Value Of Gross Output Research Articles

Methodology for assessing the development potential of the AIC of the Federal District

The article presents the methodological foundations of AIC functioning, formation of its potential as an element of strategic space planning. The purpose of the study is to create a methodology that allows us to assess the level of AIC development potential of a federal district, a territorial entity consisting of regions, subjects of the Federation. The potential of the federal district is considered as an aggregate value, which is based on the potentials of its components - the potentials of the regions, set in the form of values resulting from the integration of the elements of the potential, reflecting the current state of AIC in the field of: harvesting and processing of products, investment in fixed capital of AIC, expenditures on scientific research. The algorithm of the methodology implies the calculation of indicators: reflecting the comparison of the rate of transformation of the value of gross output and the rate of change in its physical volume; comparing the rate of change in the amount of investment in the results of applied scientific activity with the rate of change in the value of investment in R&D, which determines the relevance of further investment activity in view of the achieved level of demand for the results of scientific activity. The methodology is intended for researchers whose research is related to solving the problems of regulation of socio-economic development at the local level, at the level of the subject of the Federation and at the macro level for making managerial decisions. The results of the research will serve as methodological tools for assessing the achieved level of development of local territories of the federal district, forecasting the values of components and the level of development of AIC, based on the planned values of indicators of economic development of the territory.

Convergence or Divergence in the Manufacturing Sector Since 1980’s? Evidence from the Indian Sub Nationals

Purpose: The objective of this study was to divulges into understanding the inter-state disparities across the sixteen major Indian states in the registered manufacturing sector by analyzing it’s pattern and traversing over the years initiating from 1980-1981 to 2015-2016. Theoretical framework: The Indian economic development pattern is not only unusual, but also rare, when one compares it to the economic development paths followed by other developing and developed countries. The countries such as Singapore, Taiwan, South Korea and China achieved economic growth by initially giving priority to the manufacturing sector. It was after producing tangible outputs and generating innovations in the manufacturing sector that in the above mentioned countries, the services sector emerged as the biggest and leading sector in economic growth. The economic literature also shows a strong correlation between the growth of the manufacturing output and the growth of GDP (Thirlwall, A. P. 1983). The growth of the manufacturing sector sucks labour resources from other sectors where disguised unemployment exist; which contributes to the growth of the capital employed in the industry, while the productivity of other sectors is not adversely affected (N. Marconi et. al,2016) In other words, a strong and growing manufacturing sector is necessary for economic growth and development. However, in India the services sector emerged as the biggest and fast growing sector in the very beginning, and the manufacturing sector's contribution to economic growth has been relatively small. Design/methodology/approach: To bring about the pattern of the size of the manufacturing sector the data has been analyzed by tabulation, calculating averages, coefficients of variations, bar diagrams and line graphs so that a clear picture is exemplified. To look into the impact of geographical location the data has been divided into two regional schemes which have been analyzed using the dummy variable regression technique (ANOVA), and lastly to highlight if there exists convergence or divergence across the states over the aforementioned time period the technique of σ – convergence and β-convergence have been applied. Findings: The results of σ – convergence based on coefficient of variation clearly show that the size of manufacturing sector, in terms of both the indicators of size, diverged among states over 1980-1981 to 2015-2016 period. At least it is sure that no convergence occurred over this period. Furthermore, the results of the β-convergence based on growth rates of the two indicators give conflicting conclusions. The value of gross output per-capita indicated divergence over the reference period; but SDP share indicator suggested convergence over the same period. Taking both σ- convergence and β-convergence together, one may suggest that these do not indicate to any tendency towards convergence over this period. Therefore the objective of this paper was to analyse the change in the size of manufacturing sector across the states over the 1980-81 /2015-16 period on the basis of two indicators; share of manufacturing sector in SDP and value of gross manufacturing output per capita. The analysis revealed that the pattern changed somewhat over this period. Some states improved their ranking e.g. Gujarat and H.P. and ranking of some others worsened e.g. Maharashtra, Bihar etc. The analysis also revealed that there was no significant difference in the SDP share and value of gross output per capita of manufacturing sector between coastal / non coastal and northern/southern states. The analysis of convergence / divergence across the states over the 1980-81/ 2015-16 revealed that convergence did not occur; rather there was some tendency towards divergence. Research, Practical & Social implications: Future research should focus on the reducing the disparities among the Indian states via exploring other important variables in the manufacturing sector. It can be further extended by using panel data analysis. Also, Policy implication suggested for the laggard states has been to identify the caveats and implementation of policies for them should be at national level to bolster the overall growth of the manufacturing sector.

