Delay Values Research Articles

Analisis Dampak Lalu Lintas Pasar Ngablak Kabupaten Magelang

Changes in the structure of urban space will affect movement patterns, ultimately burdening the existing road network in an area. Traffic Impact Analysis (TIA) is an analysis of the influence of land-use development on the system of traffic flow movement around the development; this is caused by the emergence of new traffic, shifting traffic, and vehicles coming in and out of or to the development land. The construction of Pasar Ngablak can have a new traffic impact and increase the traffic load around the market, disrupting traffic links that can reduce the level of road services. This study aims to analyze the impact of market development activities that are useful to minimize traffic impact and provide appropriate recommendations. The research method used was the approach of the 1997 Indonesian Road Capacity Manual (MKJI, 1997), with the results of the delay value and degree of saturation. The results of the delay value and degree of saturation are used to see the existing conditions and during operation. However, predictions for the next 5 (five) years after development need to be watched out for and given appropriate recommendations because there is an increase in traffic movement around the market

Assessment of Cyber-Physical Inverter-Based Microgrid Control Performance under Communication Delay and Cyber-Attacks

The integration of communication infrastructures into traditional power systems, transforming them into cyber-physical power systems (CPPS), accentuates the significance of communication in influencing system performance and sustainability. This paper presents a versatile, innovative cyber-physical co-simulation framework that integrates the physical power system and communication networks, uniting OPAL-RT, a network simulator (ns3), and Docker containers into a sophisticated platform, facilitating intensive studies into CPPS dynamics. The proposed experimental study provides an innovative way to assess the frequency control response of a cyber-physical inverter-based microgrid (MG), addressing the MG sustainability challenges. We consider diverse real-world scenarios, focusing on communication delays and distributed denial of service (DDoS) attacks within the communication channels. We propose a precise ns3-based communication model that bridges the MG’s primary and secondary control layers, an aspect often overlooked in previous studies; this is a noteworthy contribution to elucidating the adverse impacts of communication latency on MG frequency performance. The experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the centralized secondary controller in eliminating the frequency deviations. Furthermore, the findings offer insights into stable and unstable regions, revealing how the communication delay value affects the frequency stability under different operating conditions. In addition, the developed real-time DDoS attacks model within the proposed communication surface unveils crucial insights into the MG’s resilience to cyber threats. This work’s revelations offer a foundational awareness of MG vulnerabilities, paving the way for designing robust and resilient communication networks and control strategies within the cyber-physical inverter-based microgrids.

A practical method for assessing sustainable traffic levels of roundabouts in urban areas using the macroscopic fundamental diagram

In traffic engineering, queue lengths, waiting times, and delay values are denoted as measures of effectiveness (MOEs). In the case of roundabouts, MOEs are generally calculated starting from the gap-acceptance theory in which the driver behaviour needs to be properly modelled. This research presents an unconventional technique, based on Macroscopic Fundamental Diagrams (MFDs), to describe sustainable traffic levels and (MOEs) of roundabouts, in terms of capacity, speed, density and delay. The deduction of MFDs is based on relatively simplified theoretical hypotheses, but the outcomes could be of interest in several practical applications. MFDs are estimated in the cases of single and double-lane roundabouts, modelled by microscopic simulations starting from a real-world case study in Italy. MFDs are obtained for a wider sample size of origin-destination traffic matrices taking into consideration time intervals of 5 min and 1 h. The results of this research demonstrate that the traffic distribution between arms can influence the shape of a roundabout-MFD. However, the proposed procedure allows us to evaluate the performance of a roundabout as a whole, taking into account numerous MOEs including the total capacity, the critical density and the Level of Service (LOS). Therefore, the use of MFDs could represent a complementary procedure for evaluating the performance of roundabouts.

