Value Creation Process Research Articles

Enterprise social media to foster digital maturity: a value-creation perspective

PurposeIn response to the growing need for organizations to enhance their digital capabilities and the widespread adoption of enterprise social media (ESM) in the workplace, researchers have extensively studied the effects of ESM on various organizational outcomes. Nonetheless, a notable theoretical gap exists regarding the influence of ESM on the development of organizational digital maturity. This paper aims to bridge this gap by conducting a comprehensive literature review to investigate how the utilization of ESM can facilitate the transformation of organizational value-creation processes, thereby contributing to the overall enhancement of digital maturity.Design/methodology/approachUsing the information technology (IT) value-creation framework developed by Mooney et al. (1996) and applying a template analysis methodology as outlined by King (2012), the authors conducted a systematic literature review (Okoli and Schabram, 2010), to investigate the influence of ESM on value creation within the digital business environment.FindingsThe study’s outcomes are structured around a theoretical framework that combines the contingency theory and the sociotechnical perspective to provide a comprehensive understanding of digital maturity. This paper also delves into how ESM facilitates the transformation of organizational value-creation processes, ultimately contributing to the overall progress of their digital maturity.Research limitations/implicationsThis study adapts existing theoretical models to fit the context of ESM and integrates multiple perspectives to provide a comprehensive understanding of its impact. It identifies a convergence in the definition of ESM and offers insights into its various dimensions and effects on value creation. Hence, scholars can use the identified theoretical frameworks and conceptual convergence to guide future investigations into the impact of ESM on value creation, fostering theoretical development and empirical research. Practitioners can benefit from the insights to develop effective strategies for implementing ESM within their organizations, aligning with broader organizational objectives to enhance performance, streamline operations and drive structural changes. Furthermore, both scholars and practitioners can use the identified limitations of the study to identify areas for further improvement and exploration, thus contributing to the advancement of knowledge and practice in ESM and value creation. Limitations of this research include the exclusion of gray literature, a relatively small sample size of analyzed articles, and the restriction to specific databases as per systematic review guidelines, potentially overlooking valuable contributions from alternative sources.Practical implicationsThis paper provides a comprehensive exploration of how ESM can support value-creation processes within organizations. It offers valuable insights to help managers incorporate ESM into their digital strategies and to understand its value-creation effects.Originality/valueAdopting a value-creation perspective and integrating the contingency theory and the sociotechnical perspective to build a comprehensive framework, this research introduces an original approach by showcasing how ESM can facilitate shifts in value-creation processes of organizations, paving the way to contribute to the development of their digital maturity.

Pengaruh Intellectual Capital Dan Good Corporate Covernance Terhadap Nilai Perusahaan

The process of value creation in companies has changed a lot along with the development of innovation and science in the industrial world. This research aims to analyze the influence of Intellectual Capital through VAIC TM and GCG through the variables Managerial Ownership, Audit Committee and Independent Commissioners on Company Value through Tobin's Q. Research This is quantitative research using secondary data from the annual financial reports of manufacturing companies listed on the IDX for 2017-2021. The sample taken was 60 manufacturing companies in Indonesia using purposive sampling techniques. The data obtained was then analyzed using descriptive analysis, Multiple Linear Regression Test, T test, coefficient of determination test using SPSS. The results of the research show that Intellectual Capital has a positive effect on Company Value, while GCG through managerial ownership and Independent Commissioners has no effect on Company Value. while the Audit Committee has a negative effect on Company Value. It can be concluded that Intellectual Capital has a positive effect on Company Value. This shows that Intellectual Capital can be a factor that influences company value so that companies must pay more attention to intellectual implementation in order to improve company performance. The research results also show that the Audit Committee has a negative influence on Company Value, while Managerial Ownership and Independent Commissioners have no effect on Company Value. This shows that the more audit committees there are, the lower the company value will be.

