Resistance Values Research Articles

One-pot synthesis of 2D-Ni-MOF from waste PET plastic in aqueous medium for selective electrooxidation of glycerol, ethanol, and methanol

This study investigates the electrochemical performance and selectivity of a nickel-based metal-organic framework (Ni-MOF) catalyst synthesized from waste PET plastic using a one-pot approach in aqueous media. The Ni-MOF electrode was evaluated for glycerol electrooxidation reaction (GEOR), ethanol electrooxidation reaction (EEOR), and methanol electrooxidation reaction (MEOR). Linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) revealed current densities of 30mA/cm² at 0.5639V for GEOR, 50.07mA/cm² at 0.35V for EEOR, and 45.73mA/cm² at 0.39V for MEOR, indicating superior catalytic activity. Nyquist plots showed lower charge transfer resistance (Rct) values of 11.0 Ω for GEOR, 2.79 Ω for EEOR, and 2.69 Ω for MEOR, confirming efficient electron transfer. Bode impedance plots demonstrated lower impedance for alcohol electrooxidation compared to oxygen evolution reaction (OER). Chronoamperometry (CA) tests indicated excellent stability with 75.72% glycerol conversion for GEOR and selectivities of 94% for glyceric acid, 65.59% for acetic acid in EEOR, and 70.54% for formic acid in MEOR. These results highlight the potential of Ni-MOF derived from recycled PET plastic for sustainable and efficient electrooxidation of C1-C3 alcohols.

Assessment of Aquifer Resistivity, Depth, and Thickness using Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) in Parts of Bori Metropolis for Groundwater Exploration

Groundwater exploration is vital to guaranteeing a reliable water supply in both urban and rural locations. In Bori Metropolis, the growing demand for potable water necessitates a thorough examination of the aquifer system. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to determine the groundwater potential in Bori Metropolis by assessing aquifer resistivity, depth, and thickness using Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES). A total of 13 VES surveys were completed in the study region using the Schlumberger array. The apparent resistivity measurements were analyzed using 1D inversion techniques to determine aquifer depth and thickness. The results showed that aquifer resistivity values ranged from to at depths ranging from to . Aquifer thicknesses ranged from to , indicating a high groundwater potential in the area. The results indicate that the Bori Metropolis area comprises a well-defined aquifer system with a high potential for groundwater extraction. These findings give important information for future water resource management in the region.

Noise Reduction of Amperometric Electrochemical Sensor using Current Compensation on Transimpedance Amplifier for Dissolved Oxygen Measurement

In this paper, a study of noise reduction of an electrochemical sensor is presented. This study is initiated based on the fact that the signal from the electrochemical sensor has quite high noise. The current signal from the sensor is very weak and noisy due to high impedance and complex process on the sensor and measured media such as a solution of dissolved oxygen. The current is usually converted using a transimpedance amplifier with high voltage-to-current ratio by a feedback resistance, which usually also produces large noise due to high feedback resistance value. This will contribute to an additional noise to the natural noise of the sensor and measured media, causing more noisy result. A modified transimpedance amplifier is proposed to reduce the noise from the sensor and converter to increase signal-to-noise ratio. The modification employs a current compensation, so that the current noise is suppressed at the converter input. The noise and signal measurements at the output of the compensated transimpedance amplifier show noise reduction compared to the standard transimpedance amplifier and measurement error reduction of the measured dissolved oxygen down to 0.89%.

Factors Influencing Differences Between Computed and Measured Ground Resistance Values for Horizontal Tape Electrodes

Factors Influencing Differences Between Computed and Measured Ground Resistance Values for Horizontal Tape Electrodes

Optimizing Na2EDTA concentration for enhanced properties of SILAR - deposited CTS thin films

