Van Wagtendonk Research Articles

Fire as an Ecological and Silvicultural Factor, with an Introduction by Jan W. van Wagtendonk

Fire as an Ecological and Silvicultural Factor, with an Introduction by Jan W. van Wagtendonk

Fire as an Ecological and Silvicultural Factor, with an Introduction by Jan W. van Wagtendonk

We demonstrated the utility of digital fire atlases by analyzing forest fire extent across cold, dry, and mesic forests, within and outside federally designated wilderness areas during three different fire management periods: 1900 to 1934, 1935 to 1973, and 1974 to 2008. We updated an existing atlas with a 12 070 086 ha recording area in Idaho and Montana, USA, west of the Continental Divide, 81 % of which is forested. This updated atlas was derived from records maintained locally by 12 national forests and Glacier National Park. Within the cold, dry, and mesic forests that encompass 45 %, 44 %, and 11 % of the fire atlas recording area, respectively, we analyzed 3228 fire polygons (those ≥20 ha in extent and ≥75 % forested). We discovered that both fire extent and the number of fire polygons were greater in the north during the early period and greater in the south during the late period, but in all cases burned in proportion to land area. Over the 9 731 691 ha forested fire-atlas recording area, 36 % of 10 000 randomly located points burned at least once, 7 % burned twice, and fewer than 1 % burned three or more times. Of these same points, disproportionately more burned inside wilderness than outside. These points burned in proportion to land area by forest type and generally by slope, aspect, and elevation. Analysis revealed that despite extensive fires early and late in the twentieth century, area burned was likely still low relative to prior centuries, especially at low elevations and outside large wilderness areas. The fire atlas includes few fires <40 ha, and its perimeter accuracy is uncertain and likely historically inconsistent; even so, the perimeters are georeferenced and, because they include the entire twentieth century, can serve to bridge past and future fire regimes. Fire atlases are necessarily imperfect, but they remain useful for exploring the pyrogeography of modern fire regimes, including how the spatial distribution of fire varied through time with respect to landscape controls, fire management, and climate.

Mycobacterial Glycophosphoinositides: the Work of Clinton E. Ballou

Biosynthesis of Mannophosphoinositides by Mycobacterium phlei. The Family of Dimannophosphoinositides (Brennan, P., and Ballou, C. E. (1967) J. Biol. Chem. 242, 3046–3056) Biosynthesis of Mannophosphoinositides by Mycobacterium phlei. Enzymatic Acylation of the Dimannophosphoinositides (Brennan, P., and Ballou, C. E. (1968) J. Biol. Chem. 243, 2975–2984)

Picture naming and developmental reading disorders

One of the most frequently cited papers from the twenty‐five years of the Journal of Research in Reading is ‘Object‐naming deficits in developmental dyslexia’ by Maggie Snowling, Bente van Wagtendonk and Carolyn Stafford, published in 1988. Looking back at the paper some sixteen years after its publication, it is striking to note how topical some of the issues discussed by Snowling and colleagues remain. This commentary revisits some of these issues and examines how subsequent research has consolidated and extended Snowling et al.'s findings and conclusions.

97 ASSESSMENT OF VIABILITY OF IN VITRO PRODUCED BOVINE EMBRYOS FOLLOWING VITRIFICATION BY CVM OR SLOW FREEZING WITH ETHYLENE GLYCOL AND TRIPLE TRANSFER

