Values Of Ne Research Articles

Expansion history and environmental suitability shape effective population size in a plant invasion.

The margins of an expanding range are predicted to be challenging environments for adaptation. Marginal populations should often experience low effective population sizes (Ne ) where genetic drift is high due to demographic expansion and/or census population size is low due to unfavourable environmental conditions. Nevertheless, invasive species demonstrate increasing evidence of rapid evolution and potential adaptation to novel environments encountered during colonization, calling into question whether significant reductions in Ne are realized during range expansions in nature. Here we report one of the first empirical tests of the joint effects of expansion dynamics and environment on effective population size variation during invasive range expansion. We estimate contemporary values of Ne using rates of linkage disequilibrium among genome-wide markers within introduced populations of the highly invasive plant Centaurea solstitialis (yellow starthistle) in North America (California, USA), and within native Eurasian populations. As predicted, we find that Ne within the invaded range is positively correlated with both expansion history (time since founding) and habitat quality (abiotic climate). History and climate had independent additive effects with similar effect sizes, indicating an important role for both factors in this invasion. These results support theoretical expectations for the population genetics of range expansion, though whether these processes can ultimately arrest the spread of an invasive species remains an unanswered question.

Plasmas Computed with ATMED CR of the 3rd Non-LTE Code Comparison Workshop Database

In this paper, there are presented some results calculated with ATMED CR of the 3rd Non-LTE Code Comparison Workshop held in December 2003, when this software didn’t exist, having been released in 2017. NLTE population kinetics codes were tested of steady-state cases for C, Al, Ar, Ge, Xe and Au plasmas selected for detailed comparisons. The scope of the meeting consisted of analyzing steady-state dense plasma cases of carbon, low temperature plasmas of aluminium and argon, X-ray laser experiments of germanium also with imposing a Planckian radiation field, medium- and high-Z multicharged ions of hot “experiment-related” plasmas of xenon, using real electron temperature and density parameters inferred from electronic and ionic Thomson scattering spectra and finally plasmas of gold. Being motivated by germanium X-ray laser experiments, the time history of electronic temperature Te and density Ne for a temporal dependent case is provided in Workshop NLTE-3. The calculation with ATMED CR has been carried out to t = 1.975 ns considering the non-uniform time grid along with the corresponding values of Te and Ne presented, being the initial condition LTE at low temperature. 
 The results for plasma properties can be considered as relatively precise and optimal, being checked fundamentally the high sensitivity of calculations to changes in regime, local thermodynamic equilibrium (LTE) or non-LTE (NLTE), electronic and radiation temperatures, electronic density and the percentage of hot electrons. Frequency resolved and mean opacities are also displayed computed with ATMED CR using UTA (Unresolved Transition Array) or Mixed UTA formalisms.

Enlarged spectral range in Calibration Free - Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of a complex bone matrix

In this work, Calibration Free - Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy is applied for the qualitative and quantitative elemental analysis in the rib bone of a wild boar, which is a complex matrix. The sample was obtained from the rib bone of a wild boar. The sample contains major elements such as calcium and phosphorus and other minor and trace elements such as magnesium and strontium, among others. The LIBS application provided by NIST was used for the simulation of the plasma cooling. The intensities of emission lines were calculated at different conditions (varying plasma temperature Te and electron density ne simultaneously) depending on the plasma cooling process. The obtained results allowed the determination of the range of suitable values of ne and Te for the experimental measurements and optimization of the Saha-Boltzmann plot. The sample was measured for delay times of 100, 300, 500 and 1000 ns at a low pressure of 13 mbar in an argon atmosphere. From the measured data, suitable lines of Ca, Mg, P, Sr, O, and H were identified and chosen in Vacuum UV – NIR range for the reliable calculation of the Te of plasma for the bone sample for different delays. The Ca/P was obtained by calculating the atomic and mass percentages of the elements present in the bone sample.