Economic Analysis of Edible Sugarcane Cultivation under Drip and Non-drip Method of Irrigation in Tamil Nadu: A Field Level Study

This article attempts to investigate the effects of growing edible sugarcane using the drip as well as the conventional irrigation method with the help of field-level survey data collected in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. This research investigates edible irrigated sugarcane in light of the rapid fall in irrigation water potential and low water-use efficiency in non-edible, flood-irrigated sugarcane cultivation. Using drip irrigation for growing edible sugarcane not only helps to conserve water, but also boosts crop yields. When comparing drip- and flood-irrigated edible sugarcane farming, the study indicated that the former used around 37 percent less water and the latter made about 103 percent more money. Also, compared with the more conventional flood method of irrigation (FMI), edible sugarcane grown with drip method of irrigation (DMI) reduces electricity costs by roughly 51 percent. DMI farmers had a higher gross cost of cultivation, water and electricity savings, gross value of output, productivity, and profitability from growing edible sugarcane. Finally, the study recommends that the benefits of sugarcane cultivation under drip irrigation be disseminated among farmers as soon as possible by bolstering quality extension service programmes, awareness campaigns, and providing extensive publicity on a continual basis to reduce farmer misery.

CULTIVATION EFFICIENCY OF "HELIOS" COMMON BARLEY VARIETY ON DIFFERENT BACKGROUNDS OF MINERAL NUTRITION AND SEEDING AMOUNT

Recently, agricultural producers of Mordovia began to cultivate common more often. In order to form its maximum productivity, it is important to identify its responsiveness to fertilizers and seeding amount in the conditions of the region, which is important in scientific and practical agronomy. Our studies were carried out to reveal potential productivity, grain quality, economic and energy parametres of common barley of "Helios" variety depending on technology elements (fertilizers and seeding amount). Experimental work was carried out on leached black soil in State Unitary Enterprise "Lukhovskoye" of the urban district of Saransk, the Republic of Mordovia, in 2016-2018. "Helios" common barley variety was under study using field and laboratory methods, a two-factor field experiment was set according to the following scheme: factor A (mineral nutrition level) 1.1 – without fertilizers (control); 1.2 - N30P30K30, 1.3 - N60P60K60, 1.4 - N60P60K60, 1.5 - N90P90K90; factor B (seeding amount, mln pcs/ha) 2.1 – 2.5; 2.2 - 3.0; 2.3 - 3.0; 2.4 - 3.5; 2.5 - 4.5 Agrochemical soil composition was typical for this type. It was revealed that the maximum grain yield was in case of application of N60P60K60, N90P90K90 and the sowing of 4.0 and 4.5 million/ha of seeds (2.74 - 3.05 t/ha), which was formed due to density increase of productive stems; maximum value of gross output was noted in case of application of N90P90K90 and sowing of 4.5 million/ha of seeds (51850 rubles/ha); the highest net operating profit (26,980 rubles/ha) and energy balance (31.4 GJ/ha) was achieved in case of application of N30P30K30 and sowing of 4.5 million/ha of seeds.