Vitrification has become the method of choice for the preservation of in vitro derived embryos of a number of species, and several methods of vitrification have been developed. One such method, the cryoLogic vitrification method (CVM) yields high survival rates of warmed embryos (Lindemans W et al. 2004 Reprod. Fertil. Dev. 16, 174 abst). In this study, the post-warm viability of bovine IVP embryos following either vitrification using CVM or slow freezing using ethylene glycol (EG) was compared. In addition, the survival of embryos following triple transfer to synchronized recipients was measured and the embryo (“e”) and recipient (“r”) contributions to embryo survival was determined using the “er” model for embryo survival (McMillan WH et al. 1998 Theriogenology 50, 1053–1070). Bovine IVP methods were those of van Wagtendonk et al. 2004 Reprod. Fertil. Dev. 16, 214 (abst). On day 7 of culture (Day 0 = IVF), Grade 1 and 2 embryos that had reached at least the late morula stage were selected for vitrification (20% DMSO, 20% ethylene glycol) or freezing in 1.5 M ethylene glycol + 0.1 M sucrose (0.5°C/min to −35°C). Following storage in LN2 for at least 24 h the embryos were thawed, the cryoprotectant removed, and the embryos cultured for 72 h in mSOF medium under 5% CO2, 7% O2, 88% N2. The number of hatching embryos was recorded at 24-h intervals. In addition, blastocyst and expanded blastocyst embryos were thawed and immediately transferred nonsurgically to recipients (three embryos of the same grade to each recipient) on Day 7 of a synchronized cycle (Day 0 = heat). The recipients were ultrasound-scanned for the presence of, and number of, fetuses on Days 35 and 62, respectively. The invitro assessment of 148 CVM and 230 EG frozen embryos indicated that more vitrified than EG embryos hatched by 72 h (73% vs. 62%; CVM vs. EG, χ2 = 4.5, P &lt; 0.05). Overall, more Grade 1 embryos hatched than Grade 2 (74% vs. 60%, χ2 = 7.2, P &lt; 0.01). CVM embryos (105) were triple-transferred to 35 recipients, and EG embryos (30) were triple-transferred to 10 recipients. Recipient pregnancy rates at Day 62 were 80% and 70%, respectively. Overall embryo survival was 38.5% (41% for CVM and 30% for EG). The overall calculated “e” and “r” values were 0.39 and 1.0 (“e”: 0.42 and 1.0, and “r”: 0.31 and 1.0, respectively, CVM and EG groups). Survival rates of CVM embryos to Day 62 (41%) were slightly lower than that previously obtained for fresh embryos produced using an identical IVP procedure (44% – van Wagtendonk AM 2004).

283ASSESSMENT OF CALVES PRODUCED BY IVP IN A SEMI-DEFINED MEDIUM

Heavy birth weight, increased calving difficulty, heart function defects, increased perinatal mortality and organ immaturity have been reported for calves produced from IVP embryos compared to those produced from MOET or AI (van Wagtendonk AM et al., 2000 Theriogenology 53, 575–597; Jacobsen H et al., 2002 Anim Reprod Sci 70, 1–11). In this study we examined birth weight (BWT), and blood chemistry at 1 day of age, gestation length and heart function at 7 days, and response to an ACTH challenge at 21 days of calves derived from IVP in a ‘semi-defined’ IVC system (Thompson JG et al., 2000 J. Reprod. Fertil. 118, 47–55) and of contemporary MOET or AI calves. Holstein Friesian (HF) 2- and 3-year-old recipients carrying single HF calves (101×IVP and 21×MOET) were monitored in this study. Within 1 day of birth the calves were weighed and a blood sample taken for analysis. At 7d, ultrasound measurement of the left ventricle diastolic diameter (LVEDd) and % ejection fraction (EF%) was determined. Each calf was then transported to a rearing unit. At 3 weeks of age, 30 IVP and 30 control AI calves of the same age were injected i.v. with Synacthen (synthetic ACTH, Ciba Corporation, 0.1μgkg−1 body weight). Blood samples were collected at −30, 0, 30, 60 and 90min (0min=time of injection) for cortisol measurements. There was no difference in BWT for MOET or IVP calves (40.9±4.7 v. 35.6±4.8kg, respectively). Moreover, gestation lengths (279 days v. 281 days) and calving assistance scores (1.3 v. 1.6) did not differ. Calf mortality at birth was higher for IVP calves (16%) than for MOET calves (5%). All but 7 surviving calves (6×IVP and 1×MOET) had high GGT levels at 1 day. Blood chemistry revealed no differences between the calf types, all measures being within normal ranges. For all calves, heart function analysis revealed no abnormalities with mean LVEDd=4.1±0.6cm and mean EF%=78.5±8.4%. All calves exhibited elevated cortisol following ACTH challenge. There was no difference between control and IVP calves for mean cortisol concentration at any time point (0min, 13.8±5.2; 30min, 46.6±9.8; 60min, 42.8±9.9; 90min, 28.1±8.9ngmL−1). These data suggest that, unlike calves produced in less defined culture systems, calves produced by IVP in a semi-defined culture system have birth weight and gestation lengths similar to those of MOET calves. Moreover, no abnormalities in organ (heart, adrenal) function were detected. However, of concern was the high number of unexplained deaths for IVP calves. This may be due to an overall lack of vigour in IVP calves that, in an unsupervised calving, results in calf death. More vigilence at calving may be needed to ensure calf survival. The authors thank Juliet Jensen, Waikato Hospital, for ultrasound measurements and David Stewart, Morrinsville Veterinary Services, for calf care. This study was funded by Vialactia Biosciences and FRST.