Abstract This study investigates the impact of varying Na2EDTA concentrations on the properties of copper tin sulfide (CTS) thin films deposited on soda lime glass substrates using the successive ionic layer adsorption and reaction (SILAR) method. The aim is to optimize CTS thin film growth for photovoltaic technology applications. CTS thin films were prepared using SILAR with Na2EDTA concentrations of 0.01 M, 0.04 M, and 0.07 M, resulting in samples CTS01, CTS04, and CTS07. Characterization techniques included XRD, SEM, EDAX, FTIR, I-V curves, transmittance spectra, and Tauc plots. The results reveal significant variations in film properties with changing Na2EDTA concentration. XRD patterns indicate polycrystalline films with an orthorhombic CTS phase. SEM images show smooth, dense films with localized clusters. FTIR spectra detect hydrocarbon chains, aromatic rings, and hydroxyl or ether groups. The I-V curves of three samples (CTS01, CTS04, and CTS07) show a voltage-dependent transition from semiconducting to ohmic behavior. The CTS01 exhibits superior conductivity (3.13 × 10−5/Ωm), while the samples’ resistance and conductivity values show an inverse relationship. Transmittance curves display low UV transmittance and high visible transmittance,suggests that the samples are highly absorptive in the UV range and become more transparent in the visible range, indicating potential applications in optical filtering and photovoltaic devices. Tauc plots estimate band gap energies of 3.66, 3.89, and 3.23 eV, indicating high band gap energies suitable for buffer layers in solar cells. The correlation between band gap energy and crystallite size as a function of Na2EDTA concentration is also observed. The study demonstrates the importance of optimizing Na2EDTA concentration for achieving high-quality CTS thin films with desirable properties for photovoltaic applications. The findings highlight the potential of CTS thin films for solar cells, optical filtering, and photonic devices.

Hepatokine leukocyte cell-derived chemotaxin 2 as a biomarker of insulin resistance, liver enzymes, and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease in the general population.

Leukocyte cell-derived chemotaxin 2 (LECT2) is an obesity-associated hepatokine that causes skeletal muscle insulin resistance. Since LECT2 is up-regulated by the inactivation of the energy sensor AMPK in the liver, we hypothesized that LECT2 has potential as a biomarker for metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD). Therefore, we investigated whether circulating LECT2 levels are associated with insulin sensitivity, liver enzymes, and MASLD. This cross-sectional study included 138 Japanese individuals. Plasma LECT2 levels were measured using fasting blood samples. B-mode ultrasonography was used to assess hepatic steatosis. The mean age and body mass index (BMI) of participants were 63.5 ± 10.2 years and 23.0 ± 3.1 kg/m2, respectively. Higher LECT2 levels positively correlated with homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) values and negatively correlated with the quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (QUICKI) among all participants (HOMA-IR; non-standardized β (B) = 6.38, P < 0.01: QUICKI; B = -161, P < 0.01). These correlations were stronger in the low BMI group (HOMA-IR; B = 13.85, P < 0.01: QUICKI; B = -180, P < 0.01). LECT2 levels also positively correlated with gamma-glutamyl transferase levels (B = 0.01, P = 0.01) and alanine aminotransferase levels (B = 0.33, P = 0.02). Higher LECT2 levels correlated with the prevalence of MASLD (odds ratio = 1.14, P = 0.02). The present results suggest the potential of plasma LECT2 levels as a biomarker for insulin resistance in individuals who are not overweight and the prevalence of MASLD in the general population.

ANALISIS PENGARUH TOTAL PANJANG ELEKTRODA BATANG TERHADAP PENTANAHAN DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN METODE WENNER DAN DRIVEN ROD

This research discusses the influence of electrode depth, number of electrodes and the influence of the Wenner and Driven Rod methods on reducing the value of grounding resistance. The ground electrode is a conductor that is embedded in the earth and makes direct contact with the earth, where the ground electrode is used as a grounding system tool if a disturbance occurs in the electric power system. The method used is a quantitative method, namely a method that uses research data resulting from direct observation, where the data is produced in the form of numbers that will be analyzed. The results obtained were that the influence of the depth of the grounding electrode was not effective enough, because the soil used had moisture that was not much different between a depth of 1 meter and 2 meters. The effect of the number of grounding electrodes used is very effective because the resistance value obtained is lower. The effect of the Wenner method produces a greater reduction compared to the Driven Rod method, Wenner experienced a decrease of 52.4 ohms on dry soil and 33.4 ohms on wet soil and Driven Rod experienced a decrease in resistance value of 49.7 ohms on dry soil and 29.23 ohms on wet ground. The conclusion obtained is that the total electrodes used are more influential in reducing the grounding resistance value than the length of the depth of the implanted electrodes and the Wenner method is better in reducing the grounding resistance value than the Driven Rod method.