Farm Size and Agricultural Productivity in the Low Hill Zone of Himachal Pradesh: A Study

The relationship between size of holding and productivity has been the subject of study since the result of farm management investigations. The present paper also makes an attempt to examine the relationship between operational holding, gross value of output and value of major inputs used in the production of selected field crops. In addition to this, net returns across different farm sizes have also been examined. The results obtained from the study pointed out that there exists inverse relationship between the operational holding and productivity on maize crop, whereas, constant productivity relationship was observed on paddy and wheat crops. When all these crops were taken together, inverse relationship between the two-hold true. In respect of profitability, only small farmers are able to convert to their output advantages into net profitability by taking all these crops together. The important policy implications of the analysis is that consolidation of land holdings, formation and effective implementation of a development strategy and management of basic economic holding in the study area will undoubtly of primary importance to boost agricultural production, productivity and profitability thereby enhancing the productive employment and well-being of farm families.

Post Reform Trends in Profitability in Crop Cultivation in Kerala: Evidences from the Cost of Cultivation Survey Data

"Profitability is the major objective of any farm or firm. The high wage rate in the state and the rapid rise in the cost of cultivation have raised questions regarding the profitability of crop cultivation in Kerala. The post reform period has been a period of agrarian distress with falling prices and declining income of the farmers There has been a tendency for the farmer to withdraw from paddy cultivation in Kerala due to uneconomic returns.. Cultivation of paddy and other annual crops is a losing proposition. In the background of this context, this study attempts to compute the profitability of crop cultivation of seven selected crops in the state. The data published in the Cost of Cultivation reports of the Department of Economics and Statistics, Government of Kerala is used in this study. Though there has been a rapid increase in wage rate and the cost of cultivation, the study shows that the gross value of output has increased faster. The farmer being rational has resorted to coping strategies like reducing the percentage of hired human labour in the total operational cost. When considering Cost A, crop cultivation has been profitable, but while considering cost B, crop cultivation has been highly unprofitable. The rapid increase in the value of land is the prime cause for the spiraling increase in cost B. Banana, Pepper and tapioca has been the most profitable crops in the state. The profitability of paddy crop has not been commensurate when compared to the profit accruing to other crops in Kerala. Any effort to increase the area under paddy cultivation must provide price and non-price incentives to the farmers."

Is India's formal manufacturing sector ‘hollowing out’- importance of intermediate input

Changes in India's economic policies during the last three decades were expected to spur competition in the domestic market. Greater competition, particularly in capital goods, was expected to improve production efficiency. An important dynamic to analyze manufacturing sector's efficiency is to understand the relationship between industry's value addition and value of output. In the case of India's formal manufacturing sector, the share of value addition in output has declined sharply since 1998–99. This raises a question as to whether the Indian manufacturing sector is going through a phase of ‘hollowing out’. This paper examines the potential reasons behind such decline. One such reason relates to the intensity at which inter- mediate goods are used in the production process. The value of intermediate goods relative to the gross value of output is as high as two-third in India's formal manufacturing sector. Despite the recognition of the importance of intermediate goods as an input, it has received relatively little attention in the literature on development accounting. The paper considers a model on the assumption that a firm's production function is measured in terms of capital, labour, and intermediate goods. The paper estimates the output elasticity of intermediate inputs for the formal manufacturing sector and assesses how it has changed during the 1990s and 2000s. The production function is estimated using both fixed effects and Levinsohn and Petrin model to control for the endogenous productivity problem. The paper quantifies the relationship between the intensity at which a concerned industry utilises intermediate goods in the production process and productivity (TFP) of the sector. The empirical analysis points toward a biasness in productivity that may arise if one ignores the importance of intermediate goods as a production factor. The analysis highlights that the intensity of intermediate-goods impact the productivity observed in India's formal manufacturing sector from 1988–90 to 2015–16.

