Values Of Alkaline Phosphatase Activity Research Articles

Tibia Growth and Development in Broiler Chicks Reared under Continuous Light and Melatonin Dietary Supplementation During the First Two Weeks of Life

Abstract The first few weeks after broilers hatch are the period of most intense bone growth and development, and the time when they are most susceptible to the influence of various external and internal factors. Research in the recent decades has focused on the involvement of melatonin in bone development during early life in chickens. Melatonin release from the pineal gland has a circadian rhythm, with the highest levels circulating during the night and decreasing during the light phase of the day. Various types of lighting are used in intensive broiler production. In this study, the effects of melatonin on the tibial structure and growth of broilers were investigated. During the first two weeks of life, two groups of chickens were kept under continuous light and fed the same diet, with the experimental group receiving melatonin in the amount of 0.03 g/kg of feed. The results obtained showed that the addition of melatonin in the diet had positive effects on the development and growth of the tibia, which was expressed in a significantly greater thickness of the diaphysis and cortical bone of the diaphysis, higher breaking force and higher values of alkaline phosphatase activity. The cortical bone mineral density of the tibia did not differ significantly between the groups of chicken.

Alterations of Serum Calcium, Phosphorus and AlkalinePhosphatase in Postmenopausal Women

In the present study 3 biochemical parameters ( Calciun1i Phosphorus and Alkaline phosphatase) has been measured in blood of 111 apparently healthy volunteers women, including 41 apparently healthy premenopausal women aged between ( 21- 42 ) years as a .control group and 70 apparently healthy postmenopausal women ( tbe menopause occur normally ) aged between ( 50- 69 ) years which divided into two age groups. From the results it is found that there were a significant difference of serum calcium, phosphorus and alkaline phosphatase between postmenopausal women group and control group also the current study showed that lhe serum calcium and phosphorus declines with age with in postmenopausal women group. while the mean value of alkaline phosphatase activity showed a significant increase with increasing age in postrnenopausal women group.

Вплив паління на біохімічні показники ротової рідини в осіб підліткового та юнацького віку

Purpose - is to study the effect of smoking on the biochemical indicators of oral fluid in teenagers and young adults. Materials and methods. The study of biochemical indicators of oral fluid was carried out of 114 teenagers and young adults from 15 to 24 years’ old who were divided into groups: the Group I included 26 people who regularly smoke traditional cigarettes; the Group II - 22 people who regularly smoke electronic cigarettes (Vapes); the Group III - 23 people who regularly smoke devices for heating tobacco (IQOS); the Group IV - 43 people without the harmful habit of smoking. Biochemical indicators were studied: the activity of alkaline and acid phosphatase, the content of inorganic phosphorus and calcium. Results. The average values of alkaline phosphatase activity in the examined subjects of the I group were 1.5 times lower compared to persons of teenagers and young adults who do not smoke (IV group), (p<0.05). Alkaline phosphatase activity was also 1.2 times lower in people who smoke alternative types of cigarettes compared to non-smokers (p<0.05). At the same time, an increased activity of acid phosphatase was found, the indicators of which also depended on the type of smoking. Thus, the activity of acid phosphatase was 3.6 times higher in the examined subjects of the I group compared to persons of teenagers and young adults who do not smoke (IV group), (p<0.05). In people who smoke alternative types of cigarettes, the activity of acid phosphatase was 2.2 times higher compared to people who do not smoke (p<0.05). In the oral fluid of teenagers and young adults who have a bad habit, an increased content of calcium and a reduced content of inorganic phosphorus were found compared to those examined in the IV group. Conclusions. The obtained data indicate a violation of the normal functional activity of the organs of the oral cavity under the influence of a bad habit. Changes in the biochemical parameters of the oral fluid occur in adolescents and young adults who smoke. Oral fluid parameters may be an early prognostic test for assessing oral health in teenagers and young adults who smoke. The research was carried out in accordance with the principles of the Helsinki Declaration. The study protocol was approved by the Local Ethics Committee of the participating institution. The informed consent of the patient was obtained for conducting the studies. No conflict of interests was declared by the authors.

