objective is to reduce the polluting impact on the environment caused by operating procedures at transshipment points and oil depots. The relevance and scientific novelty is in proposals to change the typical operating scheme of discharge by looping it, taking into account the physico-chemical features of the evaporation of petroleum products from reservoirs. The practical significance of this work is in the development of an economically feasible method for removing the vapor-air mixture in conditions of constantly recurring operating procedures for unloading petroleum products from railway transport and the development of a solution to achieve the goal of reducing the negative impact on the environment.

The article examines the current oil and gas treatment scheme at the Alibekmola field (Mugalzhar District, Aktobe Region), which includes three-stage separation, thermo-chemical and electro-desalting treatment, degassing in the K-101 column, and subsequent demercaptanization. Based on the description of PPN/CPNG equipment, tank farms, and flare systems, key operational bottlenecks were identified: stability issues of pressure and flow regulators (RD/KR), risks of hydrate formation, reliability of pumping units, heat losses, and hydrocarbon losses through flare systems and vapor equalization lines of tanks. A modernization program was proposed, including thermal-energy integration, digital quality monitoring (online water cut and salt content), optimization of chemical dosing, implementation of variable frequency drives, vapor recovery unit (VRU) and flare gas recovery unit (FGRU) systems, and the expansion of emergency power supply and ESD (PAZ) systems. Expected outcomes include a reduction in specific energy and chemical consumption, minimization of start-stop and flare losses, and an increase in the efficiency and reliability of oil treatment processes.

This review investigates the role and efficiency of Vapour Recovery Systems (VRS) implementation during crude oil loading operations, evaluating their influences on volatile organic compound emissions reduction, mitigating occupational health risks, enhancing environmental sustainability and economic benefits. This research indicates that VRS reduces VOC emissions by up to 95%, effectively mitigating air pollution and noticeably decreasing environmental pollution. Mitigated hydrocarbon exposure through VRS due to VRS installation significantly contributed to a decline in symptoms such as dizziness, headaches, and respiratory distress. From a financial standpoint, mitigating VOC emissions and maintaining regulatory standards yielded notable economic profits. Developed technology adoption like DCS, timely monitoring and analytical maintenance, enhances operational efficiency, recovery rates and minimizing downtime effectively. This study underscores the comprehensive integrative value of VRS in revealing its capability to simultaneously advance operational efficiency, ecological sustainability, occupational health safety, and cost-effectiveness across petroleum operations.

Innovative multistage oil vapor recovery process: Integrated precoolers optimization design

This study aimed to investigate the effects of volatile organic compounds exposure on blood and cardiovascular parameters of Petrol station workers of West Bengal.The study included 153 male Petrol station workers and 50 male control group individuals of similar socio economic status having age range 20-60 years. Different hematological parameters and cardiovascular parameters (blood pressure and heart rate) has been evaluated. Blood samples were collected and analyzed by fully automated hematology analyzer. The analysis of the results showed significant hematological changes in exposed workers and 21% workers were anaemic. There is a significant decline in hemoglobin and RBC count but significantly higher neutrophil, ESR and eosinophil count were observed compared to the control group. Besides, significantly higher heart rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressure was found in exposed group indicating cardiovascular risk, reflected as hypertension (41.17%). Again, hemoglobin, Red Blood Cell, White Blood Cell and platelet count declined insignificantly and eosinophil count increased significantly with increase in exposure duration. ESR and Neutrophil-Lymphocyte ratio(NLR) values increased maximum above 20 years and between 11-20 years of exposure respectively. This high NLR value is associated with anaemia and hypertension among petrol filling workers. Thus NLR value can be used in routine clinical assessment of anaemia and hypertension. Thus health of workers of fuel station should be protected from exposure to benzene and other toxic substances by introduction of petrol vapour recovery system and minimizing leakage and spillage, by wearing protective gadgets and by giving health education and awareness to these workers.

