Accurate prediction of structure of protein-carbohydrate complexes remains a significant challenge in structural glycobiology, largely due to the flexibility of glycans and the shallow, hydrophilic nature of their binding sites. To address this issue, we developed a guided docking protocol that leverages Crystallographic Water Sites (CWS) to enhance glycan pose prediction using AutoDock Vina (ADV). By defining Waters Ideal Interactions (WII)-interaction hotspots derived from water molecules in apo structures-the protocol systematically rewards chemically meaningful receptor-ligand contacts during docking simulations. The WII Guided Approach (WIIGA) was benchmarked against a curated dataset of 30 high-quality protein-oligosaccharide complexes, which included ligands ranging from tetra- to nonasaccharides. Performance evaluation demonstrated that the guided protocol consistently outperformed conventional methods (ADV, Vina Carb (VC), Vina Carb with CH-π (VC CH-π) and GlycoTorch Vina (GTV)), delivering improved pose prediction accuracy. Our method proved robust even in the absence of holo structures and was effective in cross-docking drug-like glycomimetics. The protocol is easy to implement and broadly applicable to a wide range of glycan-binding proteins. These findings underscore the value of solvent-derived information for improving docking accuracy and support the use of guided approaches as a versatile tool for glyco-ligand modeling and structure-based design.

Eyeblink conditioning (EBC), a form of Pavlovian learning that relies on cerebellar circuits, offers a translationally relevant assay of adaptive learning and cerebellar integrity. In delay EBC, a conditioned stimulus (CS), such as a tone, overlaps with and co-terminates with the unconditioned stimulus (US), typically a brief air puff to the cornea. Trace EBC introduces a stimulus-free interval between CS offset and US onset, engaging additional brain structures such as the hippocampus. Acquisition of conditioned responses (CRs), their timing, and resistance to extinction have all been linked to cerebellar function. While EBC is a well-established paradigm in the experimental analysis of behavior and neuroscience, human studies applying it to ADHD populations remain limited and show inconsistent findings. One potential explanation for this variability lies in procedural differences across studies, particularly in the temporal structure of conditioning trials. A key parameter in Pavlovian learning is the ratio of the inter-US interval (C; time between USs) to the CS–US interval (T; time between CS onset and US onset). Known as the C/T ratio, this value indexes the informational value of the CS in predicting the US and has been shown to influence acquisition speed and response strength. Despite its theoretical importance, the C/T ratio is rarely reported or standardized in human EBC studies involving ADHD. The present review aims to characterize procedural features—especially C/T ratios—used in EBC research with ADHD populations or models, with a focus on how such parameters may shape performance and interpretability in studies probing cerebellar function.

ABSTRACT This study investigated the relationship between soil type and paddy yield in Japan on a national scale. Previous studies have primarily relied on field experimental data and were limited to site comparisons within regions under similar climatic conditions, making it challenging to clarify the influence of soil factors on paddy yields independently of climatic factors. To address this issue, we conducted a big data analysis using nationwide databases to statistically examine the relationship between soil type, climate, and paddy yield. A generalized additive model was used to evaluate the effects of soil distribution patterns and climatic conditions on paddy yields, based on municipal-level databases from 1993 to 2019. Soil distribution patterns within each municipality were categorized into five classes according to the proportion of the distribution area of lowland soil groups. In addition to soil distribution and climatic conditions, the model included prefecture and year as explanatory variables to account for fixed effects related to rice variety, management practices, and annual variation. The results showed that paddy yields tended to be higher in municipalities with a large distribution area of the Gray lowland soil group compared to those with other lowland soil groups. This finding reinforces the existing understanding of the influence of soil drainage conditions on crop growth and highlights the importance of soil management and assessment in rice cultivation. Furthermore, aggregating the distribution trends of soil types at the municipal level proved to be an effective approach for evaluating crop productivity at the national scale from the perspective of soil conditions. This study underscores the value of soil map information by clarifying its relationship with productivity and proposing strategies for its effective utilization.