EVALUASI KINERJA LALU LINTAS PEMBANGUNAN UNDERPASS CIBITUNG KABUPATEN BEKASI DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN APLIKASI VISSIM (Kawasan Pasar Induk dan Stasiun Cibitung Kabupaten Bekasi)

Bekasi District is one of the areas of the national economy that has a significant influence on the industrial sector. A large number of generation and attraction areas occur in the Main Market and Cibitung Station areas. The main market is a generation and pull area for people from inside or outside Bekasi Regency, while the Cibitung Station area is a new zone that is the generation and pull area for Jabodetabek commuter trips. One of the improvement activities in Bekasi Regency is the construction of the Cibitung Underpass. This underpass is located on Jalan Bosih Raya as a solution to traffic congestion in the Cibitung Station area. The existence of this underpass should provide a solution to congestion in the Pasar Induk and Cibitung Station areas, but if seen at this time the traffic conditions in the Cibitung Main Market Area are still experiencing congestion. The method used in this research is to create a validated traffic network model with the help of Vissim software. The model is then used to determine the performance of traffic sections and intersections both in terms of current conditions and in terms of the handling process. the optimization of the intersections were calculated using the MKJI model. Traffic performance of road sections and intersections will be obtained from alternative treatments. The expected research result is to get the best alternative that is able to reduce the value of queues and delays in the study area.

5G network model development in AnyLogic environment

Problem statement. The development of mobile communication networks does not stop for a minute, new standards and various new technologies are emerging. The opportunities provided by mobile technologies have long gone beyond voice services. The sharp growth of Internet traffic in networks around the world is explained by the widespread use of devices connected to mobile networks. With the development of mobile networks, new and diverse requirements are being imposed on them. Technology development is aimed at increasing productivity and expanding opportunities. Therefore, it becomes necessary to study the influence of the characteristics of additional parameters (delays, station loads) on the quality of data packet processing in order to optimize the operation of 5G networks and ensure more efficient use of resources. Many scientists who conducted research on 5G networks using modeling did not take into account various variants of queue processing algorithms, did not consider how the values of data transmission delays and the number of lost packets would change with an increase or decrease in the number of base stations, models consisting of several base stations were not considered. Based on this, we will conclude that it is advisable to develop a 5G network model, with the help of which various studies can be carried out, which will take into account the above parameters. The goal is to investigate the resource model of data transmission in 5G networks, to analyze the operation of the 5G network model in the AnyLogic environment. Results. During the study of traffic maintenance in the 5G network, the optimal system parameters were determined, allowing the most efficient use of network resources. It turned out that the use of methods of dynamic resource allocation and automatic change of base station parameters reduces the load on the network and increases its performance. The developed model allows us to assess the reliability of the system and its ability to process user requests, because the probability of losing an application or non-fulfillment of an application is high, this can lead to user dissatisfaction and a decrease in the quality of service. Practical significance. The developed model can be used in practice to study and evaluate the parameters of the 5G network, as well as to analyze various characteristics that affect the quality of the network in order to improve it. This can help telecom operators optimize their networks and ensure more efficient use of resources.

Fairy circles and temporal periodic patterns in the delayed plant-sulfide feedback model.

Incorporating the self-regulatory mechanism with time delay to a plant-sulfide feedback system for intertidal salt marshes, we proposed and studied a functional reaction-diffusion model. We analyzed the stability of the positive steady state of the system, and derived the sufficient conditions for the occurrence of Hopf bifurcations. By deriving the normal form on the center manifold, we obtained the formulas determining the properties of the Hopf bifurcations. Our analysis showed that there is a critical value of time delay. When the time delay is greater than the critical value, the system will show asymptotical temporal periodic patterns while the system will display asymptotical spatial homogeneous patterns when the time delay is smaller than the critical value. Our numerical study showed that there are transient fairy circles for any time delay while there are different types of fairy circles and rings in the system. Our results enhance the concept that transient fairy circle patterns in intertidal salt marshes can infer the underlying ecological mechanisms and provide a measure of ecological resilience when the self-regulatory mechanism with time delay is considered.

Observer Design for a Class of Uncertain Nonlinear Systems With Sampled-Delayed Output Using High-Gain Observer and Low-Pass Filter: Application for a Quadrotor UAV

In this paper, a novel structure of a Filtered High-Gain Observer (FHGO) is proposed for a class of nonlinear systems subject to sampled and delayed measurements, bounded disturbances and noise measurements effects. Using an LMI design approach, the novel structure of the continuous-discrete FHGO allows a larger bound of the Maximum Allowable Value of Time Delay (MAVTD). To prove the effectiveness of the proposed observer, a comparison with Kalman-like observer and standard high gain observer is provided and the corresponding experimental results are presented for a quadrotor UAV.