Integrating intellectual capital disclosure in an integrated thinking perspective

PurposeThe purpose of this research is to verify whether the disclosure of intellectual capital (IC) positively affects the level of integration of financial and sustainability information.Design/methodology/approachThe sample of the analysis relies on European public companies. The data were gathered from Refinitiv, focussing on a multi-year observation from 2013 to 2021 and performing a fixed-effect regression. According to the extant literature, the authors developed the Intellectual Capital Score and the Integrated Thinking and Reporting Score.FindingsThe more disclosure of IC, the more financial and sustainability information is integrated. Indeed, the results confirm that the disclosure of IC enhances the level of integration of financial and sustainability information.Research limitations/implicationsThe study enriches academic knowledge about IC in conjunction with integrated reporting (IR) and integrated thinking by highlighting its relevance in the value-creation process and acting as a trait d’union of the disciplines.Practical implicationsFor standard setters, the research may be framed to redefine the guidelines explaining the information on IC to be disclosed. Moreover, it could be helpful for practitioners when identifying the IC information that deserves to be disclosed, other than being exploitable to conduct enterprises geared towards adopting integrated reports.Originality/valueThis study answers the call for further research on the relationship between financial information and sustainability information to highlight their joint perspectives quantitatively.

From hype to impact: How companies can leverage the metaverse technology for business models

This study explores the impact of metaverse technology on business models (BMs). Despite increasing academic and practical interest, the adoption and seamless integration of this technology poses substantial challenges for businesses. This study adopts a grounded-theory approach to explore how firms can incorporate this technological innovation within their existing BMs. Drawing upon insights from 20 interviews, the data were structured using the Gioia methodology, uncovering 5 dimensions that elucidate how companies can leverage metaverse technology to augment value creation, capture, and delivery, both internally and externally, within their BMs. These dimensions serve as a roadmap for firms seeking to embrace the metaverse, offering insights into potential adaptations to their existing BMs. This study contributes to the theoretical discourse surrounding the metaverse by delineating specific components within BMs that can be tailored to accommodate metaverse integration. Furthermore, our findings offer invaluable guidance and recommendations to firms and ventures, highlighting the diverse areas within the value creation process where metaverse integration can be strategically applied. This research lays the foundation for a more comprehensive understanding of metaverse technology's role in shaping the business landscape.

The valorization of interactions. Gift exchange, power and value creation on digital platforms

Technology companies are often worth billions, but they still must make their money through advertising. The research literature on the value creation of data-driven platform companies often refers to the expropriation of data or the exploitation of users. This article proposes a relational approach to the understanding of value creation on digital platforms such as social media channels or free internet services. To this end, it combines Marxian and anthropological value theory. Accordingly, the interactions of platform users are understood as asymmetrical practices of gift exchange. This exchange of digital gifts forms the condition of production for the value creation of internet platforms, and is reproduced continuously by their asymmetrical field of interaction. Here it is not the individual who is exploited, but rather the community of those who interact in a particular field. This condition is anchored in these platforms’ terms and conditions, which stipulate that users share their data not only with each other, but also with the company, thereby enabling a three-step process of data commodification by the platform. First, the data are appropriated as use values by the platforms in order to optimize their own services. Subsequently, a secondary commodification takes place, which, unlike other value creation processes, is decoupled from the use value of the data. Third, there is a process of cybernetization, in which the ability to influence users is sold to third parties as a commodity.

THE ROLE OF INTANGIBLE RESOURCES IN DRIVING VALUE CREATION AND SUSTAINED COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE FOR BUSINESSES

This research investigates the role of intangible resources in fostering and sustaining competitive advantages within firms. The study surveyed 284 managers and CEOs from a diverse array of companies, collecting data via a structured questionnaire. The collected data were then analyzed using multiple linear regression techniques implemented through SPSS software. The findings underscore the pivotal role of intangible resources in creating and maintaining a competitive edge. These resources were found to be critical in value creation processes that drive long-term strategic advantages. The study’s conclusions emphasize that firms focusing on the development and strategic management of intangible assets can achieve and sustain superior performance in their respective markets. This research adds to the growing body of literature by empirically validating the significance of intangible resources in competitive strategy and offers practical implications for managers aiming to leverage these assets for sustained competitive success.