Исследование проницаемости эпителиального слоя клеток TEER методом

The study investigated the electrical characteristics of the Caco-2 cellular layer grown on a cellulose acetate membrane using impedance spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry methods. The effect of ethanol solutions of varying concentrations on the electrophysical properties of the cellular layer was studied. During measurements of the layer characteristics by the cyclic voltammetry method under direct current, it was found that its resistance before ethanol treatment was 642 kOhm. Treatment with a 25% ethanol solution increased this value to 645 kOhm, while 50% and 95% solutions decreased it to 505 kOhm and 373 kOhm, respectively. During the study of the cellular layer's properties using impedance spectroscopy with alternating current, dependencies of the real and imaginary parts of the resistance on the ethanol concentration in the treatment solution were obtained. The obtained data were used to construct Nyquist diagrams. Their analysis allowed for the proposal of an equivalent circuit describing the process of current flow through the studied system. The equivalent circuit included parameters of paracellular transport, membrane resistance and capacitance, as well as elements accounting for electrode polarization. As a result, values of capacitance and membrane layer resistance were obtained. It was established that the membrane layer capacitance changes under the influence of ethanol. When treated with a 50% ethanol solution, capacitance increases, indicating degradation of the cell membrane and a reduction in its barrier function. Treatment with a 95% solution led to a decrease in capacitance, which can be attributed to the compression of the cell layer, reducing the capacitance contribution to the system's overall conductivity. The results demonstrate the importance of quantitative analysis of cellular electrical parameters for studying their response to chemical stress and confirm the potential of such approaches in biomedicine for creating sensors and «organ-on-a-chip» systems.

Evolution of structural, magnetic and transport properties of 3d-5d based double perovskites Nd2–xSrxCoIrO6

The evolution of the structural, magnetic and transport properties of the intermediate compounds Nd2-xSrxCoIrO6withx= 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 1 and 1.5 have been studied to establish important roles of sizes and oxidation states of cations on various phases. The replacement of Nd3+by Sr2+primarily influences the oxidation states of Co (Co2+→Co3+) and Ir (Ir4+→Ir5+) ions to maintain the charge neutrality in the entire system. The Sr dopants give rise to an increasing Co/Ir antisite disorder (ASD) to accommodate the variation of charge state and ionic radius of Co and Ir. The nature of magnetic interaction induced by Sr changes from being a ferrimagnetic (FIM) to a more dominant antiferromagnetic. The suppression of the second magnetic transition below 30 K in samples forx>0.2 is entirely due to dilution of the Nd-Nd magnetic interaction. The combined effects of ASD and mixed oxidation state of Co and Ir ions generate various types of magnetic exchange pathways and create competitive magnetic interactions to stabilize a particular magnetic ground state. In the middle compound NdSrCoIrO6, a Griffith like phase in the temperature region 65-150 K and exchange bias field of 658 Oe at 2.3 K under a cooling field of 50 kOe has been observed. The compounds show an insulating kind of behaviour, and with hole doping the value of room temperature resistivity drastically decreases. The nature of conduction is found to follow three dimensional Mott's variable range hopping process.

Silver-decorated laser-induced graphene for a linear, sensitive, and almost hysteresis-free piezoresistive strain sensor

A new approach has recently emerged in graphene synthesis by direct laser writing (LIG), which is highly economical and scalable, unlike previous methods. Here, the sputtering method has been used to coat silver onto the laser-induced graphene-based sensor. The results demonstrate that the chosen approach substantially impacts the expected outcomes. The initial resistance values were consistent across the different sensor samples. The average resistance was slightly lower in the silver-coated samples compared to the uncoated samples, demonstrating the effectiveness of the Ag coating in enhancing the electrical conductivity of the LIG material. However, the difference in resistance was not statistically significant. The electromechanical behavior of the Ag-coated LIG strain sensor was tested under cyclic tensile strain. The gauge factor increased from 12.9-14.7 for the uncoated LIG sensor to 17.2-26.7 for the Ag-coated sensor, with the difference growing at higher strains. At 5%, 30%, and 70% strain, the gauge factor increased by 30%, 80%, and 82%, respectively. Sensors measuring 1-70% strain were developed, enabling use in various applications. Blood pulse measurements showed the silver-coated sample produced more uniform and reliable results than the uncoated sample. The number of beats matched a commercial pulse oximeter. This sensitivity, linearity, and reliability demonstrate the potential for commercializing these sensors.