Diagnosis of asymptomatic bone metastases from breast cancer.

e13042 Background: The purpose of this study was to analyze the prognostic value of blood levels of fibrinogen (F) in bone metastases from breast cancer (BC). Methods: The study included 160 patients with nodular BC pT2-3N0-1M0-1, including 48 patients in a prospective group (PG) and 112 patients in a retrospective group (RG). All patients underwent initial clinical and laboratory examinations, including determination of alkaline phosphatase (AP) activity (Cobas Integra 4000 plus, Switzerland) and parameters of coagulation hemostasis (STA Compact, France). Bone scintigraphy was performed for complaints of bone pain and/or in cases of elevated AP activity, regardless of SXCT data. Results were considered statistically significant at p < 0.05. Results: Patients in PG were divided into two subgroups depending on F levels: in 31 (64.6%) patients F = 3.67±0.5 g/L, insignificantly exceeding the norm (2.8±0.3 g/L); in 17 (35.4%) patients F = 6.9±0.3 g/L, being 1.9 and 2.5 times (p < 0.05) higher than in subgroup 1 and the norm, respectively. AP activity exceeded the norm by 26% and 40%, respectively (p < 0.1). Bone metastases were detected before treatment in 24 (21.4%) women of RG with pain syndrome; all these patients showed increased blood levels of F, on average up to 7.86±0.8 g/L, similarly to patients in subgroup 2 of PG. F levels in other 88 (78.6%) patients in RG were 3.4±0.6 g/L. The nature and severity of AP changes in RG patients and in both PG subgroups were similar. Initially elevated F levels in 17 PG patients remained unchanged after antitumor treatment (6.2±0.6 g/L). AP activity values were stable after treatment being only 36% and 28% (p < 0.1) higher than the norm, respectively. None of the patients with high F levels complained about bone pain. Unscheduled bone scintigraphy was appointed to 17 patients of PG without clinical symptoms or x-ray (SXCT) signs of pathology but with initially high F which did not decline after treatment. Bone scintigraphy showed metastases to the spine and pelvic bones in 12 of 17 (70.5%) patients 1 month after treatment, subsequently confirmed by MRI results. Conclusions: Initial levels of F within 6.9±0.6 g/L which do not decline after the special treatment allow predicting unfavorable BC course and the presence of metastases to the spine and/or pelvic bones without clinical signs of progression. The proposed method allows diagnosis of advanced tumor process in the absence of clinical signs of the disease with an accuracy of 87.8%, and allows timely corrections to the treatment plan.

Effects of noni on cellular viability and osteogenic differentiation of gingiva‑derived stem cells demonstrated by RNA sequencing and quantitative PCR

Noni fruit (Morinda citrifolia) has been widely used in traditional medicine across tropical and subtropical regions, and is now being paid more attention in Western medicine. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of noni extract on the change in the cellular morphology, maintenance of cellular viability and enhancement of osteogenic differentiation of stem cells. Stem cells obtained from gingiva were cultured where noni extracts existed at concentrations ranging from 10-200 ng/ml. Evaluations of cell morphology and cellular viability were performed. Alkaline phosphatase activity assays were performed to assess the osteogenic differentiation. Alizarin Red S staining was performed to evaluate the calcium deposits in the culture, with the addition of noni extract. Global gene expression was analyzed via next-generation mRNA sequencing. Gene ontology and pathway analyses were performed to determine the associated mechanisms. Validation procedures were performed via quantitative (q)PCR analysis. The addition of noni at concentrations ranging from 10-200 ng/ml did not produce significant morphological changes. There were significantly higher values of cellular viability, with the highest value at 100 ng/ml compared with the control (P<0.05). Furthermore, significantly higher values of alkaline phosphatase activity was noted in the 10 and 100 ng/ml groups compared with the 0 ng/ml group on day 7 (P<0.05). Alizarin Red S staining revealed calcium deposits in each group. In addition, the highest value for Alizarin Red S staining was observed at 100 ng/ml compared with the unloaded control (P<0.05). qPCR analysis demonstrated that the mRNA expression levels of RUNX2, BSP, OCN and COL1A1 increased following treatment with noni. Taken together, the results of the present study suggest that noni extract has enhancing effects on gingiva-derived mesenchymal stem cells, by enhancing cellular viability and osteogenic differentiation.