How do human resources analytics create value for organizations? A qualitative investigation

PurposeHuman resources analytics (HRA) can potentially create value and provide a competitive advantage; however, whether and how HRA creates this value has been sparsely explored in scholarly literature. Hence, the purpose of this study is to provide a process-oriented framework for value creation from HRA use by exploring the underlying mechanisms, complementary resources and outcomes.Design/methodology/approachThe study used a qualitative research design as the research question was exploratory. A total of 26 in-depth expert interviews with different organizations were conducted. These interviews were transcribed and coded for emerging themes, which were placed in a temporal sequence of occurrence to derive a process understanding of value creation from HRA. Additionally, validation tests were conducted.FindingsThe thematic analysis using NVivo provided qualitative evidence of the value-creating potential of HRA. Further, it unraveled the process of value creation from HRA in the form of problem construction, insight generation, the buy-in of stakeholders and solution implementation. This process resulted in various human resource management (HRM) and organizational outcomes. The analysis also highlighted the significance of three complementary resources, namely data quality, analytical competency and business knowledge.Practical implicationsThis study offers guidance for HR executives and business managers to assess the conditions under which HRA can add business value to organizations.Originality/valueThe paper is novel as this is among the first studies to provide evidence of value creation from HRA and identify the underlying mechanism, which has been highlighted as a gap in the literature. Based on resource-based theory and its complementarities perspective, the study makes a valuable contribution to the nascent HRA literature.

Toy tourism: Exploring the co-creating roles of toy-tourist-destination congruence and self-construal in creating well-being and its outcomes

Toy tourism is an emerging tourism development in which tourists and toys can gain interactive and well-being experiences at travel destinations. However, few studies have examined the process of how this can be accomplished through toy tourism activities. By using self-congruence theory and self-construal as a theoretical basis, the study results ( n = 254) demonstrate that the value creation process in toy tourism is an interactive process achieved by integrating destination variables (i.e., congruence among toys, tourists, and tourism destinations) and personal trait variables (i.e., self-construal). Furthermore, such co-creation mechanisms illustrate contributions to the toy tourists’ well-being (i.e., self-expressiveness) and its outcomes (i.e., self-identity and storytelling). This study provides theoretical insights into well-being formation by examining relationships between tourist, destination, and toys through toy tourism activities. Moreover, it provides useful practical implications for toy tourism-related industries.

The Appropriation of Fixed Capital: A Metaphor?

In the debate on the impact of digital technology on society, considering that digital technologies have profoundly changed the way we learn and communicate, and especially the “mode of production”, and remembering that this transformation takes place in an era of capitalist economic hegemony – the hypothesis often arises that the producer is transformed by the use of this machine. There is speculation that the user incorporates the instrumentality of the digital machine. Furthermore, when one recognizes that capitalist production develops its process of value creation by using cognitive labour power (and that this form of value production becomes more and more prominent) the technological incorporation of the cognitive cooperation of workers, seems to become ever more central to capitalist exploitation. Consequently, in the Marxist debate, people have started talking of an “appropriation of fixed capital” by the digitized worker and by the cognitive producer. This article asks: Are these simply metaphors? It discusses the relationship of living labour and digital machines. It stresses that digital machines do not determine society and human fate but can be appropriated by social struggles for the commons. It grounds the analysis of the digital in Karl Marx’s works on technology and fixed capital. It concludes that autonomous spheres of digital self-valorisation can be established through social struggles that aim at advancing social co-operation and the commons. Acknowledgement: This article was translated from Italian to English by Michele Ledda with editorial support by Christian Fuchs, David Chandler, and Sara Raimondi. The paper is based on a talk that Antonio Negri gave at the 7th ICTs and Society Conference “Digital Objects, Digital Subjects: An Interdisciplinary Symposium on Activism, Research & Critique in the Age of Big Data Capitalism” on May 20, 2017, at the University of Westminster in London. The video of this talk is available here: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=htm5xwAl-kE The video of the commenting and Q&A session that followed can be watched here: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-smmdOz9gIU The manuscript of Negri’s talk was published as part of a conference volume. It is reprinted based on a Creative Commons licence. Acknowledgement: Negri, Antonio. 2019. The Appropriation of Fixed Capital: A Metaphor? In Digital Objects, Digital Subjects: Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Capitalism, Labour and Politics in the Age of Big Data, edited by David Chandler and Christian Fuchs, 205-214. London: University of Westminster Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.16997/book29.r. License: CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0. The original article was published in Italian in the journal EuroNomade and translated into English with permission: https://www.euronomade.info/appropriazione-di-capitale-fisso-una-metafora/