PurposeThis work aims to evaluate the relative contribution of the amplitude and phase of both ON- and OFF-pathway biased steady-state visually evoked potentials (SSVEPs) to the classification of patients with glaucoma from healthy controls.MethodsSSVEPs were recorded for sawtooth luminance increments (ON-biasing) and decrements (OFF-biasing), modulating at a temporal frequency of 2.73 Hz. SSVEP data from 98 adults with glaucoma and 71 controls were used to train a set of logistic regressions. Data were partitioned prior to training to investigate the relative contribution to classification for amplitude and phase features derived from ON- versus OFF-pathway stimulation.ResultsWe report moderate overall classification accuracy (area under the curve ∼0.7). Classification based solely on signal phase features significantly outperformed classification based solely on signal amplitude features. Classification using OFF-pathway biasing features produced a statistically significant improvement in classification only when training on signal amplitude features. This OFF advantage was not conserved in a dataset with low signal-to-noise eyes removed.ConclusionsOur findings highlight the informational value of signal phase, a metric often omitted in applications of the SSVEP to glaucoma and other optic neuropathies. Additionally, our results suggest that OFF-pathway amplitude features may be less vulnerable to the limitations imposed by a low signal-to-noise ratio. However, they are not indicative of a gross difference in glaucoma classification performance between ON- and OFF-pathway biased features.Translational RelevanceElectrophysiological estimates of visual signal delay should be considered in future clinical diagnostic tools as they make a material contribution to the classification of glaucomatous eyes.

Speak or wait: Strategic delay and the value of public information

Students in introductory chemistry pursue various programs of study (such as biomedical engineering) and may not see chemistry as central to their pursuits. The Informative Utility Value Intervention (IUVI) was developed to provide students with reading materials that explicitly link chemistry topics to their future career interests. By offering career-contextualized content, IUVI aims to help students recognize the practical applications of chemistry for their career interests. The current study qualitatively compares students' written reflections before and after engaging with the reading materials for perceptions of the utility of chemistry. Findings indicate that engagement with the IUVI reading materials reinforced, refined, or expanded students' perceptions of chemistry's utility, depending on how well the provided materials resonated with their career interests. Students’ prior conceptions and content alignment of the reading materials played a central role in shaping students’ perceptions of utility value of chemistry. These findings emphasize the importance of offering students greater autonomy to support the development of utility value of chemistry.

With the advancement of mobile services and network technologies, global platform enterprises have emerged, making beauty short-form content a crucial element in beauty brand marketing strategies. This study aimed to analyze the effects of beauty short-form viewing motivation on women’s participation desire. Data were collected through a questionnaire survey conducted in April 2025, targeting women. The results indicated that hair-related content and the Tiktok platform elicited the highest levels of viewing motivation and participation desire, and that the sub-factors of beauty short-form viewing motivation-usefulness, enjoyment, and accessibility-were positively associated with stronger participation desire. These findings suggest that utilizing hair-related content that combines entertainment and informational value on the Tiktok platform can effectively enhance women’s participation and engagement with beauty short-form content, ultimately contributing to revenue generation. Therefore, this study provides strategic implications for beauty short-form creators and companies seeking to effectively leverage beauty short-form content in marketing to enhance user engagement and generate revenue.

Rapidly growing streaming services have become central to the cross-border circulation of information, cultural, and economic value, which presents complex regulatory challenges for states. This study aims to examine the potential tensions and regulatory interaction between a state’s right to regulate, its commitment to trade liberalization, and citizens’ constitutional rights to access information on the streaming service sector in the context of Indonesia. It offers normative analysis on international trade law, Indonesian constitutional law, and other related disciplines, along with empirical analysis through public surveys to assess public perceptions on protectionist policies. This paper argues that triangular tensions between international laws, states, and citizens occur when a state restricts foreign services. In Indonesia, these tensions are not merely theoretical but are institutionalized through regulations and constitutional court jurisprudence that empower the government to take immediate and repressive measures, including service access restrictions when deemed necessary. In the meantime, empirical research shows that the majority of respondents (83%) demand a high level of freedom to access information, although there is a variety of perceptions and levels of support when government restricts access to foreign streaming services. This means that formulating regulations in this sector requires a careful and comprehensive approach, as the state is obligated to allow streaming services through liberalization and guarantee citizens’ rights to access them in line with its policy objectives and measures.