Influence of the formation of a bi-Maxwellian distribution on volumetric recombining plasma spectroscopy

Determination of the electron temperature Te and electron density ne is indispensable for evaluating the reaction rates of various atomic and molecular processes. In our numerical work, it was reported that a Boltzmann plot could yield considerably underestimated values of Te and ne when electrons form a bi-Maxwellian distribution [H. Takahashi et al., Contrib. Plasma Phys. 57, 322 (2017)]. To confirm this, helium volumetric recombining plasma spectroscopy was conducted with the DT-ALPHA device. It was found that the electron temperature TeB and electron density neB determined from the Boltzmann plot method were considerably smaller than those determined from continuum emission (TeC and neC). Langmuir probe measurements indicated that the electrons in the helium recombining plasma clearly form a bi-Maxwellian distribution. The collisional–radiative model for a plasma with a bi-Maxwellian distribution was then utilized to interpret the discrepancies in Te and ne. Using TeC, neC, and hot electron parameters, the model reproduced both TeB and neB well. This result indicates that the hot electron components are responsible for the discrepancy, even though their density is much smaller than that of bulk electrons. The present study experimentally confirms the influence of the formation of a bi-Maxwellian distribution on recombining plasma spectroscopy.

Effect of Finite Extensibility on Nonlinear Extensional Rheology of Polymer Melts

We recently showed that two systems have the same nonlinear flow dynamics if they have (1) the same number of entanglements, Z, (2) the same number of Kuhn segments between entanglements, Ne, and (3) a single monomeric friction reduction between all species. Because differences in polymer chemistry result in different values of (1)–(3), these results show that the likelihood of two melts having the same nonlinear behavior is improbable. This work determines the dependence of the nonlinear extensional flow behavior on Ne for three polymer melts: polystyrene, poly(methyl methacrylate), and poly(tert-butylstyrene). We show that polymer melts with the same Z have almost identical scaled linear viscoelasticity. Extensional rheology at constant strain rate shows strain hardening depends strongly on the value of Ne. More specifically, our data suggest a power-law dependence of steady state stress on the Weissenberg number which increases with increasing Ne.

Analysis and Processing of Spark Channel Interferograms Obtained by Picosecond Laser Interferometry

We study the formation of a spark channel in an atmospheric discharge on a nanosecond time scale using picosecond laser interferometry. We elaborate the approach to obtain reliable data on the electron density of the developing spark channel. We describe in detail the procedure for tracing and processing the interferograms and obtaining 2D-phase maps as well as the features of the electron density reconstruction. We found that the electron density of the spark channel can be as high as ne≈ 5 · 1019 cm−3. This value exceeds the number density nm≈ 2.7 · 1019 cm−3 of atmospheric air. We demonstrate that the plasma with such extreme electron density is concentrated near the cathode and in the central core (≈ 20 μm in size) of the developing spark channel. Also we show that the electron density is nonuniformly distributed along the spark channel. From the cathode surface to the top of the spark channel, the electron density drops down to ne≈ 2 · 1019 cm−3. In contrast to that, the linear electron density is approximately constant along the spark channel and reaches a value of Ne∼ 1014 cm−1.

Impact of genetic drift, selection and accumulation level on virus adaptation to its host plants.

The efficiency of plant major resistance genes is limited by the emergence and spread of resistance-breaking mutants. Modulation of the evolutionary forces acting on pathogen populations constitutes a promising way to increase the durability of these genes. We studied the effect of four plant traits affecting these evolutionary forces on the rate of resistance breakdown (RB) by a virus. Two of these traits correspond to virus effective population sizes (Ne ) at either plant inoculation or during infection. The third trait corresponds to differential selection exerted by the plant on the virus population. Finally, the fourth trait corresponds to within-plant virus accumulation (VA). These traits were measured experimentally on Potato virus Y (PVY) inoculated to a set of 84 pepper doubled-haploid lines, all carrying the same pvr23 resistance gene, but having contrasting genetic backgrounds. The lines showed extensive variation for the rate of pvr23 RB by PVY and for the four other traits of interest. A generalized linear model showed that three of these four traits, with the exception of Ne at inoculation, and several pairwise interactions between them had significant effects on RB. RB increased with increasing values of Ne during plant infection or VA. The effect of differential selection was more complex because of a strong interaction with VA. When VA was high, RB increased as the differential selection increased. An opposite relationship between RB and differential selection was observed when VA was low. This study provides a framework to select plants with appropriate virus evolution-related traits to avoid or delay RB.