WILLEM J. VAN WAGTENDONK (1910–1990)

The Journal of ProtozoologyVolume 37, Issue 6 p. 609-610 WILLEM J. VAN WAGTENDONK (1910–1990) First published: November 1990 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1990.tb01274.xAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume37, Issue6November 1990Pages 609-610 RelatedInformation

The Cyst of Oxytricha bifaria (Ciliata: Hypotrichida). I. Morphology and Significance

Before actual encystment, the volume of Oxytricha bifaria falls to about 20% of normal (47,700 im3 vs. 234,000 ,m3). Once it has attained this minimal volume, the rounded cell first produces a jelly coat and then a rather homogeneous, thick cyst wall (-4 jm). Within 36-48 h, a definitive morphology is achieved and the cyst resembles a ball (-45 Aum in diameter) regularly covered by about 90 finger-like protrusions (~7 Am in height), most of which are distributed regularly along lines that are almost parallel. The possible functional significance of this morphology is discussed. Oxytricha bifaria Stokes, 1887 is a fresh-water hypotrich ciliate, approximately 120 ,tm long, which reproduces vegetatively by transverse binary fission. Depending on various internal and external conditions, Oxytricha also can display conjugation, cannibalism, and encystment. During conjugation, two cells belonging to complementary mating types interact with, meet, and fertilize one another (Ricci, 1981); cannibals are gigantic cells (220-230 ,um long) that feed on other cells, and whose formation is induced by overcrowded conditions (Ricci & Riggio, 1984); the cysts are small (diameter, 45 ,um) subspherical structures that allow resting cells to withstand severe and/or unfavorable conditions. The wide range of variation in shape and physiology of the cells, along with the presumably sophisticated codes which control them in Oxytricha, suggests that the genetic memory of the species is involved in controlling conjugation, cannibalism, and encystment. Thus, 0. bifaria lends itself well to investigations of cell differentiation (Ricci & Banchetti, 1982), namely as an organism capable of expressing several biological states differing from one another in morphology, physiology, and function. The natural encystment capacities of ciliates are well known. The major features of cystic morphology have been studied and described for many different species; a number of reviews are available (Corliss & Esser, 1974; van Wagtendonk, 1955). Ultrastructural studies have been conducted for some species. In particular, the cyst of 0. fallax has been described in detail by Grimes (1973). The cyst of 0. bifaria has been studied by Kay (1945), but several discrepancies (diameter of 45 Am vs. 70 tm reported by Kay) suggested that it might be useful to study its morphology ex novo. We used Nomarsky interference phase-contrast and scanning electron microscopy to study the cyst formation and morphology of 0. bifaria; the results 1 Preparations for SEM observations were carried out in the Institute of Zoology, University of Siena, and the authors are deeply indebted to Dr. M. Mazzini for his kind assistance and helpful instructions. The authors gratefully acknowledge Dr. R. Nobili for his useful criticisms. This paper was supported by a grant from the Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche. TRANS. AM. MICROSC. SOC., 104(1): 70-78. 1985. ? Copyright, 1985, by the American Microscopical Society, Inc. This content downloaded from 207.46.13.149 on Mon, 03 Oct 2016 06:10:15 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms VOL. 104, NO. 1, JANUARY 1985 presented in this paper in turn led to a study of the ultrastructure of the cyst (Verni et al., 1984) and of its cytochemical composition (Rosati et al., 1984). MATERIALS AND METHODS Clones C1, C6, and L1 of Oxytricha bifaria, which spontaneously produces cysts, were maintained in a lettuce medium inoculated with Enterobacter aerogenes according to the technique described by Ricci et al. (1980). To determine the age of the cysts within 12 h, the mass cultures were kept in depression slides and transferred daily into new depressions, after being examined so as to isolate cysts as young as possible. Two groups of cysts were studied: (1) cysts 0-48 h old (this period of time was chosen after observing that nearly two days are necessary for a cyst to form and to complete its development); (2) cysts about 14 days old (this age was chosen to permit the study of resting cysts exhibiting their definitive morphology). In vivo observations of encysting and encysted cells were made with a Leitz Orthoplan photomicroscope equipped with Nomarski's interferential contrast. A micrometric slide (Zeiss, 5 + 100/100 mm) was used to measure the size of different structures. The preparation techniques for scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were those routinely used for ciliates (Luporini & Dallai, 1980).