Determining factors of presentation and diagnosis delays in patients with colorectal cancer and the impact on stage: a cross sectional study in Yogyakarta, Indonesia.

Early colorectal cancer (CRC) symptom recognition and prompt diagnosis are crucial for the identification of cases in the earliest stage and for improving survival. This study investigates the incidence of presentation and diagnosis delays, their contributing determinants and their impact on the cancer stage at diagnosis. This cross-sectional study recruited 227 CRC patients between November 2022 and October 2023. We developed a semi-structured questionnaire to collect information on the factors related to delays in the presentation and diagnosis. Presentation delay was defined as the time between the initial symptoms and the first consultation exceeding 1 month, while diagnosis delay was defined as the time between presentation and the pathological diagnosis confirmation exceeding 4 months. We examined the impact of these delays on the status of the metastatic disease and identified the determinants of the presentation and diagnosis delays. The median values for presentation and diagnosis delay are 1 and 4 months, respectively. Patients aged ≥60 years were less likely to experience diagnosis delays odds ratio (OR = 0.52, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.28-0.95, p = 0.035), as opposed to those who were younger. The absence of red flag symptoms at presentation (OR = 2.73, 95% CI 1.47-5.10, p = 0.002), the utilisation of complementary and alternative medicine (OR = 2.01, 95% CI 1.12-3.61, p = 0.019) and ≥3 distinct healthcare facility visits before diagnosis (OR = 3.51, 95% CI 1.95-6.29, p < 0.001) were associated with an increased risk of diagnosis delays. Diagnosis delays were also correlated with a higher risk of metastatic disease at diagnosis (OR = 2.04, 95% CI 1.17-3.53, p = 0.011). Our CRC patients experience considerable delays in their presentation and diagnosis. Diagnosis delays were observed to increase the likelihood of presenting with metastatic disease. Given the determinants and the patients' perspectives revealed in this study, future research to explore evidence-based approaches to reducing these delays is warranted.

Analytical model for dispersion measurement in integrated waveguides using michelson interferometry effects

We present an analytical model for measuring the dispersion of integrated waveguides, leveraging the Michelson interferometry effects observed in devices with chirped Bragg gratings. Building on our previous experimental work, we derived a theoretical framework that simulates the group delay and subsequent dispersion values from the reflected spectrum of a device under test (DUT) which is a linearly chirped Bragg grating fabricated on a silicon-on-insulator (SOI) platform. This model incorporates the principles of interference fringes generated by reflections within the waveguide, enabling a precise calculation of group delay (τ) in the DUT as a function of frequency. Our model predicts the dispersion by determining the spacing between the peaks (Δf) from the local period of the interferometric fringes, with τ being inversely proportional to Δf. Simulations were conducted on a DUT that is designed to produce a dispersion of -45.9 ps2. The model yielded a dispersion of -45.6 ± 0.67 ps2, demonstrating close alignment with both the theoretical design and our experimental results, which recorded a dispersion of -45.5 ± 11.2 ps2 from 7 different DUTs that were measured.

A Cooperative Silicon Content Dynamic Prediction Method With Variable Time Delay Estimation in the Blast Furnace Ironmaking Process

Online assessment of the molten iron quality of a blast furnace ironmaking process strongly depends on reliable measurement of silicon content (Si). This article proposes a novel cooperative strategy to train the data-driven prediction model and estimate variable time delay (VTD) values. First, a dynamic deep network that stacks denoising autoencoders (D-SDAE) with the ability to describe process nonlinearity and time-varying is designed for Si estimation. Then, time delay between the process variables and Si, which may disrupt the data distribution pattern (i.e., the real input-output relationship), is recovered in the modeling process. It is an overlooked data feature that occurs due to material transportation times, installation location and the analysis period of sampling equipment. The VTD values are considered to be the parameters of the D-SDAE model and obtained in the training process by the proposed double-scale collaborative search particle swarm optimization algorithm. The effectiveness of the proposed VTD-based D-SDAE model is validated in a numerical simulation and an industrial ironmaking plant, and a marked improvement in the prediction performance is achieved when VTD information is considered.