Tracer Tests in Stratified Alluvial Aquifers: Predictions of Effective Porosity and Longitudinal Dispersivity versus Field Values

Tracer tests in aquifers are key tests to delineate protection perimeters around drinking water wells. They help to determine field values of effective porosity, ne, and longitudinal dispersivity, αL, from curve fitting to a breakthrough curve (BTC). It is difficult to predict ne, but correlations obtained with field or numerical tracer tests may be used to predict αL. The BTCs of field tracer tests differ from those predicted by the advection-dispersion theory in three ways: (1) early arrival with smaller than expected ne, (2) scale-dependent αL, and (3) a long thick tail. In this article, physical principles are used to obtain new closed-form predictive equations for ne and αL in stratified alluvial aquifers. The new equations give ne and αL for the hydraulically equivalent homogeneous aquifer. The predicted values for ne are shown to fit the field values of seven well-documented field tracer tests. The new equations explain the ne field values and can explain field values of αL for stratified aquifers, their variation with distance, and the variance of the ln(K) distribution. If the tracer is injected for a limited time, the predicted BTC also displays the three usual features of field data, which simply result from a lognormal K-distribution. The new equations and their experimental verification correctly elucidate some difficulties due to aquifer heterogeneity and improve our ability to predict groundwater movements in the subsurface.

Extensive investigations of photon interaction properties for ZnxTe100-x alloys

Abstract An extensive investigation of photon interaction properties has been made for ZnxTe100-x alloys (where x = 5, 20, 30, 40, 50) to explore its possible use in sensing and shielding gamma radiations. The results show better and stable response of ZnTe alloys for various photon interaction properties over the wide energy range, with an additional benefit of ease in fabrication due to lower melting points of Zn and Te. Mass attenuation coefficient values show strong dependence on photon energy as well as composition. Effective atomic number has maximum value for Zn5Te95 and lowest for Zn50Te50 in the entire energy region. The alloy sample with maximum Zeff shows minimal value of Ne and vice versa. Mean free path follows inverse trend as observed for mass attenuation coefficient. The exposure and energy absorption buildup factors depend upon photon energy, penetration thickness and composition (effective atomic number) of ZnxTe100-x alloys. It finds its application for sensing and shielding from highly energetic and highly penetrating photons at sites where radioactive materials were used and visibility of material is not a big constraint. Further, energy down conversion property of ZnTe alloys with subsequent emission in green band suggests its potential use in sensing gamma photons.

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopic studies of calcite (CaCO3) marble using the fundamental (1064 nm) and second (532 nm) harmonic of a Nd:YAG laser

Calcium is the fifth most abundant element in the Earth’s crust and finds many applications in different fields of science and technology. Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) was used for the analysis of naturally occurring calcite (CaCO3) marble at atmospheric pressure using the fundamental (1064 nm) and second (532 nm) harmonic of a Q-switched Nd:YAG laser. The emission spectra consist of neutral and singly ionized spectral lines of Ca and Mg, while traces of Al, Sr, and Na were also detected. The Ca lines were observed to dominate the shorter as well as longer wavelength regions and the 4s4d 3D2 → 4s4p 3P2 transition of Ca (I) at 445.74 nm possessed higher intensity than any other spectral line in the observed spectra. An increase in the signal intensity of the spectral lines was noted with the increase in laser pulse energy. The relative abundance of the pertinent elements was determined by integrated intensities of the strongest lines, and integrated intensities of all lines from each element and the result was 79.74% Ca and 15.49% Mg, revealing them as major constituting elements. The results of the LIBS technique agreed with the outcomes of the same sample studied for micro-chemical analysis using an electron probe micro analyzer coupled with energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy. Self-absorption was noted for a doublet of singly ionized Ca (II) line at 397.1 nm. The experimentally observed integrated line intensities of six Ca (I) lines at 364.53, 443.80, 458.86, 526.18, 616.83, and 650.04 nm were used to extract the electron temperature (Te) using the Boltzmann plot method. The electron number density (Ne) was determined from the Stark broadening profile of a neutral Ca (I) line at 504.37 nm. The values of Te and Ne at a 0.05 mm distance from the target surface with a pulse energy of 40 mJ were found to be 8500 K and 3.53 × 1016 cm−3 for the 1064 nm laser. The same parameters were observed to be 6800 K and 3.87 × 1016 cm−3 for the 532 nm laser. The relationship between electron temperature and number density was found to be directly related to the laser irradiance, while inverse proportionality was observed for the distance (0.05–2.0 mm) from the target surface.