Analysis of stress distribution in implant-supported prostheses with custom abutments at different angles of 20 degrees: A finite element analysis

Aim: Implants may not always be placed parallel to each other. In such cases, implants can be made more parallel by adjusting the angles with custom abutments. Different cementation materials can be used for cement-retained abutments. The bonding and stress resistance values of materials used in the cementation of implant-supported prostheses vary. The aim of this study is to demonstrate the stress distribution values of restorations bonded with different cementation materials in finite element analysis. Methodology: In this study, a maxillary edentulous jawbone was designed using the SolidWorks program. Two implants were placed in the regions of teeth #14 and #16. Implant data was obtained from the Bilimplant company. A 20-degree angled custom abutment and implant-supported prosthesis were designed using the Exocad program. Standard Tesellation Language (STL) files were transferred to SolidWorks to obtain Standard for the Exchange of Product Model Data (STP) files. The created prosthesis design was then transferred to the ABAQUS program for finite element analysis. Subsequently, using 5 different cementation materials (glass ionomer cement, dual-cure resin cement - ivoclar, dual-cure resin cement - relyx, polycarboxylate cement, self-cure resin cement), stress distribution values of implant-supported prosthesis components were recorded as von Mises stress values (VMS) Results: İndicate higher stress values with glass ionomer cement and lower with polycarboxylate cement. Stress distribution increases posteriorly but doesn't significantly differ based on cement type. Lowest stress on implant screws is with glass ionomer, but highest varies. Cortical bone stress is lowest with glass ionomer cement. Conclusion: There was no significant difference in stress values among different cement types. Stress increases in implants, abutments, and cements due to forces applied posteriorly, while anteriorly, retention screw stress increases. The choice of cementation material does not significantly impact stress in implant components or surrounding tissues.

Combining electrical resistivity tomography and passive seismic to characterise the subsurface architecture of a deeply weathered lateritic hill within the Avon River critical zone observatory

AbstractObserving the subsurface architecture of the deep Critical Zone (CZ), which lies beyond the uppermost layer of accessible soil, is a complex but crucial task. Near‐surface geophysics offers an alternative to accessing the deep CZ at scales relevant to fluid, nutrient and gas transport. As geophysical instruments are sensitive to different subsurface physical properties, their combination can enhance insight into CZ architecture. However, the agreement between and complementarity of multiple geophysical techniques has not been widely assessed for CZ‐related questions. This study employed geophysics to image a highly weathered lateritic hill rich in iron oxides developed from Archean granite within the Avon River Critical Zone Observatory, Western Australia. Data gathered from an electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) and horizontal‐to‐vertical‐spectral‐ratio (HVSR) passive seismic transect were used to visualise CZ architecture through specific resistivity values and ambient noise contrasts. Both techniques revealed a notable degree of lateral variability consistent with the formation of the ~3–4 m thick duricrust‐capped hilltop, the creation of gullies in the sodic material of the pallid zone exposed along the slope and the deposition of ~11 m thick colluvial sediment at the foot slope. Calculated bedrock depth was consistent between the HVSR and ERT instruments along the hilltop plateau but varied from ~23 m to 31 m on the slope and 32 m to 39 m at the foot slope, respectively. Overall, the vertical variation depicted by the ERT, including the differentiation of two layers within the lateritic weathering profile ‐ the pallid zone and saprolite – made up for the inaccuracy of the HVSR technique in depicting layers of similar composition. Moreover, the HVSR method clearly depicted bedrock depth, overcoming the partial masking of the bedrock by saline groundwater in the ERT model. The complementarity of these two methods allowed the development of a detailed conceptual model of subsurface CZ architecture within a saline lateritic weathering profile.

Nanoscale sintering of zinc micropowders for high conductivity and sensing applications of transient electronics

Abstract In the face of new social and environmental challenges, there is a need for an alternative approach to the fabrication of electronics. Increasing demand for smart healthcare applications or the growing e-waste problems inspired the work on new adaptations and materials for biodegradable, bioresorbable or even edible electronics. Such a trend is called transient electronics, which is a response to the mentioned problems, yet efficient and affordable fabrication of such elements is challenging. We report a broader approach to the application of zinc inks for printed electronics and a nanochemical sintering approach with several types of organic acids. Selectively spray-printed fine zinc microparticles subjected to acetic, lactic, malonic, ethylmalonic and citric acids were evaluated for obtaining the lowest electrical resistivity and its variations induced by the amount of applied acids. Resulting sintered Zn patterns exhibited sheet resistivity values as low as 15 · 10−2 Ω sq−1. Not all acids are suitable for fabricating stable, conductive paths, as in the case of citric and ethylmalonic acids. On the other hand, with malonic acid, there was a wide range of resistance changes in the function of applied acid doses (from one to fifteen), suggesting application as a chemical sensor for acid concentration. Such results suggest that with a low-cost zinc powder, absorbable by living organisms and disintegrating in the natural environment, using common organic acids, we can efficiently fabricate printed electronic circuits and sensors for transient electronics applications.