Black Bear Food Habits in Yosemite National Park

Black Bear Food Habits in Yosemite National Park

The Effect of Use Limits on Backcountry Visitation Trends in Yosemite National Park. Jan W. Van Wagtendonk. Leisure Sciences, vol. 4, no. 3, 1981, pp. 311-323. Crane, Russak and Company, Inc., 3 East 44th Street, New York, N.Y. 10017. $11

The Effect of Use Limits on Backcountry Visitation Trends in Yosemite National Park. Jan W. Van Wagtendonk. Leisure Sciences, vol. 4, no. 3, 1981, pp. 311-323. Crane, Russak and Company, Inc., 3 East 44th Street, New York, N.Y. 10017. $11

Travel Time Variation on Backcountry Trails. Jan W. van Wagtendonk and James M. Benedict. Journal of Leisure Research, vol. 12, no. 2, Second Quarter 1980, pp. 99-115. National Recreation and Park Association, 1601 North Kent Street, Arlington, Virginia 22209. $3.75

Travel Time Variation on Backcountry Trails. Jan W. van Wagtendonk and James M. Benedict. Journal of Leisure Research, vol. 12, no. 2, Second Quarter 1980, pp. 99-115. National Recreation and Park Association, 1601 North Kent Street, Arlington, Virginia 22209. $3.75

A New Method For Axenic Mass Cultivation of Paramecium Tetraurelia*

SYNOPSIS A method is described for the axenic mass cultivation of Paramecium tetraurelia strains 51s and 299s. the ciliate is grown in an enriched axenic medium developed by Soldo, Godoy &amp; van Wagtendonk. Under continuous shaking on a rotary shaker, cultures were grown in one‐liter Erlenmeyer flasks with 330 ml medium yield cell densities of 32,000 cell/ml and 20,000 cells/ml for strains 299s and 51s respectively. Doubling time is considerably shorter under these conditions than in the conventional static cultures. A 20‐liter airlift bioreactor is described in detail which can be used successfully to otain up to 100 g wet weight of Paramecium in a single run; in this reactor the cell density reaches 38,000 cells/ml for strain 299s. and 23,000 cells/ml for 51s. This technic should facilitate the study of minor protein components of the ciliate.

Axenic Paramecium caudatum. I. Mass culture and structure.

