Values In Time Research Articles

Anisotropic Cosmological Model in a Modified Theory of Gravitation

Current observations indicate that, on a large enough scale, the universe is homogeneous and isotropic. However, this does not preclude the possibility of some anisotropy having occurred during the early stages of the evolution of the universe, which could then have been damped out later. This idea has aroused interest in the Bianchi models, which are homogeneous but anisotropic. Secondly, there is much interest in modified gravity these days due to the problems that the usual ΛCDM model faces in general relativity. Hence, in this paper, a study was conducted on the Bianchi type-I cosmological model in f(R,T)-modified gravity. Following some ideas from cosmography, a specific form of the deceleration parameter was assumed, leading to a model that exhibited a transition from early deceleration to late-time acceleration. The derived model approached isotropy at late times. The physical properties of the model were discussed, and expressions for the various parameters of the model were derived. It is also possible to make progress towards solving the cosmological constant problem, since in this model in f(R,T) gravity, a variable cosmological-type parameter arose, which was large early on but decreased to a constant value in later times.

Evaluation of Reactive Diluent Impact on Stability of Systems Viscosity in UV-Curable Compositions

This study investigated the impact of various reactive diluents on viscosity of uncured mixture at 50 °C over a 12-week period. This criterion is important to predict the shelf life of uncured composition. Studied mono-functional acrylate monomers were: hydroxypropyl methacrylate (HPMA), hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA), tetrahydrofurfuryl acrylate (THFA), isobornyl methacrylate (IBOMA), isobornyl acrylate (IBOA), 2-(2-Ethoxyethoxy)ethyl acrylate (EOEOEA), acryloyl morpholine (ACMO), glacial methacrylic acid (GMAA) and phosphate acrylate monomer (PAM); and various solvents: isopropanol(IP) ethyl acetate (EA), butyl acetate (BA). There was found the difference of effect on the systems viscosity in time between the mono-functional monomers and solvents. HPMA and IPA showed the most stable viscosity values in time.

Frontal Cortex Neuron Type Classification with Deep Learning and Recurrence Plot

One of the goals of neural decoding in neuroscience is to create Brain-Computer Interfaces (BCI) that use nerve signals. In this context, we are interested in the activity of nerve cells. It is possible to classify nerve cells as excitatory or inhibitors by evaluating individual extra-cellular measurements taken from the frontal cortex of rats. Classification of neurons with only spike timing values has not been studied before, with deep learning, without knowing all of the wave properties and the intercellular interactions. In this study, inter-spike interval values of individual neuronal spike sequences were converted into recurrence plot images to analyze as point processing, image features were extracted using the pre-trained AlexNet with CNN deep learning method, and frontal cortex nerve cell type classification was made. Kernel classification, SVM, Naive Bayes, Ensemble, decision trees classification methods were used. The accuracy, sensitivity and specificity evaluate the proposed methods. A success of more than 81% has been achieved. Thus, the cell type is defined automatically. It has been observed that the ISI properties of spike trains can carry out information on cell type and thus neural network activity. Under these circumstances, these values are significant and important for neuroscientists.

Timing value of marine renewable energy resources for potential grid applications

In this paper, the applicability of marine renewable energy (MRE) for potential grid applications is presented. We show that many of the unique value streams from marine-based electricity generation resources stem from their inherent temporal characteristics, especially when compared to wind and solar. Specifically, in this work, we evaluate the timing value for three types of MRE resources: (a) tidal, (b) wave, and (c) ocean currents. First, through a suite of novel metrics, such as resource availability, persistence, and versatility, we evaluate the temporal value characteristics of these resources. Second, through a more grid-oriented numerical study, we comment on the potential ramifications of those temporal characteristics in context of energy balancing and effective load carrying capability for one marine-based resource i.e., wave. Finally, we further our understanding of the relative advantages that may be leveraged by operating wave-based generation in tandem with more established renewable resources, such as wind and solar. Our results indicate that compared to wind and solar, MRE resources are consistently more available and persistent on an hourly level throughout an entire year of operation. In addition, wave resources are also seen to reduce the balancing requirements within the power system. Our work focuses on sites specific to the United States (US) and a parallel study for a location in Great Britain (GB). Results are found to be consistent for sites in both the US and GB, implying that the grid benefits discussed in this work could apply to a number of locations globally.

Enantioseparation of solriamfetol and its major impurity phenylalaninol by capillary electrophoresis using sulfated gamma cyclodextrin.