Сучасний стан розвитку методів оцінювання земель сільськогосподарського призначення

Purpose of this research is to improve the methods of valuation of agricultural land. Today, the moratorium on the purchase and sale of agricultural land has been lifted and sale of agricultural land is increasingly raised and therefore the problem of establishing an objective (market) price for agricultural land is relevant, because increasing the level of their use is an objective necessity and condition for the gradual development of society [Hubar Yu., 2020]. Methodology. A significant contribution to the study of the theory and methods of land valuation was made by A. S. Danilenko, Yu. F. Dekhtyarenko, Yu. P. Hubar, A. G. Martin, M. G. Stupen, A. M. Tretyak, G. V. Cherevko. Instead, the formation and improvement of methodological bases for the monetary valuation of agricultural land paid attention to G. D. Gutsulyk, D. S. Dobriak, О. S. Dorosh, O. F. Kovalishin. Emphasis was placed on the shortcomings of the economic assessment conducted in the Soviet period I. K. Bystryakov, S. I. Doroguntsov, Hubar Yu. P., A. M. Tretyak, M. A. Hvesyk and others. However, despite the considerable amount of scientific research in which the land was considered a means of production, tools and objects of labor (which in the current environment is insufficient), little studied and debatable are the value of land as a whole system with all its properties. This is due to the fact that agricultural land is mostly assessed differently according to the available dominant indicators (yield, value of gross output). This does not build a hierarchy on the importance of other indicators. The complexity and versatility of the problem of land valuation require the continuation and deepening of scientific research in this area. Results. The study is based on the general principles of economic and mathematical modeling, mathematical statistics, econometrics, basic and applied research. The information base of the research consisted of scientific works of domestic and foreign scientists in the field of real estate appraisal, land and city cadastres, statistics, ecology. The issue of land pricing is complex and multifaceted, the development of the land market depends on its solution. Therefore, further research should be aimed at improving the valuation of agricultural land. This process should be based on state service, taking into account the economic and political situation. This will ensure after the lifting of the moratorium on the disposal of agricultural land, the creation of a competitive environment in the land market, the objectivity of the assessment and increase the flow of funds to the state budget. Scientific novelty and practical significance. The performed researches will allow to improve the quality of determining the market value of agricultural lands for further development of land reform in Ukraine. The most important results of the study are: generalization of scientific provisions for the implementation of land valuation works and methodological approaches to determining the value of agricultural land; highlighting the disadvantages and advantages of modern methods of agricultural land valuation; proving the importance of taking into account environmental factors in the assessment of land arising from the activities of agricultural production; substantiation of the need to assess land plots with a set of physical properties of soils and spatial conditions of their implementation; development of methods for assessing the normative yield of grain crops on the basis of dynamic and statistical simulation modeling and software for its spatial implementation. It is established that the use of market-based prices will allow to make informed management decisions during the implementation of land reform in Ukraine. Individuals and legal entities on the basis of the proposed developments will be able to assess the investment attractiveness of agricultural land.

The relationship between GHG emissions and agricultural land productivity in the EU member states and Ukraine

The article is devoted to the quantitative relationship between greenhouse gas emissions and agricultural land productivity in EU member states and Ukraine (a country that continues to integrate into the EU). The author made a comparative analysis of the productivity of agricultural land in EU member states, other leading players in the world agricultural market, Ukraine and the world average. The method of statistical grouping to determine the reason for the different productivity of agricultural land (the value of gross output per 1 hectare of agricultural land) in the EU member states and in Ukraine was used. The author identified the cause of high levels of greenhouse gas emissions (carbon dioxide equivalent) per hectare of agricultural land in the most developed EU countries by using the graphical method. Based on the calculated target level of greenhouse gas emissions per hectare of agricultural land in the EU until 2030, required by the European Green Deal, the probable threat to EU member states and Ukraine in terms of possible decline in agricultural production has been identified. By using the econometric method and the method of regression analysis, the author identified the existence of a positive and strong quantitative relationship between emissions of carbon dioxide equivalent and value of agricultural production per hectare of land in EU member states and Ukraine. The magnitude of the increasing of carbon dioxide equivalent emissions under condition of increasing the value of gross output per hectare of agricultural land by one euro is calculated. Based on the results of the study, the author concluded that there is a high probability of reducing the productivity of agricultural land in developed EU countries, if greenhouse gas emissions are reduced to the level of the target value. The author also substantiated the practical lack of opportunity for less developed countries of the EU and Ukraine to increase the economic productivity of land, according to realize the requirements of the European Green Deal. Recommendations for avoiding a possible threat in agricultural production of the studied countries are summarized.