To establish and grow Paramecium caudatum in mass axenic culture the culture medium of Soldo, Godoy & van Wagtendonk was modified by substituting phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) for TEM-4T and by a 10-fold increase in folic acid. Population densities of 4000 to 6000 cells/ml and a generation time of 20-26 h are regularly obtained. Optimal growth is obtained with PE-stigmasterol ratios between 40:1 to 400:1. Cells from 1-day-old axenic cultures have many lipid bodies aggregated in clumps (which disappear in 2 to 3 days) as well as foci of rough endoplasmic reticulum bordered by dictyosomes. The latter suggests a very active metabolism. Crystalline sheets found in both food vacuoles and lysosomes presumably play a role in digestion. Axenically grown cells also have abundant Golgi bodies (dictyosomes) and by late log phase become filled with lysosomes.

Method for the simultaneous establishment of many axenic cultures of Paramecium.

A method is described for the simultaneous treatment of 42 (or more) stocks of Paramecium, and their adaptation to growth in axenic culture. Samples of dense cultures of these ciliates growing with Enterobacter aerogenes are rendered bacteria-free by migration through 2 sets of tubes containing Adaptation Medium (Peters' salts solution, stigmaterol, vitamins, and autoclaved E. aerogenes). The 2nd set of tubes contains Adaptation Medium plus antibiotics. Bacteria-free samples containing approximately 100 animals are then transferred to test tubes containing Adaptation Medium without antibiotics. This medium also serves as a growth medium. It supports indefinite growth of all Paramecium stocks tested. After adaptation to this medium, the ciliattes can be grown in the axenic medium developed by Soldo, Godoy & van Wagtendonk. On a single trial at least half of the stocks can be expected to produce axenic cultures within 5 to 10 days by these procedures. The method has been applied successfully to several of the species of the Paramecium aurelia complex, to all syngens of Paramecium multimicronucleatum, to several stocks of Paramecium jenningsi, and to 1 stock of Paramecium caudatum and Paramecium calkinsi. A modification of the method also works for Didinium nasutum.

Van Wagtendonk, W. J., ed. 1974. Paramecium. A Current Survey. Elsevier Scientific Publishing Co., 335 Jan van Galenstraat, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (American Elsevier, 52 Vanderbilt Ave., New York, N. Y. 10017). xviii + 499 pp. $53.90.

The Journal of ProtozoologyVolume 22, Issue 1 p. 30-30 Van Wagtendonk, W. J., ed. 1974. Paramecium. A Current Survey. Elsevier Scientific Publishing Co., 335 Jan van Galenstraat, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (American Elsevier, 52 Vanderbilt Ave., New York, N. Y. 10017). xviii + 499 pp. $53.90. NORMAN D. LEVINE, NORMAN D. LEVINE College of Veterinary Medicine, Univ. of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.Search for more papers by this author NORMAN D. LEVINE, NORMAN D. LEVINE College of Veterinary Medicine, Univ. of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.Search for more papers by this author First published: February 1975 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1975.tb00940.xAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume22, Issue1February 1975Pages 30-30 RelatedInformation

Diaminopimelic acid in the Mu particles of Paramecium aurelia.

Mu particles, found in the cytoplasm of Paramecium aurelia, stock 540, syngen 1, are responsible for the mate killing effect of this stock on other syngen 1 stocks after conjugation with them1. The particles are visible in the phase contrast microscope as rods 2–5µ × 10.5µ in size, and several thousand may be present in the cytoplasm of a single animal. Beale and Jurand2 carried out a cytochemical and electron microscope study of these particles and suggested that they were probably bacterial in nature. Van Wagtendonk, Clark and Godoy3 succeeded in growing the lambda particle of stock 299 (syngen 4) in a complex medium outside the host cell, thus clearly showing that this particle was a symbiont inside the Paramecium. It will be shown here that the mu particle is a bacterium in a similar situation, because the analysis of isolated particles has shown the presence of α-e-diaminopimelic acid (DAP), and possibly of muramic acid; these are compounds typical of the bacterial cell wall4.