R-solriamfetol is a recently approved drug used for the treatment of excessive sleepiness associated with narcolepsy and sleep apnea. Herein, a capillary electrophoretic method was developed, enabling the simultaneous analysis of the API and its S-enantiomer in addition to the enantiomers of its major impurity phenylalaninol. Twenty-nine different cyclodextrins (CDs), including native, neutral, and charged ones were screened as potential chiral selectors, and the best results were obtained with sulfated CDs. Randomly sulfated-β-CD exhibited outstanding enantioresolution, the peaks of phenylalaninol enantiomers inserted between the two peaks of solriamfetol enantiomers, while sulfated-γ-CD (S-γ-CD) showed remarkable resolution values in a much shorter analysis time with the optimal enantiomer migration order. Among the single isomer sulfated CD derivatives, substituent dependent enantiomer migration order reversal could also be observed in the case of heptakis(6-O-sulfo)-β-CD (HS-β-CD) or heptakis(2,3-O-dimethyl-6-O-sulfo)-β-CD (HDMS-β-CD) with R-,S-solriamfetol, and heptakis(2,3-O-diacetyl-6-O-sulfo)-β-CD (HDAS-β-CD) resulting S-,R-solriamfetol migration order. The sulfated-γ-CD system was chosen for method optimization applying orthogonal experimental design. The optimized method (45mM Tris-acetate buffer, pH 4.5, 4mM S-γ-CD, 21°C, +19.5kV) was capable for the baseline separation of solriamfetol and phenylalaninol enantiomers within 7min. The optimized method was validated according to the ICH guidelines and successfully applied for the analysis of pharmaceutical preparation (Sunosi® 75mg tablet), thus it may serve as a routine procedure for the laboratories of regulatory authorities as well as in Pharmacopoeias.

Changes in Personal Values in Pandemic Times

The COVID-19 pandemic has had immense impact on people’s lives, potentially leading individuals to reevaluate what they prioritize in life (i.e., their values). We report longitudinal data from Australians 3 years prior to the pandemic, at pandemic onset (April 2020, N = 2,321), and in November–December 2020 (n = 1,442). While all higher order values were stable prior to the pandemic, conservation values, emphasizing order and stability, became more important during the pandemic. In contrast, openness to change values, emphasizing self-direction and stimulation, showed a decrease during the pandemic, which was reversed in late 2020. Self-transcendence values, emphasizing care for close others, society, and nature, decreased by late 2020. These changes were amplified among individuals worrying about the pandemic. The results support psychological theory of values as usually stable, but also an adaptive system that responds to significant changes in environmental conditions. They also test a new mechanism for value change, worry.

Bartering: Price-Setting Newsvendor Problem with Barter Exchange

Barter exchange is a system of swapping goods or services for other goods or services in a moneyless and direct manner. Barter has become an effective model of a circular economy because it reduces the consumption impact. Bartering maximizes the utility of assets and existing resources, and can unleash the unspent social, economic, and environmental value of underutilized assets. The present article analyzes the price-setting newsvendor problem with a barter exchange option. The retailer facing a stochastic price-dependent demand sells a product on the market and, additionally, needs another product for its own purposes. Therefore, first, the retailer trades the unsold product for the product it needs by means of barter, and next disposes of the unsold product at a discounted price at the end of the selling season. The retailer’s optimal order quantity and optimal price are derived assuming additive uncertainty in demand. This type of demand function has special characteristics, for example, the actual demand may attain negative values in times of economic uncertainty. The possibility of negative demand realizations is taken into consideration in the study. It proves that, in certain cases, the optimal solution belongs to the set of high barter prices which implies that the actual demand may be negative.

Intra‐population variation in reproductive timing covaries with thermal plasticity of offspring performance in perch Percafluviatilis