ANALYSIS OF AGRICULTURAL LAND RESOURCES USING ON THE EXAMPLE OF CENTRAL FEDERAL DISTRICT REGIONS

Over the past 30 years, our country has undergone many changes in the field of land legislation. Many of them were aimed at regulating land relations in the field of rural land use and were expressed in the adoption of various types of amendments and changes to laws and tightening fiscal measures for the resuscitation of unused land. However, such regulation has not led to an improvement in the use of agricultural land, and their quantitative and qualitative potential has deteriorated, which has led to inefficiency of budget funds allocated for the implementation of targeted programs in the field of agriculture. Rational use of land resources in agriculture is one of the most important tasks of land management. This article analyzes the use of land resources in the agro-industrial complex on the example of Central Federal district regions. The main indicators of production and economic activities of the regions of Central Federal district in agriculture, such as investments in agriculture, value of gross output of agriculture, yields of major agricultural crops, productivity of the main types of livestock, profitability of production agriculture, as well as indicators of the intensity of agricultural land using: the proportion of acreage in the total area of land, use of fertilizers, volume of agrochemical operations, availability of improved lands, involvement in economic turnover of previously unused land.. Weight coefficients were calculated for all indicators, groups of regions were formed for production and economic activity in the agro-industrial complex and the intensity of agricultural land use, cartograms were drawn up and proposals were made for planning land use.

Valuing the digital economy of New Zealand

The present paper provides estimates of the value of the digital economy of New Zealand through the use of the supply-use tables. By design, no changes are made to the production boundary as the products being assessed are already included within the production boundary and gross domestic product (GDP). The approach is a practical attempt at using the framework first presented in the paper entitled “Measuring digital trade: towards a conceptual framework”, and in particular, the “nature” component of the framework. This is extended to the whole economy to identify “digital” transactions in the country’s National Accounts Commodity Classification. The main finding from this paper is that the “digitally ordered” and “digitally delivered” aspects of the framework were able to be broadly applied. However, the significant material assumptions and the broad nature of the product classification at the aggregate level meant that our estimates were not of high quality. For the year ending March 2015, the estimate of the value of gross output of New Zealand that can be delivered digitally was 27.9 billion New Zealand dollars (NZ$) (US$18.8 billion), while for digitally ordered gross output, it was NZ$109.2 billion

RESEARCHES FOR THE FORMATION OF INDICATORS OF ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY OF THE RIPAZ GROWTH LINES DEPENDING ON ELEMENTS OF TECHNOLOGY

In the article economic estimation of elements of technology of growing of winter rape is carried out; crop yields, product costs, production costs, cost, net profit and profitability are taken into account. The literature on the problem of research has been processed, the importance and relevance of studying the economic efficiency of the applied technologies of winter rape cultivation in the conditions of the Right-bank Forest-steppe of Ukraine are presented. It is indicated on the low economic results of farming in the agrarian sector of Ukraine and the possibility of increasing the efficiency of growing winter rape with both intensive, extensive and resource-saving technologies. The results of studying the influence of the time of sowing and different norms of mineral fertilizers on the formation of indicators of economic efficiency of winter rape hybrids of various ripeness groups were analyzed. Significant influence of the investigated elements of technology on the main indicators of economic efficiency is noted; It was established that the change in the level of yield obtained by hybrids caused a change in the indicators of economic efficiency. So among the investigated variants of the maximum value of the value of gross output of the hybrid of winter rape, Exotic - 22550.0 UAH. was received at the first deadline of August 10 in the version with the introduction of N240P120K240, the minimum value of the value of gross output - 4675.0 UAH. received on the third term of September 5 in the version without fertilizers. The value of the gross output of the Excel hybrid maximum value is 20,900 UAH. acquired for the second term of sowing August 21 in a variant with maximum fertilization. The greatest value of the production of the hybrid Exagon - 20,900 UAH. was received for the second sowing of the sowing on August 21 with the introduction of N240P120K240, the minimum - 4235 UAH. - on the first date of sowing in the variant without the introduction of fertilizers. The comparative estimation of the indices of the three hybrids under investigation showed that the maximum cost of production was 22550 UAH. was obtained when growing the Exotic hybrid at the first sowing date on August 10 at maximum fertilization. The minimum value of cost is 2864.6 UAH. for 1 ton of seeds, the net profit is 10805.2 UAH. / ha and the profitability level - 92% was obtained in the same variant.