Dietary nucleotides enhanced growth performance, carcass composition, blood biochemical, and histology features of European sea bass, Dicentrarchus labrax L

Nucleotides (NT), as a modern feed additive, are effective in many vital functions of cultured aquatic organisms. An experiment was performed to evaluate the effects of dietary nucleotides on the growth performance, carcass composition, liver enzymatic profile, liver, intestine, and spleen histology in European sea bass, Dicentrarchus labrax (initial weight 29.56 ± 0.083 g/fish). Four isonitrogenous (46 % crude protein) and isolipidic (16 % crude lipid) experimental diets were supplemented with different levels of nucleotides, representing N0, N500, N1000, and N1500 treatments, respectively. Each diet was fed to three net enclosures (experimental net cage: 1 × 1 × 1 m) with 0.5 m3 water volume, and each net enclosure contained eight fish. The fish were fed to satiation for 56 days. The results showed significant (P < 0.05) differences in growth performance and feed utilization indices in favor of N500 among all the treatments (P < 0.05). Seabass fed N0 and N1500 had the significantly lowest results. No significant (P < 0.05) differences in survival were detected. Fish fed diets supplemented with nucleotides exhibited significantly lower values of alkaline phosphatase activity (ALP), aspartate aminotransferase activity (AST), alanine aminotransferase activity (ALT), and bilirubin (BIL) compared with the control. The intestine, liver, and spleen histology showed the best development in N500 fed group fish compared with the other treatment, mainly N0 and N1500. In conclusion, the present experiment showed that 500 mg/kg of dietary nucleotides is the optimum level for the best growth performance, health condition, and digestive organs development of D. labrax.

Comparison of blood biochemical parameters of stallions of different age groups

The analysis of biochemical parameters of blood serum of stallions of different age groups (n = 86) is carried out. It was found that with age there is an increase in the concentration of total protein, fibrinogen, direct and indirect bilirubin, while the group of young stallions aged 3-5 years is characterized by a higher value of alkaline phosphatase activity compared to the group of 6-10 years (p = 0.002) and a lower value calcium concentration compared with the group of stallions aged 16-22 years (p = 0.012).

Formaldehyde preservation for deferred measurements of alkaline phosphatase activities in marine samples

Alkaline phosphatases are the main enzymes required by microorganisms to hydrolyse organic phosphorus into available phosphate in aquatic environments. The investigations of alkaline phosphatase activity (APA) usually generate numerous samples (size fractionation, Michaelis-Menten kinetics). Therefore, convenient and reliable preservation of incubated samples for a deferred analysis would be very useful when measurements cannot be performed right away. The APA of marine pond waters was measured using 4-Methylumbelliferyl phosphate (MUF-P) as the fluorogenic substrate modelling natural organic phosphorus compounds. Where typical inhibitors of other enzymatic activities, such as 1% sodium dodecyl sulfate, mercuric chloride, or buffered solutions of ammonium and glycine, failed to stop APA, the addition of formaldehyde efficiently inhibited APA. The effect of formaldehyde was the strongest with the highest concentration tested (4% final concentration) and in buffered (pH 8) solutions. Since a slow and gradual increase in APA may persist with time, the combination of the addition of 4% buffered formaldehyde with immediate freezing is the best method to entirely inhibit APA. The maximal rate of hydrolysis (Vmax) and the Michaelis constant (Km) of formaldehyde (4%)-inhibited samples did not significantly change during storage at -20 °C for 11 days. The method was successfully tested on samples with extremely high values of APA (15000–40000 nM h−1) that were preserved for 1 month at -20 °C (98% inhibition). This method is a reliable and useful means of preserving incubated samples, and it provides convenient controls for background fluorescence of water and substrate, without provoking abiotic hydrolysis of the substrate.