Life history theory posits that organisms should time their reproduction to coincide with environmental conditions that maximize their fitness. Population-level comparisons have contributed important insights on the adaptive value of reproductive timing and its association to environmental variation. Yet, despite its central role to ecology and evolution, the causes and consequences of variation in reproductive timing among individuals within populations are poorly understood in vertebrates other than birds. Using a combination of observational field studies and a split-brood experiment, we investigated whether differences in breeding time were associated with changes in hatching success, reproductive allocation and reaction norms linking offspring performance to temperature within an anadromous Baltic Sea population of perch Perca fluviatilis. Field observations revealed substantial variation in reproductive timing, with the breeding period lasting almost 2months and occurring in temperatures ranging from 10 to 21℃. The hatching success of perch decreased as the reproductive season progressed. At the same time, the reproductive allocation strategy changed over the season, late breeders (the offspring of which were introduced into a high resource environment and increased predation pressure) produced more and smaller eggs that resulted in smaller larvae, compared with early breeders. The split-brood experiment in which eggs were incubated in different temperatures (10, 12, 15, 18°C) showed that differences in reproductive timing were associated with a change in the shape of the reaction norm linking offspring performance to water temperature indicative of adaptive phenotypic plasticity, with the offspring of early breeders performing best in low temperatures and the offspring of late breeders performing best in high temperatures. The seasonal changes in reproductive traits and the shape of the thermal performance suggest time-dependent adaptive differences among individuals within the population. Management actions aimed at preserving and restoring variation in the timing of reproductive events will thus likely also influence variation in associated life history traits and thermal performance curves, which could safeguard populations against environmental challenges and changes associated with exploitation and global warming.

A method to convert non-numeric characters into numerical values in dynamic time warping for string matching

Dynamic time warping (DTW) is one of the well-known algorithms for measuring similarity between two temporal sequences, and it can be used for character matching. It uses a distance of two character strings. However, since the characters are non-numeric, it must be assigned to numerical values to calculate a distance between two character strings. Therefore, in this paper, we propose a method to convert non-numeric characters into numerical values in dynamic time warping for string matching. The proposed method uses normalized correlation coefficient, and it makes DTW gives more accurate results. Experimental results show that the proposed method gives excellent results.

ANALYSIS OF DIFFERENT INJURIES OF BASKETBALL PLAYERS BASED ON SURFACE ELECTROMYOGRAPHY

ABSTRACT Assessing the performance of basketball players is very important in the implementation of technical training programs. The application of electromyography (EMG) in basketball players is still relatively small. The evaluation of athletes’ muscle state index by EMG can guide sports training. This study used surface electromyography to test and compare EMG data, analyze muscle discharge timing, contribution rate and integral EMG value of the turning movement, aiming to explore the prevention mechanism of different types of injury affecting basketball players. The synchronous measurement model of EMG signal and plantar pressure curve in jump shot process of basketball players is established to deepen coaches’ understanding of jump shot movement rules and guide athletes to conduct scientific jump shot training. The research shows that the incidence of knee joint injury is relatively high in basketball players. Patella strain and softening, knee meniscus injury and cruciate ligament injury are the main types of injury, and there is no difference between genders.

Monetary risk measures for stochastic processes via Orlicz duality

In this article, we extend the framework of monetary risk measures for stochastic processes to account for heavy tailed distributions of random cash flows evolving over a fixed trading horizon. To this end, we transfer the L^p-duality underlying the representation of monetary risk measures to a more flexible Orlicz duality, in spaces of stochastic processes modelling random future evolution of financial values in continuous time over a finite horizon. This contributes, on the one hand, to the theory of real-valued monetary risk measures for processes and, on the other hand, supports a new representation of acceptability indices of financial performance.

Regulation‐triggered adaptive control of a hyperbolic PDE‐ODE model with boundary interconnections

SummaryWe present a certainty equivalence‐based adaptive boundary control scheme with a regulation‐triggered batch least‐squares identifier, for a heterodirectional transport partial differential equation‐ordinary differential equation (PDE‐ODE) system where the transport speeds of both transport PDEs are unknown. We use a nominal controller which is fed piecewise‐constant parameter estimates from an event‐triggered parameter update law that applies a least‐squares estimator to data “batches” collected over time intervals between the triggers. A parameter update is triggered by an observed growth in the norm of the PDE state. The proposed triggering‐based adaptive control guarantees: (1) the absence of a Zeno phenomenon; (2) parameter estimates are convergent to the true values in finite time (from most initial conditions); (3) exponential regulation of the plant states to zero. The effectiveness of the proposed design is verified by a numerical example.

Real options for an entrepreneur with preferences for liquidity

This paper extends the classical real options model by taking into consideration the preferences for liquidity under incomplete market, and aims to examine the implications of liquidity preferences on the optimal investment timing and option value. The results show that preferences for liquidity have two opposite effects on optimal investment strategies, and significantly erode the option value.