ABSTRACT Landslides pose a significant threat to the safety of reservoirs, particularly those situated in canyon terrains. This study aims to enhance the safety and security of reservoir areas by proposing an integrated method for the automatic identification and assessment of landslides. By combining the SBAS-InSAR technique with spatial clustering analysis, we successfully delineated landslide areas and developed a new landslide susceptibility assessment model. This model operates independently of historical landslide inventory data. Based on the delineated landslide areas, we enhanced the information value model using the inverse tangent function, which was then integrated with Random Forest and Extreme Gradient Boosting methods for landslide susceptibility assessment. The identified landslides were validated through field tests, demonstrating a high degree of consistency with actual conditions. The results indicated that, in canyon-type reservoirs, aspect was a critical factor influencing landslide occurrence, with susceptibility being greater near water bodies. In model comparisons, the RF-NIV model outperformed, providing a more realistic representation of landslide susceptibility distribution. These findings offer valuable insights for landslide safety management in canyon-type reservoirs, such as those in Hekou Village and Baihetan.

In post-pandemic China, the expanding weight of services in overall economic activity and the stabilising role of official foreign exchange reserves (FER) elevate the informational value of high-frequency business surveys for interpreting equity market conditions. This study investigates the dynamic relations among China’s stock market index, the Manufacturing and Non-Manufacturing Purchasing Managers’ Index (PMI), and official FER using monthly data from April 2022 to July 2025. All series are log-transformed. Stationarity is assessed via Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) tests to determine that all variables enter the model as first differences. A reduced-form vector autoregression (VAR) with a constant and four lags is estimated, followed by in-system Granger causality tests, orthogonalized impulse-response functions under a Cholesky scheme, and forecast-error variance decomposition (FEVD). Results indicate short-run mean reversion in the stock market index and limited immediate pass-through from manufacturing PMI and FER, while the non-manufacturing PMI exhibits the clearest medium-horizon influence. The FEVD results show that own shocks dominate at very short horizons, with services PMI gaining prominence over 6-12 months and reserves contributing moderately. However, manufacturing PMI accounts for the smallest share of the variance. Granger causality tests suggest that both PMI and FER impact the stock market index, while no causal relationship is found from the stock market index to these variables. These results highlight the role of services-sector signals for monitoring economic trends at medium horizons, with reserves primarily viewed as a stability indicator.

Background. The process of preclinical evaluation of antiviral medications often consists of multiple stages, each containing substantial uncertainties. Traditional methods for screening the compounds often lack structured means for optimizing the decision-making and calculating the feasibility and risks of transitions between all of the stages. Thus, there appears to be a problem with the inefficient selection of promising antiviral molecules, which subsequently increases the probability of choosing suboptimal research trajectories. Objective. To develop a computational framework for optimizing of the transition between stages in preclinical antiviral testing. The system focuses on the integration of decision trees and Markov models in order to include effectiveness, risks and the value of additional information into assessment, supporting an in-depth planning of preclinical research pipelines. Methods. Experimental data from molecular docking, cytotoxicity CD50, and antiviral activity IC50 were used in a multi-stage evaluation system with CTI ≥ 4 being the criterion for progression into further stages. Decision trees provided the explicit rules for advancement of the compounds, while Markov models added context for building sequential strategies under uncertainty and quantified the feasibility of movement to the next stage. Value of information analysis added the assessment of the expected benefit of additional data. Results. The developed framework consistently produced reliable technical results. The decision used in CTI ≥ 4.0 prediction stage demonstrated a conservative classification pattern, correctly identifying compounds with high therapeutic potential while missing some effective candidates. The Markov model showed steadily increasing state values in docking, cytotoxicity, and antiviral testing phases that confirmed the growth of expected utility. Value of information analysis highlighted that the largest gain occurred after antiviral activity testing. Conclusions. The study showed that both decision trees and Markov models capture different but complementary aspects of the preclinical evaluation process. Decision trees provide interpretable set of rules that formalize how molecular docking and cytotoxicity measurement influence the progression of compounds, while their limited sensitivity at the CTI threshold highlighted the complexity of prediction the final success of the evaluated compounds. The Markov model simulations showed that the full three-stage pipeline is justified and that progression decisions are influenced by both uncertainty and experimental cost. The value of information analysis clarify the importance of each stage, helping to emphasize the role of antiviral activity data in reducing uncertainty. These findings support the integration of analytic methods for improving the structure, transparency and efficiency of antiviral preclinical research.