Time Delay Effect in Suppressing Drill-String Stick-Slip Vibration

The role of time delay in the control processes aimed at mitigating stick-slip vibration in drill-strings, is of paramount importance. Its influence on the controlled system's settling time cannot be understated; indeed, it can lead to significant consequences such as controller instability. In this study, a numerical analysis was conducted, initially a sliding mode control was employed to suppress stick-slip vibration in drill-string. Then we explore a spectrum of time delay values alongside varying reference angular velocities. The results of this investigation suggest a critical finding: the controller's susceptibility to limit cycles is notably heightened in the presence of time delay and its experiences a decline when faced with fluctuating reference angular velocities. Despite this degradation, it is noteworthy that the system does not always reach a state of complete instability. These insights are invaluable, offering essential considerations for the development of robust control strategies. Addressing the challenges posed by time delay-induced issues in suppressing stick-slip vibration during drilling operations requires a nuanced approach, taking into account the intricacies highlighted in this study.

A 40-nm 169mW Ultrasound Imaging Processor Supporting Advanced Modes for Hand-Held Devices.

Hand-held ultrasound devices have been widely used in the field of healthcare and power-efficient, real-time imaging is essential. This work presents the world's first ultrasound imaging processor supporting advanced modes, including vector flow imaging and elastography imaging. Plane-wave beamforming is utilized to ensure that the pulse repetition frequency (PRF) is sufficiently high for the advanced mode. The storage size and power consumption are minimized through algorithm-architecture co-optimization. The proposed plane-wave beamforming reduces the storage size of the required delay values by 43.7%. By exchanging the processing order, the storage size is reduced by 78.1% for elastography imaging. Parallel beamforming and interleaved firing are employed to achieve real-time imaging for all the supported modes. Fabricated in 40-nm CMOS technology, the proposed processor integrates 4.7M logic gates in core area of 3.24mm2. This work achieves a 20.3× higher beamforming rate with 5.3-to-29.1× lower power consumption than the state-of- the-art design. It also has 60% lower hardware complexity (in terms of gate count), in addition to the capability for supporting the advanced mode.

Nutritional Calculating Application for Diabetes Mellitus Patients Based on Body Mass Index Using Fuzzy Logic

The number of patients with type II diabetes mellitus with its complications tends to increase from year to year as a result of uncontrolled diabetes. WHO and the Indonesian Endocrinology Association (PERKENI) predict that there will be a significant increase in the number of people with diabetes in the coming years and is predicted to continue to increase. DM in Indonesia from 8.4 million in 2000 to 21.3 million in 2030. Calculation of body mass index manually can certainly cause problems such as taking so long and being less efficient. One effort to prevent this problem is by designing an application that can calculate body mass index using the system. This application was built and designed with the aim of knowing the nutritional value status of diabetes mellitus patients based on body mass index. In determining the patient's nutritional value, a method is needed, one method that can draw conclusions to calculate nutritional value status with fuzzy logic based on body mass index variables which include age, height, weight, and activity. It can be concluded that the Application for Calculating Nutritional Needs for Patients with Diabetes Mellitus can display results based on Body Mass Index, with a total sample of 7 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. The application has also been tested for Quality of Service with a packet loss test result of 0.14% which is included in the very good category, and the delay value of 120.005 ms according to the standard is very good.

Impact of pedestrian flows on traffic delays before roundabouts

The paper examines a roundabout located in a residential district of Lviv city. The area has many attraction points, so traffic and pedestrian flow volumes are large. All approaches to the roundabout have unsignalized pedestrian crosswalks, three of which lack safety islands. Field studies were conducted on peak and off-peak periods, collecting primary indicators of traffic and pedestrian flows. Traffic flow delays were determined on the approaches to the roundabout under existing traffic conditions with the help of the PTV VISSIM software. Three options were proposed for arranging pedestrian crosswalks on approaches to the roundabout. The first option was an arrangement of safety islands on all pedestrian crosswalks. The second option was an arrangement of underground pedestrian crosswalks. The third option was the implementation of adapting traffic light control with a call button for pedestrians. Traffic simulation was carried out for all three proposed options with the finding of the delay per vehicle and the values of the average and maximum length of the queue of vehicles on the approaches to the roundabout. All three options showed better results of traffic delay than existing conditions. However, there were delays caused by the traffic flow itself. These delays are seen in the results of the simulation of option two. Traffic delays are the smallest at this option. Option one showed the highest values of traffic delays in comparison with the other two options. The advantages and disadvantages of each option for arranging pedestrian crosswalks are determined. Recommendations are given regarding the feasibility of locating various types of pedestrian crosswalks on the approaches to the roundabout. Given the research results, the best option from the view of traffic and pedestrian flows, their delays and safety is the third one.