Genetic diversity and population structure of 288 potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) germplasms revealed by SSR and AFLP markers

Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is an important staple food and economic crop in many countries. China has led world potato production in recent years. To understand the genetic diversity of potato germplasms and to enrich the current gene pool for potato improvement, we made a global collection consisted of 288 potato germplasms from eight countries and the International Potato Center (CIP). Using SSR and AFLP techniques, we evaluated the genetic diversity and population structure of these 288 potato accessions. A total of 190 alleles on 20 SSR loci were detected and all of the SSR alleles were polymorphic among these potato germplasms with an average of 9.5 alleles per SSR locus ranging from 2 to 23. The effective number of alleles per locus (Ne*), Nei's genetic diversity (H*), and Shannon's information index (I*) was from (0.1709±0.3698) to (1.6166±0.3414), (0.076±0.1388) to (0.3812±0.1886), and (0.1324±0.1970) to (0.5347±0.1440), respectively, and the mean polymorphic information content (PIC) value was 0.7312. A total of 988 AFLP alleles were detected by 10 AFLP primer combinations with 983 polymorphic alleles, and 99.49% alleles was polymorphic with an average of 98.3 polymorphic alleles per primer combination ranging from 91 to 116. The values of Ne*, H* and I* were from (1.5162±0.311) to (1.6423±0.3278), (0.3114±0.145) to (0.3675±0.1121), and (0.4761±0.1792) to (0.547±0.1322), respectively, and the average PIC value was 0.9871. Bayesian analysis discriminated the accessions into seven subgroup and an admix group. The majority of accessions from CIP and China were assigned into SG1, SG5, SG6, SG7 and admix group. Accessions in SG3 were mainly from CIP and two small groups SG2 and SG4 were mainly from northeastern China. In general, the results obtained from Bayesian statistical analysis, cluster analysis and principal coordinate analysis consistently revealed the lack of geographical differentiation among country-wide collections, indicating germplasm introduction was common for the countries out of potato origin center. The polymorphic markers and the differentiate genetic lineages found in this study provide useful information for potato improvement and conservation programs.

Large-scale irregularities of the winter polar topside ionosphere according to data from Swarm satellites

An analysis of the electron density measurements (Ne) along the flyby trajectories over the high-latitude region of the Northern Hemisphere under winter conditions in 2014 and 2016 has shown that the main large-scale structure observed by Swarm satellites is the tongue of ionization (TOI). At the maximum of the solar cycle (F10.7 = 160), the average value of Ne in the TOI region at an altitude of 500 km was 8 × 104 cm–3. Two years later, at F10.7 = 100, Ne ~ 5 × 104 cm–3 and Ne ~2.5 × 104 cm–3 were observed at altitudes of 470 and 530 km, respectively. During the dominance of the azimuthal component of the interplanetary magnetic field, the TOI has been observed mainly on the dawn or dusk side depending on the sign of B y . Simultaneous observations of the convective plasma drift velocity in the polar cap show the transpolar flow drift to the dawn (By < 0) or dusk side (B y < 0). Observations and numerical simulation of the Ne distribution have confirmed the significant role of the electric field of the magnetospheric convection in the generation of large-scale irregularities in the polar ionosphere.

Sensitivity maximization of leaky and weaky radiation micro/nano fiber sensors

The maximization of sensitivities of both leaky and weakly radiation micro/nano fiber sensors based on the refractive index occurred by choose the suitable core material (nf) for each environmental material (ne) with a specific wavelength (λmax) at which the highest sensitivity is achieved. Where the refractive indices nf and ne are wavelength dependent. For the leaky radiation microfiber sensor, the value of nf less than and getting close to the value of ne. The core material can be available with environmental material at some wavelengths and not suitable with other wavelengths. Such as, the core (BK7 glass) unsuitable with styrene within band rejected wavelengths (λ = 0.783–1.033) from the transmittance range of styrene (λ = 0.4386–1.052 μm). The radiation angle sensitivity (Sθ) becomes very high with wavelength (λSθmax) at which nf ≈ ne. Such as, core (BK7 glass) and environmental (styrene) at λmax = 0.8 μm, the value of Sθ = 13759. In the weakly radiation, the value of nf greater than the value of ne. The sensitivity is evaluated by measurement the mode field radius (SW) or the fiber core power (SP). For core (BK7) and environmental (toluene) with core radius a = 1 μm, the sensitivity Sw = 2556 (μm/RIU) at λ = 1.75 μm and the sensitivity SP = 22.3 Pi (power unit/RIU) at λ = 1.05 μm (Pi is the fiber input power). The numerical evaluation of leaky radiation angle (θ) and sensitivity (Sθ) are excellent if they are compared with the published experimental measured results. The leaky and weakly sensors has potential applications due to their high sensitivity and simple constructions.