Bone morphogenetic protein 2-enhanced osteogenic differentiation of stem cell spheres by regulation of Runx2 expression.

Bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2) is a growth factor that is used to induce osteogenic differentiation in stem cells. The present study assessed the effects of BMP-2 on stem cell spheroid morphology, viability and osteogenic differentiation. Stem cell spheres were constructed and treated with BMP-2 at predetermined concentrations (0-100 ng/ml) using concave microwells. Cell viability was qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed via microscopy and a water-soluble tetrazolium salt assay kit, respectively. Alkaline phosphatase activity was assessed and an anthraquinone dye for calcium deposit evaluation was performed to determine osteogenic differentiation. The expressions of (runt-related transcription factor 2) and collagen 1 were also determined via quantitative PCR. Spherical shapes were formed using concave microwells on day 1, which were maintained up to day 21. On day 1, the relative cell viability of 0, 10 and 100 ng/ml BMP-2 treated cells was 100.0±1.9, 97.3±4.4 and 101.3±2.6%, respectively. Significantly higher values for alkaline phosphatase activity were determined in the 100 ng/ml treated group when compared with the control group. Additionally, Runx2 mRNA levels were significantly higher in the 100 ng/ml BMP-2 group compared with the control group, as determined via quantitative PCR. The results of the present study indicated that BMP-2 enhanced the differentiation of stem cell spheres, which was demonstrated by increased alkaline phosphatase activity and Runx2 expression.

COMPARATIVE STUDY OF HEPATOPROTECTIVE ACTIVITY OF POLYPRENOLS FROM VITIS VINIFERA (VITAPRENOL) AND CARSIL IN EXPERIENCES ON RATS WITH HEPATITIS, CAUSED BY FOUR-CHLORIDE CARBON

The work reveals isolating method of polyprenols from leaves of Vitis vinifera subsp. Silvestris. The received substance under the conditional name of vitaprenol was studied as a hepatoprotective agent in rats with acute toxic hepatitis, caused by carbon tetrachloride. It was shown, that the studied polyprenols, in a more pronounced degree, than the noted hepatoprotective agent –carlsil, restore sharply reduced under hepatitis the total content of protein in the blood serum. Significantlythey reducethe manifestations of hepatocyte cytolysis syndrome and cholestasis. Under their influence, a rapid restoration of carbohydrate metabolism in the liver is observed, sharply increasing processes of lipid peroxidation in hepatitis are inhibited, and the activity of enzymes of the antioxidant defense of organism – catalyses and superoxide dismutase are normalized. The obtained data in the experiments showed that under the conditions of administration to rats, along with carbon tetrachloride, vitaprenol already in the first days, it significantly prevents the hepatotoxic effect of the selected toxicant. From Table 1, it is seen that in the control, the total protein content of the rats in the blood decreased in relation to the corresponding indicator of intact animals to 19.5%, immediately after the end of seeding with their carbon tetrachloride. In rats which received Vitaprenol three times, the protein content decreased to only 6.9%. Less pronounced than in the control, it was in animals, treated with vitaprenol and hepatocyte cytolysis syndrome, as indicated by lower activity values of the enzymes alanine and aspartate aminotransferase. Lower values of alkaline phosphatase activity (compared with the control is 22.8% less) also indicated less pronounced cholestasis in this case

Evaluation of fibroblast growth factor-2 on the proliferation of osteogenic potential and protein expression of stem cell spheroids composed of stem cells derived from bone marrow.

Fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2) is reported to have various functions and is considered a key human mesenchymal stem cell mitogen, often supplemented to increase human mesenchymal stem cell growth rates. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of FGF-2 on cellular viability and osteogenic differentiation using three-dimensional cell spheroids of stem cells. Three-dimensional cell spheroids were fabricated using concave silicon elastomer-based microwells in the presence of FGF-2 at concentrations of 0, 30, 60 and 90 ng/ml. Qualitative cellular viability was determined with a confocal microscope, and quantitative cellular viability was evaluated using a Cell Counting Kit-8 assay. Alkaline phosphatase activity and Alizarin Red S staining were used to assess osteogenic differentiation. Spheroids were well formed in silicon elastomer-based concave microwells on Day 1. The average spheroid diameters at Day 1 for FGF-2 at 0, 30, 60 and 90 ng/ml were 202.2±3.0, 206.6±22.6, 208.8±6.8 and 196.6±26.7 µm, respectively (P>0.05). The majority of the cells in the cell spheroids emitted green fluorescence. The relative Cell Counting Kit-8 assay values for FGF-2 at 0, 30, 60 and 90 ng/ml at Day 1 were 100.0±5.5, 101.8±8.8, 99.2±4.8 and 103.4±9.6% (P>0.05). The addition of FGF-2 at 60 ng/ml concentration produced the highest value for alkaline phosphatase activity. Mineralized extracellular deposits were evenly observed in each group, and the highest value was identified for FGF-2 groups at 60 ng/ml concentration for Alizarin Red S staining. Based on these findings, it was concluded that FGF-2 may increase alkaline phosphatase activity or Alizarin Red S staining, and further studies are needed to fully elucidate the mechanisms of FGF-2.

Effect of Low-frequency Pulsed Electromagnetic Fields on Bone Formation in Rat Osteoblasts and Its Mechanism

Objective To observe the effect of low-frequency pulsed electromagnetic fields(PEMFs) on bone formation in rat osteoblasts(ROBs) and explore the mechanism of action of the cyclic adenosine monophosphate(cAMP)/protein kinase A(PKA)/cyclic adenosine effect binding protein(CREB) signaling pathway.Methods The skulls of newborn Wistar rats were harvested,and the ROBs were obtained by multiple enzymatic digestion methods for subculture. After treatment with 50 Hz 0.6 mT PEMFs for 3,6,and 9 days,the alkaline phosphatase(ALP) concentration in ROBs was detected;after 0,15,30,60,90,and 120 min,the expression of bone formation-related factor(RUNX2),the protein expression of osteogenesis-associated transcription factor(OSX),the cAMP concentration,as well as the protein expressions of p-PKA,p-CREB,and CREB were detected. The p-CREB nuclear translocation was observed. After interference with IFT88 by RNA interference,the expressions of RUNX2,OSX,p-PKA,and p-CREB protein in ROBs were detected.Results After treatment with PEMFs for 3,6,and 9 days,the ALP activity values in ROBs were 24.356±4.911,37.688±2.151,and 39.922±5.486,respectively,which were significantly higher than 18.531±2.401(P=0.0121),33.675±4.366(P=0.0324),and 36.574±1.339(P=0.0134) in the control groups. RUNX2 and OSX activities in ROBs were significantly higher than untreated group after PEMFs treatment for 30(P=0.0042 and P=0.0058),60(P=0.0097 and P=0.0079),and 90 min(P=0.0083 and P=0.0098). After PEMFs treatment for 30(P=0.0012) and 60 min(P=0.0035),the cAMP concentrations in ROBs were significantly higher than that in untreated group. After PEMFs treatment for 15(P=0.0018),30(P=0.0087),90(P=0.0250),and 120 min(P=0.0350),the p-PKA levels in ROBs were significantly higher than that in the untreated group. After PEMFs treatment for 15(P=0.0075),30(P=0.0017),60(P=0.0074),and 90 min(P=0.0096),the level of p-CREB in the ROBs was significantly higher than in the untreated group. After PEMFs treatment of ROBs for 15 min,CREB phosphorylated and accumulated in the nuclei. PKA and p-PKA were co-localized with primary cilia and stained,and it was found that p-PKA was localized on the primary cilia. After the primary cilia was removed by RNA interference,the protein expression levels of p-PKA(F=78.602,P=0.0270),p-CREB(F=76.082,P=0.0089),RUNX2(F=41.064,P=0.0230) and OSX(F=57.524,P=0.0310) were significantly lower than those of the non-interfered group.Conclusion PEMFs promote bone formation in ROBs by activating the primary cilia-associated cAMP/PKA/CREB signaling pathway.