Age and Gender Related Variability in the Strength of Auricular Cartilage in Living Humans.

Despite previous studies on auricle morphology, research on its biomechanical properties remains limited. This study aims to assess age- and gender-related variations in auricle strength in living humans. A prospective, clinical study was conducted to assess auricle stiffness at three antihelix points (superior, middle, and inferior) using a digital Newton meter. Measurements were conducted in two modes to assess the force needed to move the auricle medially by 1, 2, 3, and 4mm, and the peak force required to displace the auricle medially to a distance of 1mm from the mastoid skin. Morphological measurements were also recorded to assess the auricle dimensions and projections at various levels of the auricle. Data were analyzed to examine age-related and gender-related distributions, as well as to investigate correlations between morphological parameters and resistance measurements. The study included 226 ears from 52 women and 61 men, aged 2-85 years. Age significantly influenced most anthropometric measurements, with males generally exhibiting larger ears. Resistance values increased with age, particularly in age groups over 35 and 50. Gender did not significantly affect resistance values. Positive correlations were found between auricle dimensions and resistance values, indicating increased resistance with increased auricle projection. This study provides a comprehensive mechanical resistance map of the auricle, demonstrating age-related changes in stiffness and regional variations in mechanical properties. These findings are valuable for refining surgical techniques, tissue engineering, and potentially for forensic applications. Further research on diverse populations and standardization of measurement protocols are recommended. This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .

Respiratory system mechanics during noninvasive proportional assist ventilation: A model study

AbstractPurposeTo assess the accuracies of airway resistance (Raw) and compliance (Crs) calculations using the expiratory time constant (RCexp) method as well as the accuracy of Pmus estimation in obstructive lung models.MethodsA Respironics V60 ventilator was connected to an active lung simulator. The driving pressure was maintained at 5–10 cmH2O and positive end-expiration pressure (PEEP) was 5 cmH2O. Maximal Pmus, estimated based on equations of motion and respiratory mechanical properties, was calculated by the RCexp method to derive respiratory system compliance (Crs) and inspiratory (Rinsp) and expiratory (Rexp) resistance.ResultsDuring PAV, the assist proportion was adjusted to 55% and 40% with Pmus of 5 and 10 cmH2O, respectively. Pmus measurement errors were &lt;20% of the preset values in most lung conditions. In the active lung model with PAV, an overestimation of Raw was found in the normal resistance condition, and Rinsp was underestimated in the severe obstructive model (P &lt; 0.01). Crs was overestimated significantly except in the severe obstructive model at a Pmus of 10 cmH2O (all P &lt; 0.01). Using the RCexp method, the target of ≤20% between the calculated and preset values in airway resistance was achieved in most obstructive models at a Pmus of 5 cmH2O.ConclusionsThe RCexp method might provide real-time assessments of respiratory mechanics (elastance and resistance) in the PAV mode. With low inspiratory effort, the estimation error was acceptable (&lt;20%) in most obstructive lung models.

A spatiotemporal analysis framework of the ecological security pattern based on the ecological “source–surface–corridor” and its implications

A reasonable ecological security pattern can improve landscape connectivity, promote biological circulation, maintain ecological processes, and improve regional ecosystem service functions and human well-being. Accordingly, systematically and scientifically analyzing the spatiotemporal evolution characteristics of the regional ecological security pattern has essential theoretical and practical significance. This research proposed that the analysis framework of the ecological security pattern should include a complete system composed of ecological sources, resistance surfaces, and corridors. Thus, this research uses the ecological network method to systematically analyze the spatiotemporal evolution characteristics of the ecological security pattern in the Qinba–Dabie intersection zone in China, a complete natural ecological unit across administrative regions, from 2000 to 2020. Results revealed the following: (1) The distribution change law of the ecological sources in the study area was consistent with the distribution change law of their centrality. (2) In the northeast of the study area, the disappearance of the small ecological sources, which play a stepping stone role, led to a longer length and a weaker centrality of ecological corridors. (3) The resistance surface in the study area showed an overall growth trend, while the ecological corridor network showed an overall deterioration trend. Based on the results, this research suggests that the systematic analysis and targeted protection of ecological sources are the basis for maintaining the ecological security pattern, and targeted improvement of ecological resistance surface is the key to improving the ecological security pattern. Therefore, measures such as the protection of core ecological sources, the rational layout of ecological sources as stepping stones, and the improvement of resistance values at ecological key points should be paid attention to in the future.