Parentage assignment using SNP markers, inbreeding and population size for the Brazilian Red Sindhi cattle

Brazilian Red Sindhi was originated from a very small number of founders and showed a consistent growth during the last three decades. One relevant herd was kept without proper birth recording and the reconstruction of parentage was possible for this herd through the use of a panel with 3894 SNP markers. Pedigree errors were also identified and corrected for animals sampled in various herds distributed in different Brazilian regions. A panel containing 71 SNP markers was indicated as the minimum number for the effective parentage verification within the Red Sindhi population in Brazil. Corrected genealogy was used for the description of inbreeding and effective population size, which was accessed with the paired increases in coancestry approach. Average inbreeding was high (F = 9.03%) for 15,217 inbred animals (54.1% of the total). Nevertheless, a trend of decrease with time was observed for this parameter with the average individual increases in inbreeding approach (∆Fi). This population went through a bottleneck during the 1980s and beginning of the 1990s, reaching a minimum population size of Ne=55.86. After that period, a consistent increase in the number of breeders and animals has raised the effective population size to the current value of Ne=87.55.

Molecular analysis of a new synthetic rabbit line and their parental populations using microsatellite and SNP markers

Genetic diversity, clustering pattern and phylogenetic relationship between Moshtohor rabbits (M-line) as a new synthetic line and their founder line of Spanish V-line and Sinai Gabali were assessed using sixteen microsatellite markers. Moreover, polymorphism based on SNP G/A2464 located in the promoter region of progesterone receptor gene (PGR) was evaluated based on PCR-RFLP method. The French Giant Papillon (FGP) was used as an out-group breed. All the investigated microsatellite loci were polymorphic and the average NO, HO, He, FIS were 6.75, 0.65, 0.80 and 0,083 respectively. M-line rabbits recorded the highest values of NO (5.50), Ho (0.758) and He (0.742). Three genotypes (GG, AA and GA) were detected by genotyping G/A2464 SNP located in the promoter region of progesterone receptor (PGR) gene. M-line recorded the highest values of Ne (1.987), He (0.497) and Polymorphic information content (PIC) (0.373) and showed high potentiality for litter traits improvement by possessing the highest GG genotype frequency (0.120) among the studied populations. A close relationship between M-line and V-line (0.18) was supported by their clustering in one phylogenetic clade and their appearance as one admixed mosaic cluster in population structuring.

Experimentally-based ExB drifts in the DIII-D divertor and SOL calculated from integration of Ohm's law using Thomson scattering measurements of Te and ne

The 2D spatial distributions of cross field drift velocities are calculated from 2D Thomson scattering measurements of Te and ne in the divertor and SOL of DIII-D. In contrast with the method that has been used on DIII-D where the 2D distribution of plasma potential Vplasma is obtained from measurements of the probe floating potential of reciprocating probes, the present method does not require insertion of a probe into the plasma and can therefore be used in high power discharges. The 2D spatial distribution of Vplasma is calculated from Ohm's Law for the parallel electric field E|| along each flux tube, E∥(s∥)=−1.71dTe/ds∥−(Te/ne)dne/ds∥, where the Thomson scattering values of Te and ne are used. To within a constant of integration, Vplasma is obtained by integrating E|| along the flux-tubes (field lines); the constant is obtained for each flux tube using the sheath drop at the target calculated from the characteristic of Langmuir probes built into the divertor tiles. The 2D distributions of Eradial=−dVp/dsradial, Epoloidal=−dVp/dspoloidal, vExBpoloidal=Eradial/B and vExBradial=Epoloidal/B are then calculated as well as the particle drift flux densities ΓExBpoloidal=nvExBpoloidal and ΓExBradial=nvExBradial for electrons, fuel ions and impurity ions, using the appropriate values of particle density, n.