This article examines the functional imbalance of borrowed infographics in online media, where the informational function is often reduced to mere illustration. Borrowing content has become a routine practice in contemporary newsrooms, allowing editors to quickly fill multimedia sections with visually appealing materials. However, the reuse of infographic content carries the risk of losing informational value, especially when materials are taken out of their original context or modified without proper adaptation. The study analyzes media texts published between 2021 and 2024 using content analysis and survey methods. The empirical base includes six online outlets from Kazan, Nizhny Novgorod, and Samara in Russia’s Volga region. The analysis identified several factors contributing to functional imbalance, including editing, format conversion, and image degradation. Among them, loss of image quality proved particularly significant as many materials featured blurred visuals, unreadable legends, or indistinct graphic elements. Presentation slides, however, generally retained informational value when supported by sufficient context in the accompanying text. The results reveal that the imbalance stems from a superficial approach to graphics in editorial work, where visual appeal often takes precedence over informational content. In many online newsrooms, borrowed infographics, photographs, and drawings are treated as interchangeable decorative elements, and the partial loss of visual or textual components is not considered critical to the publication’s perceived quality or credibility.

The study examines the pathogenetic mechanisms of fetal distress in pregnant women with chronic polyhydramnios, in light of current scientific evidence. The purpose of the study to evaluate the informative value of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) concentrations and oxidative stress markers as potential diagnostic and prognostic indicators of fetal distress in pregnant women with chronic polyhydramnios, and to determine their strategic relevance for the early identification and prevention of perinatal complications under conditions of prolonged exposure to exogenous and psycho-emotional stressors. Materials and methods. Thirty women with physiologic pregnancy and 90 pregnant women with chronic polyhydramnios were enrolled. In blood serum obtained following standard collection and centrifugation procedures, VEGF concentrations were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA); superoxide dismutase and xanthine oxidase activities, as well as malondialdehyde (MDA) and protein carbonyl group concentrations, were determined using standard spectrophotometric methods. Statistical analysis was performed using the Student t test and the Mann–Whitney U test, along with Pearson and Spearman correlation analysis; differences were considered statistically significant at p < 0.05. The research was conducted in accordance with the fundamental principles of bioethics. Statistical analyses were carried out using standard procedures implemented in Microsoft Excel and Statistica SPSS version 10.0 for Windows (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA). Data are presented as the arithmetic mean ± standard error of the mean (M ± m). The study was performed as part of the the strategic research program of Vinnitsa National Pirogov Memorial Medical University, “Establishing modern aspects of preserving and restoring the health of women of different age groups” (State Registration Number: 01212U109714; January 2020 – December 2024). Results. Chronic polyhydramnios was associated with a significant 20.2% reduction in VEGF concentration and an 18.4% decrease in superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, occurring concomitantly with a 29.7% increase in xanthine oxidase activity and accumulation of lipid peroxidation products. The progression to fetal distress was linked to a further deterioration of this imbalance: VEGF levels decreased by 26.4% compared with those in physiologic pregnancy, whereas MDA concentration increased by approximately 1.5-fold. Conclusions. The molecular basis of fetal distress in the setting of polyhydramnios involves a combination of angiogenic insufficiency and uncontrolled oxidative stress, which is potentiated by exogenous factors, including infection and psychoemotional stress.