Time-delayed Duffing oscillator in an active bath.

During recent decades active particles have attracted an incipient attention as they have been observed in a broad class of scenarios, ranging from bacterial suspension in living systems to artificial swimmers in nonequilibirum systems. The main feature of these particles is that they are able to gain kinetic energy from the environment, which is widely modeled by a stochastic process due to both (Gaussian) white and Ornstein-Uhlenbeck noises. In the present work, we study the nonlinear dynamics of the forced, time-delayed Duffing oscillator subject to these noises, paying special attention to their impact upon the maximum oscillations amplitude and characteristic frequency of the steady state for different values of the time delay and the driving force. Overall, our results indicate that the role of the time delay is substantially modified with respect to the situation without noise. For instance, we show that the oscillations amplitude grows with increasing noise strength when the time delay acts as a damping term in absence of noise, whereas the trajectories eventually become aperiodic when the oscillations are sustained by the time delay. In short, the interplay among the noises, forcing, and time delay gives rise to a rich dynamics: a regular and periodic motion is destroyed or restored owing to the competition between the noise and the driving force depending on time delay values, whereas an erratic motion insensitive to the driving force emerges when the time delay makes the motion aperiodic. Interestingly, we also show that, for a sufficient noise strength and forcing amplitude, an approximately periodic interwell motion is promoted by means of stochastic resonance.

Assessment of the Long-Range NMR C,H Coupling of a Series of Carbazolequinone Derivatives.

Synthesis, the complete 1H- and 13C-NMR assignments, and the long-range C,H coupling constants (nJC,H) of some hydrogen-deficient carbazolequinones, assessed by a J-HMBC experiment, are reported. In these molecules, the protons, used as entry points for assignments, are separated by several bonds with non-protonated atom carbons. Therefore, the use of long-range NMR experiments for the assignment of the spectra is mandatory; we used HSQC and HMBC. On the other hand, the measured heteronuclear (C,H) coupling constants 2J to 5J) allow us to choose the value of the long-range delay used in the HMBC experiment less arbitrarily in order to visualize a desired correlation in the spectrum. The chemical shifts and the coupling constant values can be used as input for assignments in related chemical structures.

Performance Analysis of Signalized Intersections on Jalan Trunojoyo - Jalan Teja Pamekasan Using The 2014 PKJI Method

Pamekasan is one of the districts currently developing on Madura Island. This is characterized by a strategic location and also being the center of the crowd. The aim of this research is to determine the performance of signalized intersections on Jalan Trunojoyo - Jalan Teja Pamekasan as well as alternatives for dealing with problems at these intersections using the PKJI 2014 method. This method is used to determine the performance of signalized intersections, namely capacity, queue length, delays and degree of saturation. From the results of the analysis and calculation of the capacity value on Jalan Trunojoyo it is 1789.18 cur/hour while on Jalan Teja it is 227.31 cur/hour, from the results of the analysis and calculation the value of the queue length on Jalan Trunojoyo is 4.9m while on Jalan Teja it is 3.4m. The results of the analysis and calculation of the delay value on Jalan Trunojoyo are 2.72 seconds/cur while on Jalan Teja it is 24.2 seconds/cur, from the results of the analysis and calculation of the value of the degree of saturation on Jalan Trunojoyo it is 0.36 while on Jalan Teja it is 0.36. The alternative is to change the two phases of the road from the south of Trunojoyo and from the west of Teja during peak hours so as to reduce congestion and delays that occur on the road.