Trade Liberalization and Indian Manufacturing MSMEs: Role of Firm Characteristics and Channel of Liberalization

We examine the impact of tariff and non-tariff reductions on firm-level gross value of output (GVO) and productivity for various types of Indian manufacturing MSMEs for the 2002–2007 period. We merge the 3rd (2001–2002) and 4th (2006–2007) All India Census data on Indian MSMEs to create a novel dataset that includes micro-enterprises and to calculate input and final goods tariffs, ERPs and NTBs for broad product groups using information from India’s export–import policy, 1997–2003 and 2004–2009. After controlling for firm, industry, state and time-specific factors, we find tariff reductions have improved firm-level GVO and productivity for MSMEs which are technologically upgraded and quality certified. Further, the effects of input tariff reduction exceed those from final goods tariff reductions, i.e., the input sourcing channel is stronger than the final product competition channel. Liberalization of non-tariff barriers is found to have a positive effect on both GVO and productivity growth.

Економічна та біоенергетична ефективність вирощування ріпаку ярого гібриду Юра

The highest profit was obtained by applying fertilizer (N90P75K120) - 4828 UAH / ha for a profitability of 102%, the lowest - at the lowest dose of fertilizers N45P30K45 - 2008 UAH / ha, while the profitability was 63%. In terms of fertilizer N60P45K60 profit was 3616 UAH / ha with a profitability of 97%, and the value of gross output amounted to 7336 UAH. The use of fertilizer borers N120P75K120 slightly increased the cost compared to the option with the highest profit - from 4720 to 4947 UAH / ha, but the profitability dropped to 71%. Thus, according to economic indicators of profit per hectare and profitability, the best result was the fertilizer variant N90P75K120, where the value of gross output was UAH 9548. A further increase in fertilizer rates led to a decrease in these indicators and in this case it was not economically feasible. The lowest energy consumption was in the experiment without fertilizer application (28952 MJ), while the energy efficiency ratio was 4.99. At the same time, the highest energy consumption was characterized by the use of mineral fertilizers in the amount of N90P75K120 and nitrogen feed (30 kg / ha) - 56095 MJ, with an energy efficiency ratio of 2.96. With further increase in fertilizer rates, the energy output with the harvest decreased. Hybrid Yura is recommended to grow according to the technology, which provides for the introduction of mineral fertilizers at the rate of N90P75K120 kg / ha d. P. For the seed rate of 1.0 million similar seeds. It is proved that such a fertilizer rate is economically advantageous and expedient from the standpoint of economic and energy efficiency under the given growing conditions.