Embodied Energy and Cost Optimization of RC Beam under Blast Load

Reinforced concrete (RC) structures not only consume a lot of resources but also cause continuing pollution. However, sustainable design could make RC structures more environmental‐friendly. One important index for environmental impact assessment is embodied energy. The aim of the present study is to optimize the embodied energy and the cost of RC beam subjected to the blast loads. First, a general optimization procedure was described. Then, the optimization procedure was used to optimize the embodied energy and the cost of RC beams. Optimization results of the cost and the embodied energy were compared. It was found that the optimization results were influenced by the cost ratio nC (ratio of price of steel to price of concrete per unit volume) and the embodied energy ratio nE (ratio of embodied energy of steel to embodied energy of concrete per unit volume). An optimal design that minimized both embodied energy and cost simultaneously was obtained if values of nC and nE were very close.

Universal main magnetic focus ion source: A new tool for laboratory research of astrophysics and Tokamak microplasma

A novel room-temperature ion source for the production of atomic ions in electron beam within wide ranges of electron energy and current density is developed. The device can operate both as conventional Electron Beam Ion Source/Trap (EBIS/T) and novel Main Magnetic Focus Ion Source. The ion source is suitable for generation of the low-, medium- and high-density microplasma in steady state, which can be employed for investigation of a wide range of physical problems in ordinary university laboratory, in particular, for microplasma simulations relevant to astrophysics and ITER reactor. For the electron beam characterized by the incident energy Ee = 10 keV, the current density je ∼ 20 kA/cm2 and the number density ne ∼ 2 × 1013 cm−3 were achieved experimentally. For Ee ∼ 60 keV, the value of electron number density ne ∼ 1014 cm−3 is feasible. The efficiency of the novel ion source for laboratory astrophysics significantly exceeds that of other existing warm and superconducting EBITs.

Investigation of powder dynamics in silane-argon discharge using impedance analyser

We report the growth of powder formation in Argon (Ar) diluted Silane (SiH4) plasma using 27.12 MHz assisted Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition process with the approach of plasma diagnosis. The appearance of powder during processing contaminates the process chamber which further can alter the film properties; hence plasma diagnosis was vital towards detecting this variation. This work presents for the first time a diagnosis of powder in the plasma using Impedance Analyser (V/I probe) at various concentrations of Argon dilution (10%–90%), chamber pressure (0.3 Torr–0.6 Torr), and applied power (4 W–20 W). Efforts were made to understand the different phases of powder formation (i.e., chain and accumulation process, coalescence phase and α → γ′ transition (powder zone)) by monitoring and evaluating the plasma characteristics such as discharge voltage and current (Vrms and Irms), Impedance (Z), phase angle (ϕ), electron density (ne), bulk field (Eb), and sheath width (ds). From the results of plasma characterization, the coalescence phase can be well diagnosed by the low amplitude of Irms, ϕ, ne, and ds in combination with a high amplitude of Vrms and Eb whereas α → γ′ transition regime diagnose by a lower value of Vrms, Z, ϕ, Eb, and ds with a higher value of Irms and ne which signifies the presence of powder in the plasma. It was also observed that with the increase of applied power, the coalescence phase gets shifted towards the lower Ar dilution percentage. Conversely, the phase transition region from amorphous (a-Si:H) to microcrystalline (μc-Si:H) thin film will observe at the onset of powder formation thus on account of plasma results, deposition of silicon thin films was carried out, and the film properties are in good agreement with plasma characteristics.

Genetic Divergence of Cattle Populations Based on Genomic Information

Abstract The aim of this study was to analyze the extent of linkage disequilibrium (LD) and estimate the effective population size in three divergent cattle breeds. In total 19 Pinzgau, 30 Brown Swiss, and 30 Nelore bulls were genotyped using Illumina BovineSNP50 v2 BeadChip. The level of LD was assessed only for syntenic adjacent autosomal loci. The extent of LD significantly varied across the analyzed groups and autosomes. The highest average value of r2, which was used as measure of LD extent, was found in Brown Swiss (0.27). The r2 values were averaged into 50 kb distance bins to estimate their relationship to SNP physical positions. With the increasing genetic distance a decay of LD was found by each of the analyzed breeds. Moreover, the decrease in relation to the distance was observed also in effective population size (Ne) estimation. Thus, the long distances in genome produced a signal of the recent history of population. The observed values of recent Ne across evaluated cattle breeds were above the minimum number required to maintain genetic diversity and indicated a sufficient animal basis for the future management of breeding programs for each of the populations.