Frequent geological hazards such as landslides and rockfalls, intensified by human activities and extreme rainfall, highlight the urgent need for rapid, accurate, and interpretable susceptibility assessment. However, existing methods often struggle with insufficient characterization of spatial heterogeneity, fragmented spatial structures, and limited mechanistic interpretability. To overcome these challenges, this study proposes an intelligent landslide susceptibility assessment framework based on the Swin-UNet architecture, which combines the window-based self-attention mechanism of the Swin Transformer with the encoder–decoder structure of U-Net. Eleven conditioning factors derived from remote sensing data were used to characterize the influencing conditions. Comprehensive experiments conducted in Changbai County, Jilin Province, China, demonstrate that the proposed Swin-UNet framework outperforms traditional models, including the information value method and the standard U-Net. It achieves a maximum overall accuracy of 99.87% and consistently yields higher AUROC, AUPRC, F1-score, and IoU metrics. The generated susceptibility maps exhibit enhanced spatial continuity, improved geomorphological coherence, and greater interpretability of contributing factors. These results confirm the robustness and generalizability of the proposed framework and highlight its potential as a powerful and interpretable tool for large-scale geological hazard assessment, providing a solid technical foundation for refined disaster prevention and mitigation strategies.

This study examines the consequences of high-energy radiation interactions from X-ray sources with extended astrophysical objects. A comparative analysis is conducted between the spectra of primary radiation sources and those of irradiated absorbing and scattering regions. The limitations of current diagnostic methods are identified, and strategies for enhancing both the sensitivity and informational value of the resulting data are proposed. Signal-to-noise ratios are derived for a gamma-ray detector prototype developed by the authors, under various geometric configurations of emitting and scattering structures. Necessary modifications to the radiation transport equations are suggested, along with instrumental techniques for identifying and registering previously unrecognized astrophysical entities.

Abstract We study the effect of entry on the price distribution in the German retail gasoline market. Exploiting several hundred entries over five years in an event study design, we find that entry causes a persistent first-order stochastic shift in the price distribution for at least three years after entry. Prices at the top of the distribution change moderately or not at all, but prices at the left tail decrease by up to 13% (9%) of stations’ gross margins after entry within a 1 km (2 km) radius. The Value of Information (VOI) increases by 29% (15%) in 1 km (2 km) markets, suggesting larger savings for consumers with easy access to information.

This study investigates the deployment of communicative modes for meaning making in year theme-stickers of selected Nigerian churches, in order to show how this popular socio-religious practice, which serves the purpose of spiritual anchorage and faith building, shape belief and religious practices among adherents. Data comprise stickers produced in 2020 by the churches, which were analysed qualitatively. The study shows that linguistic modes such as relational and verbal clause processes, and cohesive devices, particularly ellipsis, reference and connectives serve to construct meaning in the stickers. Visual modes like images representing narrative and symbolic processes realised representational meaning; image act, colour act, visual space, size of frame and social distance realised interactive meaning. Information value, salience, and framing captured compositional meaning

Background: The low implementation of Early Breastfeeding Initiation (EBI) among working mothers is often linked to their dual burden of domestic and economic responsibilities. Cultural norms, traditional values and social structures also shape EBI related practices. Certain cultural beliefes such as giving pre-lacteal milk liquids and extended family decisions in the birth process, can hinder the implementation of EBI. This study examined socioeconomic disparities in EBI practices among working mothers in Indonesia, emphasizing the cultural factors that specifically affect the likelihood of initiating breastfeeding in the first hour of life.Methods: This cross-sectional study analyzed data from 46,130 children. EBI served as the independent variable, while socioeconomic status was the dependent variable, with seven controls: residence, mother’s age, education, marital status, antenatal care, birthplace, and child’s gender. Socioeconomic position was measured using wealth quintiles ranging from the poorest to the richest. Binary logistic regression assessed the association between EBI and socioeconomic status, with interpretation of findings considering cultural differences across social groups.Results: The result showed that 59.7% of working mothers in Indonesia had implemented EBI. Socioeconomic status was a significant predictor of EBI. Poorer mothers were 1,146 times more likely to initiate EBI than wealthier mothers (95% CI: 1,134-1,159). Conversely, the richest mothers had a 1.422-fold higher likelihood of achieving EBI compared with the poorest (95% CI: 1.288-1.315), while working mothers had a 1.399-fold higher chance (95% CI: 1.385-1.414). EBI was also more common among mothers who had antenatal care, lived in rural areas, were older, married, and had higher levels of education. These variations indicate that beyond economic status, access to health information and cultural values strongly influence EBI practices among working mothers.Conclusion: Socioeconomic disparities significantly influence EBI among working mothers in Indonesia. Wealthier mothers are more likely to initiate breastfeeding within the first hour, highlighting the role of socioeconomic position in shaping maternal health behaviors. Cultural norms further contextualize these differences, affecting decisions and practices surrounding early breastfeeding. Strengthening EBI coverage therefore requires strategies that go beyond structural and economic improvements, incorporating cultural considerations and family support.