Identification of chemical compounds from agarwood hydrosol (Aquilaria malaccensis) fruits via LC-QTOF-MS/MS analysis

Gaharu hydrosol is being considered as a by-product produced during the hydrodistillation of resinous wood part of Aquilaria spp. Agarwood hydrosol was reported to possess many bioactive compounds that are beneficial for health. However, current studies on the chemical composition of agarwood hydrosol from the fruit part are still lacking. This research presents the untargeted chemical compound of agarwood hydrosol from Aquilaria malaccensis fruit (AF) via liquid chromatography quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry (LC-QTOF-MS/MS) and comparison the active functional groups with industrial hydrosol grade using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR). Qualitative tandem LC-QTOF-MS/MS was utilised to identify compounds in the extracted sample. The data processing revealed the presence of 128 known compounds in the hydrosol from A. malaccensis fruit in negative ionization mode and only one chemical profile detected after switched to positive ionization mode. This result contains the retention times value of m/z [M - H-], [M + HCOO-], [M + H+] and similar database search hit identities of the 129 compounds detected during the LC-QTOFMS/MS analysis in Table A1 and A2.

Determining the effect of change in the gas injection timing on the performance indicators of the diesel engine operating in the diesel-gas cycle

This paper reports a study into the fuel, economic, energy, and environmental indicators of the diesel engine operating in the diesel-gas cycle. It was established that the injection timing has a significant impact on the diesel engine indicators, in particular emissions of harmful substances with exhaust gases. The gas injection timing was investigated at crankshaft speeds n=1,300 rpm and n=1,600 rpm. At these crankshaft speeds, measurements were carried out at three different values of the injection timing. It has been determined that for each crankshaft speed of the diesel engine, the rational values of the injection timing of compressed natural gas are different. This is due to the time limits for supplying compressed natural gas to cylinders. Bench motor tests were carried out to analyze the effect of change in the gas injection timing on the diesel engine performance indicators operating in the diesel-gas cycle. The diesel engine performance indicators were also determined during a diesel cycle and during a diesel-gas cycle. The analysis has established the effect of change in the injection timing on the concentrations of carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides, and the smoke of exhaust gases under different speed and load modes of diesel engine operation. This effect manifests itself by a slight decrease in the concentration of carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons, by the increase in the concentration of nitrogen oxides (up to 30 %), and by a significant reduction in the smoke of exhaust gases (up to 90 %). The improvement of environmental indicators of the diesel engine has been confirmed when switching its operation to the diesel-gas cycle, by 10‒16 %, with similar fuel, economic, and energy indicators. Thus, there are grounds to assert the importance of choosing and establishing the rational value for the injection timing of compressed natural gas, depending on the speed and load modes of diesel engine operating in the diesel-gas cycle.

Diagnosing the Time-Varying Value of Forecasts in Multiobjective Reservoir Control

AbstractThis work forwards time-varying sensitivity analysis of control policies as an approach to identify the value of the alternative timing of forecasts in a complex multipurpose reservoir syst...

Effects of a Rehabilitation Programme Using a Nasal Inspiratory Restriction Device in COPD.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients are characterised for presenting dyspnea, which reduces their physical capacity and tolerance to physical exercise. The aim of this study was to analyse the effects of adding a Feel-Breathe (FB) device for inspiratory muscle training (IMT) to an 8-week pulmonary rehabilitation programme. Twenty patients were randomised into three groups: breathing with FB (FBG), oronasal breathing without FB (ONBG) and control group (CG). FBG and ONBG carried out the same training programme with resistance, strength and respiratory exercises for 8 weeks. CG did not perform any pulmonary rehabilitation programme. Regarding intra group differences in the value obtained in the post-training test at the time when the maximum value in the pre-training test was obtained (PostPRE), FBG obtained lower values in oxygen consumption (VO2, mean = −435.6 mL/min, Bayes Factor (BF10) > 100), minute ventilation (VE, −8.5 L/min, BF10 = 25), respiratory rate (RR, −3.3 breaths/min, BF10 = 2), heart rate (HR, −13.7 beats/min, BF10 > 100) and carbon dioxide production (VCO2, −183.0 L/min, BF10 = 50), and a greater value in expiratory time (Tex, 0.22 s, BF10 = 12.5). At the maximum value recorded in the post-training test (PostFINAL), FBG showed higher values in the total time of the test (Tt, 4.3 min, BF10 = 50) and respiratory exchange rate (RER, 0.05, BF10 = 1.3). Regarding inter group differences at PrePOST, FBG obtained a greater negative increment than ONBG in the ventilatory equivalent of CO2 (EqCO2, −3.8 L/min, BF10 = 1.1) and compared to CG in VE (−8.3 L/min, BF10 = 3.6), VCO2 (−215.9 L/min, BF10 = 3.0), EqCO2 (−3.7 L/min, BF10 = 1.1) and HR (−12.9 beats/min, BF10 = 3.4). FBG also showed a greater PrePOST positive increment in Tex (0.21 s, BF10 = 1.4) with respect to CG. At PreFINAL, FBG presented a greater positive increment compared to CG in Tt (4.4 min, BF10 = 3.2) and negative in VE/VCO2 intercept (−4.7, BF10 = 1.1). The use of FB added to a pulmonary rehabilitation programme in COPD patients could improve tolerance in the incremental exercise test and energy efficiency. However, there is only a statically significant difference between FBG and ONBG in EqCO2. Therefore, more studies are necessary to reach a definitive conclusion about including FB in a pulmonary rehabilitation programme.