Prosuming for a sustainable future? Effects of different forms of participatory value creation with respect to sustainability

The phenomenon of users or consumers actively taking part in the value creation process of products is referred to as prosuming in sociology. In recent years prosuming in its various forms has been gaining widespread attention due in part to its association with different aspirations and expectations regarding, i.e., economic and sustainability effects. However, prosuming is a very broad topic and its impacts have not yet been conclusively examined. This article thus first provides an overview of the different sub-forms and existing definitions of prosuming. Using this as a basis, the possible effects on people and the environment are presented and analysed, including the question of the extent to which these effects can be considered sustainability effects.

Integrated Reporting and the Informativeness of Financial Analysts’ Stock Recommendations

Synopsis The research problem The purpose of this study was to examine the market reaction to sell-side analyst recommendation revisions issued under an integrated reporting (IR) approach. Motivation Advocates of this corporate reporting approach argue that IR enhances capital markets’ information environment by rendering investors better able to assess the value creation process of a firm. Recent empirical studies corroborate this argument. Considering the central role of financial intermediaries, we investigated whether the informativeness of analyst recommendation revisions is associated with the adoption of IR and the quality of integrated reports. The test hypotheses We tested whether the informativeness of analyst recommendation revisions decreases or increases after the mandatory adoption of an IR approach. Furthermore, we tested whether the informativeness is negatively or positively related to the quality of the released integrated report after the mandatory adoption of an IR approach. Target population We focused on the South African capital market, which is the only setting where IR is mandated. We utilized a sample of 3,201 recommendation revisions made within a 3-year window around the mandatory IR adoption. Adopted methodology This study used ordinary least square (OLS) regressions and applied difference-in-differences as well as instrumental variable approaches. Analyses We modeled the market reaction to the recommendation revisions as a function of the period in which the recommendations are announced (i.e., pre- or post-adoption), along with other factors affecting market reaction. In subsequent tests, we also modeled the market reaction to the recommendation revisions as a function of the quality of a firm’s integrated report. Findings We found strong evidence that analysts’ revisions exhibited economically and statistically significantly lower information content under IR. Moreover, we found that upgrades and downgrades issued in the post-adoption period were less informative when issued for firms with high-quality integrated reports. Overall, results showed that the benefit of acquiring advice from analysts became more marginal under an IR approach.

Organizing logic multiplicity in hybrid organizations: The role of organizational culture

AbstractHybrid organizations must deal with institutional complexity and find ways to manage conflicting demands in their organizational environment to engage in their required, day‐to‐day activities. The objective of this qualitative research is to elaborate on the mechanisms that hybrid organizations use to mitigate the destabilizing effects of such institutional logic multiplicity in their value creation processes. By combining value configuration analyses and the hybrid organizing concept as a theoretical background, the authors conduct a case study with 14 nonprofit microfinance organizations (MFOs) that illustrates the importance of an integrative organizational culture as a core foundation that can align and integrate social and economic demands. Successful nonprofit MFOs align competing institutional logics in a hierarchy of goals, explicitly defining their means and objectives. Independent of the type of logic multiplicity they face, they use the hierarchy to define their organizational identity and transfer it to a corresponding organizational culture that can balance diverse institutional demands. From a theoretical perspective, this study advances institutional logic approaches; it also identifies effective mechanisms hybrid organizations can use to cope with logic multiplicity by applying a value configuration perspective.