Designing cost-effective, reliable diagnostic sensor suites for complex assets remains challenging due to conflicting objectives across stakeholders. A holistic framework that integrates the Normalised Diagnostic Contribution Index (NDCI)—which scores sensors by separation power, severity sensitivity, and uniqueness—with a Multi-Objective Sensor Optimisation Framework (MOSOF) is presented. Using a high-fidelity virtual aircraft model coupling engine, fuel, electrical power system (EPS), and environmental control system (ECS), NDCI against minimum Redundancy-maximum Relevance (mRMR) is benchmarked under a rigorous nested cross-validation protocol. Across subsystems, NDCI yields more compact suites and higher diagnostic accuracy, notably for engine (88.6% vs. 69.0%) and ECS (67.7% vs. 52.0%). Then, a multi-objective optimisation reflecting an airline use-case (diagnostic performance, cost, reliability, and benefit-to-cost) is executed, identifying a practical Pareto-optimal ‘knee’ solution comprising 12–14 sensors. The recommended suite delivers a normalised performance of ≈0.69 at ≈USD36k with ≈145 kh MTBF, balancing the cross-subsystem information value with implementation constraints. The NDCI-MOSOF workflow provides a transparent, reproducible pathway from raw multi-sensor data to stakeholder-aware design decisions, and constitutes transferable evidence for model-based safety and certification processes in Integrated Vehicle Health Management (IVHM). The limitations (simulation bias, cost/MTBF estimates), validation on rigs or in-service fleets, and extensions to prognostics objectives are discussed.

A simple express methodology is proposed for the non-destructive characterization of the capillary–porous structure of building materials, based on monitoring the spreading dynamics of a colored droplet applied to the surface of a specimen. The method relies on recording the temporal evolution of the stain and interpreting the resulting R²(t) dependence within the Lucas–Washburn framework and porous-media theory. This enables, in a single experiment, the evaluation of effective porosity, capillary conductance, permeability, mean effective pore radius, effective diffusion coefficient, as well as wetting parameters (contact angle, surface tension) and indicators of deviation from the ideal capillary regime. The experimental procedure consists of video recording the spreading of a droplet of aqueous dye solution (e.g., methylene-blue), followed by frame extraction and computer processing of the stain contours. From the stain area, an equivalent radius is obtained, the R²(t) relationship is constructed, and its slope is used to extract integral capillary characteristics of the material. The approach provides high informational value at minimal equipment cost, making it suitable for field applications and preliminary screening of restoration zones. Using shell limestone as an example, it is demonstrated that the method allows quantitative identification of structural variations even within a single block or layer-an essential requirement for selecting compatible primers and restoration mortars with controlled rheological and adhesive properties. A consistent data-processing workflow is outlined: linearization of the R²(t) dependence, determination of capillary conductance, evaluation of effective porosity from the absorbed liquid volume, and reconstruction of permeability and contact angle values based on known liquid parameters. Verification criteria for assessing the plausibility of the obtained values are presented, including penetration depth and typical ranges of permeability and mean pore radii for cemented carbonate rocks. The proposed methodology effectively complements diagnostic approaches already used in restoration practice and provides a parametric basis for selecting mixtures adapted to the real geometry of the substrate’s capillary–porous network. Thus, the developed droplet-based analysis toolkit combines operational simplicity with the ability to obtain key structural characteristics required for scientifically grounded design of repair and restoration solutions for shell limestone e heritage objects.