A nonlinear programming approach to strategic planning of coal chemical industry with carbon constraints in China

Coal chemical industry plays a critical role in China’s economic growth and energy security. However, its carbon-intensity characteristics cause a large number of CO2 emissions during coal chemicals production. Facing intense pressure to reduce CO2 emissions, it is urgent to seek synergistic development between CO2 emissions reduction and coal chemical engineering. A nonlinear programming (NLP) approach is proposed to optimize the deployment of China’s coal chemical industry under carbon constraints. The NLP model is pursuing the minimum CO2 emission per unit value of gross output of coal to chemicals sector (CPUVGC) with simultaneously satisfying economic growth. Twelve main categories coal chemical products and six measures or technologies of CO2 emission reduction are taken into consideration in the NLP model, based on which a short-term (2020), mid-term (2030) and long-term (2050) deployment of coal chemical industry under restriction of CO2 emissions are investigated, and sensitivity or uncertainty analysis of effects of crude oil price (COP), which have a significant impact on coal chemicals price, on CO2 emission reduction target also is performed. Three scenarios involved 100% (positive), 50% (moderate) and 25% (conservative) of the predicted target of CO2 emissions reduction from different technologies or measures of CO2 emissions reduction are analyzed in different periods. At the end, the development roadmap (2020-2030-2050) of coal chemical industry under carbon constraints is plotted and some specific suggestions and safeguard measures are also provided to guarantee implement of the planning.

Analysis of the influence of environmental factors on the economic development of the region (on the example of the Republic of Mordovia)

For a long time, the gross domestic product was the only indicator that allowed one or another state to be classified as “developed» or «developing» without taking into account the created externalities. It is now recognized that not only the amount of added value, but also the environmental factor, appears as an important element of a regional socio-economic system that makes it possible to understand how resource-saving the economy is and to form the basis for sustainable development of the territory. The importance of reflecting the environmental factor in generalizing indicators of the economic development of the territory does not raise doubts at the highest state level, as evidenced by a number of policy documents adopted by the Government of the Russian Federation. In this article, the author has attempted an alternative assessment of sustainable development in the region, taking into account the environmental factor. The subject of the study is the problems of measuring the balance of the ecological and economic development of the territory. As methods in this article, we used analysis, synthesis, deduction, and forecasting in the exponential smoothing model in the Statistica program. On the basis of a compilation of available official statistics, it was decided to use the forecast of the adjusted GRP of the Republic of Mordovia, taking into account the output of the extractive sector and investment in the region in the region. The results of the calculations carried out by the author have demonstrated that GRP, taking into account the criteria of sustainable development, will be greater than the actually predicted value of gross output in the region. In addition, the integration of the integrated environmental index in the calculation of the adjusted GRP will make it possible to reflect more in the indicator the contribution of current environmental pollution. The proposed recommendations can be used to improve the constructed forecast models and conduct inter-regional comparisons.

Новые оборудование и технология для выращивания телят

Применены новая рациональная технология выращивания молодняка крупного рогатого скота в Краснодарском крае и необходимое для ее осуществления оборудование: поилки, кормушки для животных, клетки, теневые навесы. Разработан способ выращивания телят в молочный период. Оборудование, применяемое в предлагаемой технологии, позволяет начать приучение телят к поеданию концентрированных кормов в раннем возрасте и обеспечивает санитарно-гигиенический уровень содержания и кормления, исключающий кишечные заболевания. Телята, выращиваемые по новому способу, с 6-дневного возраста получавшие комбикорм в жидком виде в смеси с молоком из сосковой поилки с держателем, потребляли его значительно больше (на 40,5 кг), чем в контроле. При уменьшении выпойки молока телята больше потребляют комбикорм с раннего возраста и в целом за 6-месячный период выращивания. Эти телята с 2- до 6-месячного возраста имели большую живую массу. Прирост живой массы телят опытной группы в 6 месяцев составил 127,3 кг, что больше контроля на 12 кг, а среднесуточный привес — 707 г, что на 67 г больше, чем в контроле. При новом способе выращивания уменьшено количество молока с 350 до 160 кг за счет дачи комбикорма-стартера. В итоге рентабельность выращивания телят возросла с 16,3 до 35 %. При равной реализационной цене живой массы стоимость валовой продукции в группе, выращенной по новой технологии, составила 4382 руб., что выше, чем в контрольной группе, на 414 рубля. Себестоимость 1 ц прироста в опытной группе составила 2244 руб./ц, что ниже, чем в контроле, на 560,5 руб./ц. Новая технология выращивания телят может быть внедрена в животноводческих хозяйствах различных форм собственности.