Axial Load Test Procedure of Short Bored Pile Foundation Model in the Field for Tip Support Bearing Study

Axial load testing on short drilled pile foundation models in the field requires several criteria to be met, including: depth of the tip support layer, adjustments to the capacity and arrangement of the test equipment so that it can still refer to the testing standards. In order for the axial working load on the foundation model to be carried only by the toe bearing resistance, the frictional resistance of the blanket is eliminated through lubrication with liquid silicone. The toe bearing resistance is mobilized at large deformations from 18%d to 30%d. The load test tip bearing resistance value is only about half of the empirically calculated tip bearing resistance.

Detection of Aquifer Infiltration Zones Using Resistivity and Induced Polarization Methods

Infiltration zones that are water providers for aquifers are often neglected, resulting in the sustainable use of groundwater resources will be disrupted. The research is intended to determine rainwater catchment areas as water suppliers for aquifers on the coast of East Tondano Beach. The location of the research is in the coastal area of East Tondano, Minahasa Regency. Exploration of subsurface rock layer detection using the resistivity geoelectric method and induced polarisation, dipole-dipole configuration, 10 m space. Data acquisition using multielectrode resistivity and IP meter MAE type X612-EM. The measurement line of the two methods is the same, the data was measured on 2 lines, with line 1 being 240 m long and line 2 being 360 m long. A rainwater infiltration zone with a resistivity of 48&lt;ρ&lt;192 Ωm was identified, on track 1 there was a infiltration zone at meters 105-135, a layer with low resistivity was identified at meters 70-150 with a resistivity of 3-48 Ωm and a depth of ≥ 15 m.. Based on the results of the IP meter, no suspected groundwater aquifer was found, so rainwater is estimated to flow directly into the sea. On line 2, the infiltration zone was detected at meters 80-105 and meters 275-315. The layer with a low resistivity value at 100-275 meters with a resistivity of 3-48 Ωm, has a depth of ≥ 20 m. The results of the IP measurement, layer with low chargeability ≤ 0.8 ms are found on the 180-200th meter. Suspected groundwater aquifer at 180-200 meters with a depth of 45-65 m. Keywords: Aquifer; resistivity; infiltration zones

Evaluation of Electrical Properties and Uniformity of Single Wall Carbon Nanotube Dip-Coated Conductive Fabrics Using Convolutional Neural Network-Based Image Analysis

This study proposes a convolutional neural network (CNN)-based image analysis method to evaluate the electrical properties and uniformity of conductive fabrics treated with single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) dip-coating. The conductive fabric was produced by dip-coating cotton-blended spandex with SWCNT, and the surface images were scanned and preprocessed to obtain image data, while resistance measurements were conducted to obtain labels and build the dataset. SEM analysis revealed that as the number of dip-coating cycles increased, particle density and path formation improved. The CNN model learned the relationship between surface images and resistance values, achieving a high predictive performance, with an R-squared (R²) value of 0.9422. The model demonstrated prediction accuracies of 99.1792% for the coefficient of variation (CV) of uniformly coated fabrics and 96.8877% for non-uniformly coated fabrics. Additionally, p-value analysis of all fabric samples yielded a result of 0.96044, indicating no statistically significant difference between the predicted and actual values. The proposed CNN-based model can accurately evaluate the electrical uniformity of conductive fabrics, showing potential for contributing to quality control and process optimization in production.

Various Cultivars of Citrus Fruits: Effects of Construction on Gas Diffusion Resistance and Internal Gas Concentration of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide

Various cultivars of citrus fruits have unique constructions, such as thick outer skin. These constructions generate gas diffusion resistance between the atmosphere and the fruit, which can limit the gas exchange of O2 and CO2.This has not been sufficiently investigated. This study on seven cultivars of citrus fruit firstly aimed to investigate gas diffusion resistance utilizing the ethane efflux method; secondly, this study aimed to investigate the internal gas concentration of O2 and CO2. As a result, a cultivar of citrus fruit with slimmer outer skin thickness had lower resistance. For the internal gas, a high CO2 concentration in comparison with the atmosphere was observed even in the fruits with the minimum resistance, and no considerable difference was observed among all cultivars, regardless of the gas diffusion resistance value. However, when the fruits were stored at 25 °C for 2 weeks, CO2 gas concentration tended to increase and O2 gas concentration tended to decrease, with an increase in the resistance value. Therefore, when the respiration of citrus fruits is activated at ambient temperature, the self-control system of internal gas concentration can be driven to suppress the respiration which was induced by gas diffusion resistance generated from their construction.