Effect of Asiasari radix on osteoblastic differentiation of stem cells derived from gingiva

OBJECTIVETo examine the dose-dependent impact of Asiasari Radix (A. radix) on the cell viability, differentiation and mineralization of stem cells derived from gingiva. METHODSStem cells that were derived from gingiva were grown in the presence of A. radix at final concentrations that ranged from 0.001 to 10 µg/mL. The morphology of the cells was viewed under an inverted microscope and the analysis of cell proliferation was performed by using Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) on day 1. The alkaline phosphatase activity test was used to assess differentiation and Alizarin red S staining was used to assess mineralization of treated cells. RESULTSThe control group showed spindle-shaped, fibroblast-like morphology and the shapes of the cells in 0.001, 0.01, 0.1, 1 and 10 µg/mL of A. radix were similar to that of the control group at day 1. The cultures growing in the presence of 0.001 µg/mL of A. radix at day 1 showed an increase in the CCK-8 value (P < 0.05). Cultures growing in the presence of 0.001 µg/mL of A. radix presented the highest value for alkaline phosphatase activity (P > 0.05). Mineralized extracellular deposits were observed after Alizarin Red S staining and the cultures grown in the presence of 0.001 µg/mL of A. radix showed the highest value for quantitative results for bound dye (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONWithin the limits of this study, A. radix influenced the proliferation of stem cells derived from the gingiva and low concentrations of A. radix might enhance osteogenic differentiation of the stem cells.

High alkaline phosphatase activity in phosphate replete waters: The case of two macrotidal estuaries

AbstractThe occurrence of alkaline phosphatase activity (APA) that hydrolyses organic phosphorus into phosphate (PO4) is commonly related to PO4 deficiency of oceanic, coastal and fresh waters. APA is almost never investigated in PO4‐rich estuaries, since very low activities are expected to occur. As a consequence, microbial mineralization of organic phosphorus into PO4 has often been ignored in estuaries. In this study, we examined the importance of potential APA and the associated microbial dynamics in two estuaries, the Aulne and the Elorn (Northwestern France), presenting two different levels of PO4 concentrations. Unexpected high potential APA was observed in both estuaries. Values ranged from 50 to 506 nmol L−1 h−1, which range is usually found in very phosphorus‐limited environments. High potential APA values were observed in the oligohaline zone (salinity 5–15) in spring and summer, corresponding to a PO4 peak and a maximum bacterial production of particle‐attached bacteria. In all cases, high potential APA was associated with high suspended particulate matter and total particulate phosphorus. The low contribution of the 0.2–1 μm fraction to total APA, the strong correlation between particulate APA and bacterial biomass, and the close relationship between the production of particle‐attached bacteria and APA, suggested that high potential APA is mainly due to particle‐attached bacteria. These results suggest that the microbial mineralization of organic phosphorus may contribute to an estuarine PO4 production in spring and summer besides physicochemical processes.

Studies on the Effect of Gamma, Laser Irradiation and Progesterone Treatments on Gerbera Leaves

The present study, we aimed to evaluate the effect of progesterone (prog.) concentrations (10, 20 and 30 ppm), gamma rays (γ) doses (100,150 and 250 rad), helium neon laser rays (He-Ne) exposure time (1.0, 5.5 and 11.5 min.) and argon laser rays (Ar) exposure time (1.0, 7.5 and 15.5 min.) and some interaction treatments between progesterone and irradiation treatments on biochemical constituents i.e. growth regulators and some enzymes activity in gerbera leaves. For this reason, at the greenhouse of the National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt. Pot experiments were carried out two successive seasons of 2006 and 2007, and growth regulators (IAA, GA₃, Cytok. and ABA), some enzymes activity in gerbera leaves (POD, CAT, Alk. phosph and Acid. phosph) and protein content were determined. The results showed that, low conc. of progesterone hormone, low exposure time of argon and He-Ne laser has a great effect on increasing POD activities and Cytokine content. Gamma rays at 150 rad increased ABA, POD, CAT and Alkaline and acid phosphatase, while 250 rad increased IAA and GA-like substances. The least value of alkaline phosphatase activity was recorded by progesterone treatments.