Heterogeneous catalytichydrocracking of polyolefins is a promisingapproach for the processing of postconsumer plastics, but productquantification methods remain inconsistent across the literature.In systems that generate a large fraction of vapor-phase products,typical product capture methods can result in large carbon balancedeficits, exceeding 50%, compromising reported yields and selectivities.Here, we identify the major sources of product loss and develop enhancedcapture methods to improve the quantification accuracy. Seven supplementaltechniques were evaluated, targeting either increased vapor recovery(by increasing the volatility or system volume) or enhanced retentionin the liquid phase (by decreasing volatility). Among these, a flowcollection approach using a continuous helium sweep and downstreamgas sampling bag capture yielded the highest recovery, achieving a96 ± 9.2% carbon balance closure. We show that the efficacy ofthese methods is strongly dependent on product distribution. In general,solvent addition was most effective when condensable species dominatethe product distribution, while flow collection was preferred whenboth condensable species and light gases are present in high concentrations.These results highlight the need for method-specific workup strategiesand demonstrate that no single protocol is universally optimal. Weprovide general guidelines for selecting and implementing robust productcapture techniques, enabling accurate yield and selectivity determinationsin polyolefin hydrocracking systems.

Vinyl chloride (C2H3Cl) is produced using ethylene (C2H4) and chlorine (Cl) as primary raw materials. In Indonesia, the demand for raw materials to produce plastics, especially PVC, continues to grow each year. The chosen method is the direct chlorination of ethylene, resulting in the production of 1,2-dichloroethane (EDC). The process involves two conversion reactors, the CRV-100 and CRV-101. The CRV-100 reactor produces EDC vapor and some EDC compounds. However, these compounds are often not recovered and are released into the atmosphere. To increase efficiency and yield the process by recycling maximize the reactants, the EDC feedstock is replenished by recycling the top product from the CRV-100 reactor. After cooling and separation, liquid EDC is recovered and reintroduced, increasing vinyl chloride production, resulting the purity has increased from 93.93% to 97.14%, the total mass production rises from 2232.8919 kg/h to 5477.0938 kg/h before optimization, representing a 145.29% yield, reflecting a significant improvement in production efficiency. Copyright © 2025 by Authors, Published by Universitas Diponegoro and BCREC Publishing Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0).

The temperature of the flue gas is about 130 °C before desulfurization and 50 °C after desulfurization. The high-humidity flue gas discharged after desulfurization contains a significant amount of waste heat and vapor that cannot be effectively recovered. In this study, a compound absorption heat pump (COAHP) system was proposed to recover the waste heat and vapor in the flue gas. A mathematical model is developed to analyze the system, optimize the configuration of the COAHP, compare and analyze the thermodynamic performance of the single-stage absorption compound open absorption heat pump (SAOAHP) and the two-stage absorption compound open absorption heat pump (TAOAHP), and primarily investigate the impact of the solution shunt ratio on the thermodynamic performance of the TAOAHP system. The results show that the heat load of the condenser in the TAOAHP increases by 14.5% and the heat output of the TAOAHP increases by 23.4% compared to that of the SAOAHP. In the TAOAHP, as the shunt ratio increases from 30% to 60%, compared to the SAOAHP, the temperature of regeneration reduces from 6.5% to 9.9% in the TAOAHP, and the power consumption of regenerator decreases from 41.9% to 68.6%, the amount of vapor recovery increases to 34.2%. The temperature and the humidity of the flue gas at the outlet of absorber 3 decrease by 6.8 °C and 14.37 g/kg, respectively, the heat load of condensers in the TAOAHP is 61.08 MW, and the total heat output of the TAOAHP is 145.1 MW. This study establishes a framework for enhancing the efficiency of high-moisture flue gas waste heat recovery following wet desulfurization in coal-fired power plants, thereby providing a theoretical foundation for the effective utilization of waste heat in industrial high-moisture flue gas systems. The payback period of the COAHP system is found to be around 5.41 years.

Liquid hydrogen is regarded as a key energy source and propellant for lunar bases due to its high energy density and abundance of polar water ice resources. However, its low boiling point and high latent heat of vaporization pose severe challenges for storage and management under the extreme lunar environment characterized by wide temperature variations, low pressure, and low gravity. This paper reviews the strategies for siting and deployment of liquid hydrogen storage systems on the Moon and the technical challenges posed by the lunar environment, with particular attention for thermal management technologies. Passive technologies include advanced insulation materials, thermal shielding, gas-cooled shielding layers, ortho-para hydrogen conversion, and passive venting, which optimize insulation performance and structural design to effectively reduce evaporation losses and maintain storage stability. Active technologies, such as cryogenic fluid mixing, thermodynamic venting, and refrigeration systems, dynamically regulate heat transfer and pressure variations within storage tanks, further enhancing storage efficiency and system reliability. In addition, this paper explores boil-off hydrogen recovery and reutilization strategies for liquid hydrogen, including hydrogen reliquefaction, mechanical, and non-mechanical compression. By recycling vaporized hydrogen, these strategies reduce resource waste and support the sustainable development of energy systems for lunar bases. In conclusion, this paper systematically evaluates passive and active thermal management technologies as well as vapor recovery strategies along with their technical adaptability, and then proposes feasible storage designs for the lunar environment. These efforts provide critical theoretical foundations and technical references for achieving safe and efficient storage of liquid hydrogen and energy self-sufficiency in lunar bases.