Оптимизация кормовых рационов молоди осетра при использовании споросодержащих пробиотиков

Установлена эффективность использования пробиотических кормовых добавок «Бацелл» и «Споротермин» при выращивании молоди осетровых рыб в условиях Краснодарского края. В опытах, проведенных в 2014 г., использована традиционная технология содержания и кормления осетровых рыб комбинированными стартовыми кормами в установках замкнутого цикла. При анализе выживаемости микроорганизмов Bacillus subtilis и Bacillus licheniformis, содержащихся в «Споротермине», при разных режимах прогревания установлено, что прогревание пробиотика до 30 мин при 100 °C во влажном виде и при 120 °C в сухом виде существенно не влияет на выживаемость микроорганизмов пробиотика. Выявлено, что конечная масса годовиков при скармливании «Бацелла» повышается на 9,1 %, «Споротермина» — на 16,7 %. Сохранность молоди повысилась на 1,0 % в опытных группах. Среднесуточные приросты массы стерляди были выше в опытных группах рыбы по сравнению с контролем на 14,6 — 26,5 %. В конце опыта затраты кормов в группе рыбы при скармливании «Бацелла» была ниже на 17,3 %, «Споротермина» — на 29,3 %. Скармливание «Бацелла» способствует повышению массы мышечной ткани рыбы на 9,9 %, «Споротермина» — на 18,2 %. Внутренние органы рыбы развивались в пределах нормы. Коэффициент упитанности рыбы был выше при применении пробиотиков на 4,7 – 7,0 % (P ≤ 0,001). При скармливании «Бацелла» стоимость комбикормов повышается на 0,1 руб. При этом стоимость валовой продукции увеличивается на 17,6 %, прибыль от условной реализации — на 48,9 %. При скармливании «Споротермина» стоимость комбикормов повышается на 0,7 руб., стоимость валовой продукции увеличивается на 29,5 %, прибыль от условной реализации — на 81,0 %.

THE ROLE OF MICROECONOMIC STUDIES IN DECISION-MAKING OF FISHERY MANAGEMENT

The need for fisheries management arises as the sur plus production from fish stocks is overtaken by the catching capacity of fishing fleets. In general, terms the goals in fisheries management can be divided into four subsets: biological; ecological; economic and so cial, where social includes political and cultural goals. Identifying such goals is important in clarifying how the fish resources are to be used to benefit society, both at the economic and policy level. Without such goals, there is no guidance on how the fishery should be operated and managed. The study was yielded some microeconomic analysis results such as value of gross output, variable and fixed costs, gross and net profit, average fishing income, non-fishing income and household income. This research aimed at computing the income level of the fishermen, fishing of the Northern part of Turkey in the Sea of Marmara and examining the costprofit relationship with regard to vessel size. 231 vessels sorted with respect to size and grouped under four classes. Stratified random sampling method was used to determine survey sample size. 156 vessels from the first group, 46 from the second, 15 from the third, and 14 from the fourth group were included into the sur vey.

RELACJE WOLUMENU PRODUKCJI DO ZASOBÓW SIŁY POCIĄGOWEJ W ROLNICTWIE POLSKIM

In 1949-2010, the draft force resources in Polish agriculture increased by 420.6%. At the same time, there was more than eightfold increase in mechanical draft force and reduction in live one by 90%. In 2010, the value of gross output in constant prices was higher than in 1949 by 113.2%, final output – by 186.7% and market output – by 370.9%. It was noted that there is a positive correlation between equipment in the draft force and the value of agricultural production. Its strength, when considering only the mechanical draft force, was higher as compared to the total draft force taken into account. The correlation is the strongest when the market output is taken as a measure of agricultural production and the weakest for the gross output. The correlation is the strongest when the market output is taken as a measure of agricultural production and the weakest for the gross output.