Ajoka Theatre as an Icon of Liberal Humanist Values

There are multiple ways of transferring human values, cultures and history from one generation to another. Literature, Art, Paintings and Theatrical performances are the real reflection of any civilization. In the history of subcontinent, theatres played a vital role in promoting the Pakistani and Indian history; Mughal culture and traditions. Pakistani theatre, “Ajoka” played significant role to propagate positive, humanitarian and liberal humanist values. This research aims to investigate the transformation in the history of Pakistani theatre specifically the “Ajoka” theatre that was established under the government of military dictatorship in Pakistan in the late nineteenth century. It was not a compromising time for the celebration of liberal humanist values in Pakistan as the country was under the rules of military dictatorship. The present study is intended to explore the dissemination of liberal humanist values in the plays and performances of “Ajoka” theatre. The research is meant to highlight the struggle of “Ajoka” theatre for enhancing the message of love, tolerance, peace and other humanist values in such crucial time.

Effect of General Anesthesia on Levels of Blood Sugar Values in Different Times of Operation

The present study was carried out on a period between December 2019 to February 2020 on 50 healthypatients, their ages ranged from eighteen to fifty years. They were 26 males and 24 females. These healthypatients were attending Baghdad Educational Hospital, Al-Harriri Hospital, and Al-Diwaniyah GeneralHospital in order to perform various surgeries. And after all tests are done. Then they were admitted to theoperating theater. In this study used the general anesthesia method. And they were given drugs of anesthesia,during each step; the values of blood sugar levels (Mg\dl) were measured. Such as pre induction, postinduction, after incision, after fluid, and recovery. To know the effect of general anesthesia method on bloodsugar levels in different times of operation on gender and age groups.This study showed that total numbers of patients were 50 including males about 26 (52.0%) and femalesabout 24(48.0%), their age of all individuals ranged from less than 20 years old (<20-29) which numberand percentage 22,44.0% to 50 years old 7 (14.0%). Also there are no significant difference was observedin the blood sugar levels changes (Mg\dl) in both males and females (gender) before and after the operationor surgery, also no found any differences between blood sugar levels changes (Mg\dl) at the age groups andthe general anesthesia method, after and before the operation in different times of surgery. So in this studysummarized the mean and stander deviation values according to the levels of blood sugar (Mg\dl) amongdifferent times of surgery, and then show the mean of pre induction period about 83.84, While mean ofvalues of blood sugar at post induction time at general anesthesia method about 104.94.Aims and Objectives: This study was investigated the influence of general anesthetic drugs that effect onthe blood sugar level changes of patients with surgery. This was done with the following objectives:• To administer general anesthesia by using a different combination of drugs.• To assess and compare the blood sugar level changes of the patients at different time intervals.• Complications, if any were observed and noted on patients at different time intervals.

Taking the path less travelled: Valuation of denied boarding in crowded public transport systems

Abstract Many public transport networks worldwide experience high crowding levels. Overcrowding can result in passengers not able to board the first arriving vehicle. We infer how waiting time induced by being denied boarding in crowded public transport systems is valued by passengers, based on observed passenger route choice behaviour. For this purpose, we estimate a revealed preference route choice model based on passenger and vehicle movement data. As denied boarding typically occurs only at specific locations and within strict time bands, whilst its occurrence is notoriously uncertain, we propose additional constraints to generate an appropriate choice set for which observed route choices can be used to estimate denied boarding perceptions. We found that the additional waiting time caused by denied boarding is valued 68% more negatively compared to the initial waiting time. On average, one minute of initial and denied boarding wait time are perceived as 1.62 and 2.72 min on-board an uncrowded vehicle, respectively. Not incorporating this more negative denied boarding wait time valuation can result in an underestimation of the passenger and societal impact of overcrowding in public transport systems. Moreover, it can underestimate the benefits of potential crowding relief measures and as such underestimate the benefit-cost ratio of these measures.