Determination of Parameters of Rational Placement of Oil and Petroleum Product Vapor Recovery Unit

Concerns regarding the health risks associated with employe exposure to volatile chemicals during gasoline refueling necessitates rigorous investigation and effective countermeasures. This study aims to evaluate the efficacy of vapor recovery systems in mitigating exposure risks during gasoline refueling. Employee exposure to volatile organic compounds, aldehydes, carbon monoxide, and fine particulate matter (PM2.5) was assessed at gasoline stations with and without vapor recovery systems. Three stations each from the State of Mexico and Mexico City, equipped with gasoline vapor recovery systems, were compared with three stations in Guadalajara lacking such systems. The exposure concentrations (mean ± standard deviation) to benzene in Guadalajara, the State of Mexico, and Mexico City were 45 ± 29, 24 ± 20, and 18 ± 15 μg/m3, respectively, which were significantly higher than the background atmospheric concentrations at 1.6 ± 0.56, 0.72 ± 0.083, and 0.65 ± 0.14 μg/m3, respectively. Similarly, the exposure concentrations of toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes at gasoline stations were significantly higher than the background atmospheric concentrations. However, the exposure concentrations of formaldehyde and PM2.5 were similar to the background atmospheric concentrations. The excess cancer risks due to benzene exposure were estimated at 1.2-4.2 × 10-5, 0.63-2.2 × 10-5, and 0.46-1.6 × 10-5 (mean) and 0.42-1.5 × 10-4, 0.29-1.0 × 10-4, and 2.4-8.6 × 10-5 (maximum) in Guadalajara, the State of Mexico, and Mexico City, respectively. The risk to employees in gasoline stations was reduced by 47-61% in service stations with gasoline vapor recovery systems.

In era globalization Which the more complex , challenge face change climate And damage environment has become very urgent. Research This aiming For analyze impact environment from production, distribution, and consumption biofuels, as well as determine strategy subtraction impact negative said. With use Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) method, research This do evaluation effectiveness And sustainability product biofuel in distribution. Products biofuel Which studied is Pertamax Green and Biosolar, which is case studies in Fuel Terminal Surabaya. Results study This show that distribution biofuel Also produce emission gas House glass (GHG) and pollution air Which potential bother environment. CO2 emissions and CH4 from process production And transportation biodiesel And bioethanol contribute on warmup global . For reduce impact environment, research This recommend implementation Vapor Recovery Unit (VRU) on terminal material burn oil (BBM) and optimization route delivery use Vehicle Routing Problem (VRP). In addition that, research This Also highlight importance regulation related to Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) for ensure sustainability energy national. With Thus, research This hope can give contribution real in reduce impact environment from industry energy in Indonesia.

The article discusses the improvement of chemical and technological systems used for the recovery of oil vapors through chemisorption and adsorption processes, including a chemisorption unit. This unit, which consists of a disk-based chemo-absorber, is designed to remove harmful sulfur components from the gas mixture in oil tanker vessels. These components can negatively affect activated carbon filters and pollute the atmosphere The relevance of this research lies in the fact that marine terminals emit significant amounts of light organic compounds and sulfur into the atmosphere during the process of filling oil tanks. The intense evaporation of oil during this process leads to air pollution and loss of valuable product. To solve this problem, we propose using chemical technology systems with a sulfur compound purification unit. However, their implementation requires additional equipment, which can increase consumption and often leads to an increase in electricity usage. The main goal of this study was to find ways to improve environmental safety and optimize adsorption and absorption systems for recovering volatile organic compounds from gas mixtures at oil tanker terminals. We took into account the current technical state of these terminals. We found that the proposed purification unit can reduce energy consumption by eliminating the need for additional installations such as gas blowers. It also increases the efficiency of adsorption filters by 15-25%. The effectiveness of low-pressure gas purification from hydrogen sulfide has been confirmed by laboratory studies using a desulfurization reactor. The use of a homogeneous catalyst for gas purification ensures the conversion of hydrogen sulfide into sulfur and mercaptans into disulfides, while reducing the content of residual hydrogen sulfide and mercaptan to less than 1 ppm. The efficiency of recovering volatile organic compounds from gas mixtures on oil tanker vessels has also been confirmed using a chemisorption-adsorption chemical technology system