Dual dynamically tunable terahertz graphene-based plasmonic induced transparency and slow light effects

A novel single-layer graphene-based structure is designed in this article. This structure consists of two graphene strips and two graphene blocks. The components of this structure generate two bright modes and one dark mode in the terahertz region, and these three modes undergo destructive interference, leading to the phenomenon of double plasmonic induced transparency. The graphene of this structure has continuity, and the Fermi level can be adjusted by adjusting the bias voltage applied to the structure. Compared with those discontinuous structures, it is easier to achieve tuning function. The structure uses the finite-difference time-domain for data simulation, uses the coupled mode theory for theoretic calculation, and compares the transmission spectra obtained by the two methods. Through observation, it can be found that the frequency positions of the peaks and dips of the simulated transmission spectrum increase with the increase of the Fermi level, showing a perfect linear relationship, which indicates that this structure has great prospects in the modulator. In addition, the structure has achieved good results in the slow light effect, and after measurement, the peak values of group index and group delay can reach up to 380 and 0.241 ps, respectively. By utilizing these advantages, this structure can provide more possibilities for the development and research of slow light fields.

Experimental study on acoustic signal characteristic analysis and time delay estimation of pipeline leakage in boilers

Acoustic signal detection technology has significant advantages in detecting the leakage and bursting of heat exchange pipes in boilers. To address the current lack of sound signal data for steam medium leakages and the problem of large errors in the complex sound field environment of power plants, we performed an innovative experimental comparative analysis of leakage acoustic signals under a dual medium of compressed air and steam to provide a reference for detecting leakage acoustic signals. During the experiment, the time and frequency domains were analyzed by changing the pressure of the leakage pipeline and aperture of the leakage hole, and the spectrogram and power spectrum of the leakage acoustic signal were obtained using fast Fourier transform and autocorrelation analysis. The results showed that the signal value of the leakage medium increased with increasing pipeline pressure and leakage aperture and that the energy of the steam leakage acoustic signal was greater than that of compressed air under the same pressure and aperture because of its larger specific heat capacity. In addition, the complete empirical mode decomposition of adaptive noise (CEEMDAN) algorithm was introduced into the denoising decomposition of the leakage sound signal in the furnace, and the average error of the time delay value of the leakage acoustic signal calculated using the CEEMDAN algorithm was observed to be within 5%.

THE METHOD OF ADJUSTING THE MULTI-FREQUENCY PROBING RADAR SIGNAL PARAMETERS AND THE TROPOSPHERIC RADIO WAVEGUIDE CHARACTERISTICS

Peculiarities of air circulation in the coastal zone of large reservoirs (large lakes or inland seas such as the Black and Azov Seas) can lead to a significant departure from the standard spatial distribution of meteorological and, accordingly, radiophysical characteristics of air.&#x0D; As a result, it is possible for regions of space with an abnormally low attenuation level of radio waves of certain frequency ranges to appear – tropospheric radio waveguides (TWG). The appearance of TWG leads to multi-beam propagation of radio waves and fluctuations of radar signals. Fluctuations of the radar signal lead to a decrease in the range of detection of aerial objects by radars. For single-frequency radar signals, it is only possible to estimate the degree of distortion and the amount of radar detection range loss. A paradoxical situation arises when, due to TWG, it is possible to increase the range of detection of aerial objects, but due to the distortion of the radar signal in TWG, the detection performance decreases. For multi-frequency signals, it is potentially possible to adjust the parameters of the radar signal with the parameters of the radar channel (in this case, the tropospheric radio waveguide).&#x0D; The adjustable parameters of a multifrequency signal include: the number of frequency components; bandwidth of the frequency component; average frequency of the frequency component; signal duration; period.&#x0D; The characteristics of TWG, on which the parameters of the multifrequency signal depend, include: the lower transmission frequency of TWG; the upper transmission frequency of TWG; the delay time of the rays in the TWG.&#x0D; The bandwidth and beam delay values can be obtained directly by emitting and receiving a test multi- frequency pilot signal, but this method requires the presence of a reference reflector in space, which is difficult to implement in practice.&#x0D; The electrophysical characteristics of the tropospheric waveguide can be determined from the data of meteorological observations. The method developed in the article allows, based on the known characteristics of the tropospheric waveguide, to determine and adjust the parameters of a multi-frequency signal, which reduces the fluctuations of the sounding signal and increases the aerial objects detection rang.