Discrimination between the influences of river discharge and coastal upwelling on summer microphytoplankton phosphorus stress in the East China Sea

The status of summer microphytoplankton phosphorus stress in the East China Sea (ECS) was evaluated by alkaline phosphatase activity (APA) and the maximum quantum efficiency of photosynthesis (Fv/Fm). During the study period in 2005–2008, values of APA ranged 0.19–1414pmolPO43− (µgChl. a)−1min−1 and those of Fv/Fm ranged 0.22–0.57. In general, low APA and high Fv/Fm occurred in the coastal zone as well as in the Changjiang (Yangtze River) plume, and high APA occurred in the mid-shelf region of the northern ECS. Based on regression analyses of APA and Fv/Fm, 2 mixing series that influenced the microphytoplankton phosphorus status were identified. Changjiang discharge with high nutrient concentrations and a high dissolved N:P ratio marked the starting point of the plume-driven mixing series. Along this mixing series, the river discharge gradually mixed with offshore waters, and microphytoplankton produced high APA values when the phosphate concentration dropped below 0.2µmolPL−1. Coastal upwelling was observed to initiate a unique upwelling-driven mixing series in summer. As upwelled water mixed across the continental shelf, the utilization of nutrients caused low Fv/Fm values without a corresponding increase in the APA. The area of microphytoplankton showing symptoms of phosphorus stress in summer varied from year to year, and was closely related to the size of Changjiang plume and the strength of coastal upwelling.

Effect of direct co-culture of mesenchymal stem cells and osteoblasts on the osteoblast phenotype expression

Effect of direct co-culture of mesenchymal stem cells and osteoblasts on the osteoblast phenotype expression

Development of the osteogenic phenotype in vitro on titanium surface microtopography functionalized with a type I collagen-derived synthetic peptide

Development of the osteogenic phenotype in vitro on titanium surface microtopography functionalized with a type I collagen-derived synthetic peptide

Development of the osteogenic phenotype in vitro on titanium surface nanotopographies functionalized with GDF-5

Development of the osteogenic phenotype in vitro on titanium surface nanotopographies functionalized with GDF-5

The activity of some enzymes in the frog's liver (Rana ridibunda Pall.) in the different natural conditions of thermal water regime

During the period of March–July 2011, the activity of aspartate aminotranspherase (AST), alanine aminotranspherase (ALT), lactate dehidrogenase (LDH) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) enzymes was measured in the liver of the Rana ridibunda Pall. natural frog population.Altogether 52 frogs were collected for the research purposes in the two rivers of a different water temperature regime respectively, the thermal water spring of Banja of Malishevë (24.7°C – 29.0°C) and river Tërdec (7.9°C – 19.7°C).There were not recorded great oscillations of AST and ALT activity in the liver of frogs from the thermal water, and ALT activity from the river Tërdec as well during the period of investigation. At the same time in the liver of frogs from the river Tërdec, the lower activity of AST has been recorded in March (12.7±2.6 ), whereas a higher activity in May (41.4±8.4 ), and in July (46.6± 7.6). The distinctive characteristic of this research is that only in March, the activity of AST in the frogs liver from the river Tërdec is significantly at lower level compared with values of frogs from the thermal water.Despite AST, in the liver of the frogs of two localities there were not recorded large oscillations of the ALT, LDH and ALP activity values during the entire period of research.According to the research results we could conclude that the water temperature (the cold stress), the seasonal changes of the environmental temperature, the nutrition, and the metabolic activity of the frogs, affects the activity of AST.