В работе предложена аналитическая модель для определения диаметра трубопровода применительно к инфраструктуре нефтеналивных терминалов. Рациональный выбор диаметра позволяет предотвратить гидравлическое запирание и последующее открытие клапана, возникающее при избыточном давлении в грузовых танках. В работе представлен сравнительный анализ известных формул для определения диаметра трубопровода с полученной формулой для расчета трубопроводов отвода газовой фазы. Приведены данные эксперимента, проведенного на территории порта в Санкт-Петербурге, в ходе которого производился отбор проб паров бензина АИ-95 и контролировалась скорость потока смеси углеводородов. Отобранные пробы исследовались при помощи хроматографического анализа. Показано, что в условиях весенне-летнего периода навигации, который соответствует максимальным значениям испарения за счет температурного фактора, существующий трубопровод отвода газовой фазы успешно справляется с поступившим с танкера на установку рекуперации паров объемом паров. Полученный опыт может быть масштабирован на вновь проектируемые объекты перевалки нефти и нефтепродуктов при учете выработки конкретной инженерной методики. The paper proposes an analytical model for determining the diameter of the pipeline in relation to the infrastructure of oil-loading terminals. Rational choice of diameter allows to prevent hydraulic locking and subsequent opening of the valve arising at overpressure in cargo tanks. The paper presents a comparative analysis of the known formulas for determining the diameter of the gas pipeline with the obtained formula for calculating gas discharge pipelines. The paper presents data of the experiment conducted at the port territory in St. Petersburg, during which vapor samples of AI-95 gasoline were taken and the flow rate of the hydrocarbon mixture was controlled. The selected samples were analyzed by chromatographic analysis. It was shown that in conditions of spring-summer navigation period, which corresponds to the maximum values of vaporization due to the temperature factor, the existing gas removal system successfully copes with the volume of vapors received from the tanker to the vapor recovery unit. The experience gained can be scaled up for newly designed oil and petroleum product transshipment marine terminals.

In the scientific mission for sustainable and efficient energy storage solutions, the importance of developing high performance energy storage systems along with environmentally friendly manufacturing technologies has become important. Among various energy storage systems, Lithium-Sulfur (Li/S) batteries are particularly noteworthy for their high theoretical specific energy (2,600 Wh/kg) and cost-effectiveness, traits largely attributable to abundance and favorable properties of sulfur. This positions Li/S batteries as a compelling alternative to the prevalent lithium-ion batteries, setting a new horizon in the pursuit of advanced energy storage solutions. A critical aspect of Li/S battery manufacturing is the fabrication process of sulfur electrodes, traditionally reliant on the slurry casting method with polymer binders like N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP), which poses environmental and economic challenges due to the energy-intensive slurry drying and subsequent NMP vapor recovery processes. Although alternatives such as aqueous binders have been explored, they offer limited benefits in reducing the overall environmental impact. Moreover, the use of binders generally increases the resistance of electrodes due to their insulating nature, affecting the electrochemical performance of battery electrodes. Our research marks a significant departure from conventional practices by introducing a novel binder-free and solvent-free approach to fabricate sulfur-carbon composite electrodes. This pioneering method represents a paradigm shift towards green energy technology, addressing both the environmental and economic concerns associated with traditional electrode fabrication. This advancement contributes significantly to reducing the environmental footprint of battery technologies, aligning with the global imperative for cleaner energy solutions. Our comprehensive study focuses on the structural, compositional, and electrochemical characteristics of the binder-free sulfur-carbon electrodes produced through this method. Utilizing advanced spectroscopic and imaging techniques, we examine the mechanisms that underlie the enhanced performance of these electrodes. The investigation reveals critical insights into the morphological and crystalline attributes that promote electrochemical activity, as well as the synergistic interactions between sulfur and carbon in the absence of traditional polymer binder.