Note on the preparation of 3‐hydroxy‐5‐hydroxymethyl‐2,4‐dimethyl‐pyridine: (4‐Desoxyadermine)

AbstractThe intermediate steps in the synthesis of 4‐desoxy‐adermine described some time agoH. M. van Wagtendonk and J. P. Wibaut, Rec. trav. chim. 61, 728 (1942). have been improved upon, particularly the conversion of the last intermediate 3‐amino‐2,4‐dimethyl‐5‐methyl‐amino‐pyridine (VII) to desoxyadermine. As a result of these improvements, desoxyadermine can now be synthesized in an overall yield of 15%, based on the starting materials acetyl acetone and cyanoacetamide.

The action of ultraviolet light on paramecin and the chemical nature of paramecin

The killing substance paramecin liberated into the medium by killer paramecia has been inactivated by monochromatic ultraviolet light. The action spectrum for this inactivation parallels the absorption spectrum for aromatic amino-acid containing proteins. It is estimated that DNA would have to be present in an amount less than 1% in paramecin to give the observed action spectrum. Paramecin can be inactivated by chymotrypsin but not by DNase. The latter enzymic result contradicts those obtained by Van Wagtendonk. There is no good explanation for the discrepancy. Paramecin is an entity which has a large amount of protein (containing little cystine) and does not seem to require DNA for its activity.

The Macronucleus of Epistylis articulata From., during Conjugation: A Photometric Study

Previous article No AccessThe Macronucleus of Epistylis articulata From., during Conjugation: A Photometric StudyB. R. Seshachar, and C. M. S. DassB. R. Seshachar Search for more articles by this author , and C. M. S. Dass Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by Volume 27, Number 3Jul., 1954 Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/physzool.27.3.30152171 Views: 4Total views on this site Citations: 4Citations are reported from Crossref Journal History This article was published in Physiological Zoology (1928-1998), which is continued by Physiological and Biochemical Zoology (1999-present). PDF download Crossref reports the following articles citing this article:I.B. RAIKOV THE MACRONUCLEUS OF CILIATES, (Jan 1969): 1–128.https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-012339-4.50004-4J. Berech, W.J. Van Wagtendonk An autoradiographic study of the macronuclear changes occurring in Paramecium aurelia during autogamy, Experimental Cell Research 26, no.22 (Mar 1962): 360–372.https://doi.org/10.1016/0014-4827(62)90188-XMax Alfert, Norma O. Goldstein Cytochemical properties of nucleoproteins in Tetrahymena pyriformis; A difference in protein composition between macro-and micronuclei, Journal of Experimental Zoology 130, no.33 (Dec 1955): 403–421.https://doi.org/10.1002/jez.1401300303C.F. Ehret, E.L. Powers Macronuclear and nucleolar development in Paramecium bursaria, Experimental Cell Research 9, no.22 (Jan 1955): 241–257.https://doi.org/10.1016/0014-4827(55)90098-7

STEROIDS AND THE STIFFNESS SYNDROME IN GUINEA PIGS

Wuleen and Bahrs (l-3) first demonstrated the “stiffness syndrome” in guinea pigs. Van Wagtendonk and coworkers (4-7) reported studies of the metabolic changes resulting from the deficiency of the fat-soluble factor involved. The isolation of the active factor from raw cream and cane juice has been described by van Wagtendonk and Wulzen (8, 9). However, several investigators have been unable to demonstrate the characteristic deficiency symptoms in guinea pigs (10, 11). Using a diversity of diets, we were able to produce deficiency symptoms in guinea pigs which were apparently identical with those described by the Oregon State College group. Several synthetic diets, the skim milk diet of van Wagtendonk (4), and a commercial type of pelleted diet, were used for the study of this deficiency disease. The syndrome appeared the most rapidly and severely on the pellet diet. This is partly due to the poor growth and physical condition of the animals fed the synthetic or skim milk diets and partly to some property of the pellet diet which markedly induces a severe deficiency. This phenomenon may be caused by the presence in this diet of the “antagonistic factor” mentioned by van Wagtendonk and Wulzen (9).