Measuring and Evaluating Marketing Effectiveness

The article presents marketing as a philosophy of entrepreneurship and a tool that is actively implemented and used in the process of the formation of tangible and intangible assets of market structures. At the same time, marketing is considered by the author to be the main factor in gaining the advantage of consumers, because, according to them, it acts as an effective means of increasing competitiveness and creating capital for commercial entities, as well as a source of cash flow. The paper notes that value creation, which involves marketing, is closely related to the rational search and use of material resources of energy and information. To manage the process of value creation, it is necessary to measure it, which can be considered the process of interaction of the measuring system with the object to be measured in a certain period. The article points out that everything that goes into creating added value is subject to measurement. It is not only financial, but also logistics, material, energy, information, marketing, and other flows, which is the first system of commercial structure. Marketing flows are also integrated into this structure, as it opens the door to identifying ways to improve market efficiency and explore new opportunities. The methodology of measuring and developing metrics of indicators of the economic effectiveness of marketing activity is based on the role and importance of marketing in the production process and meeting human needs. The measurement of marketing characteristics and the formation of marketing metrics should be based on the theory of economic measurements, the process of building relationships between the subjects of the marketing system in connection with the exchange of values. Marketing metrics act as a form of communication in the marketing performance management system and are a means of justifying critical success factors of marketing decisions, as well as a basis for a reasonable choice of criteria for economic evaluation of marketing expenses. Keywords: effectiveness, interaction marketing, measurement, metrics.

Insights from the co-creation process in communities of practice for urban water management

This article presents a practical case of a co-creation process within the framework of the European project Digital Water City (DWC). DWC sought to address the context and challenges of water in Europe with a participatory approach of co-creation as an integral part of Communities of Practice. To situate the concepts within their theoretical framework, the different approximations of co-creation and Communities of Practice are examined. The article analyzes the ways in which they have been used and applied in DWC as well as the ways in which the project has managed to articulate them at different levels. It discusses what has been done so far, whether the objectives related to co-creation have been achieved, what its added value to the project was, and the possible obstacles and successes. In order to gather this information, five case studies are presented and illustrated with a questionnaire that was carried out with the cities, researchers and key innovators. Results show that DWC´s co-creation process succeeded in incorporating end-users’ needs into the development of the digital solutions created, giving them a constructive role in the value-creation process, and bringing together different stakeholders from public and private sectors as well as researchers. It was also highlighted that the process and its format need to be adapted to each specific context and a culture of co-creation needs first to be established. The co-creation process and the DWC CoPs also raise governance questions and create new partnerships.

Triple Helix Dynamics and Hybrid Organizations: An Analysis of Value Creation Processes

AbstractThe Triple Helix model, focusing on interactions among academia, industry, and government, has been an influential model for promoting innovation and regional development. However, limited research explores the model’s micro-level dynamics, alling for further investigation into its effectiveness. This study seeks to fill this gap by critically examining the micro-level dynamics of the Triple Helix model, with an emphasis on the roles played by a hybrid organization in the value creation process. Utilizing a case study approach, this research examines Robotdalen—a successful Swedish applied research initiative in robotics—to answer the research questions: How do value-creation activities within a Triple Helix model evolve and how do hybrid organizations facilitate and shape value creation throughout the development stages of an organization? The analysis contributes a fine-grained view of value creation and development over time in a large Triple Helix innovation initiative, highlighting the importance of hybrid organizations in facilitating collaboration and coordinating resources among stakeholders. The results identify critical factors such as collaboration, commercialization, innovation, and adaptation. This research contributes new theoretical insights and practical implications for leveraging hybrid organizations within the Triple Helix framework, thereby providing valuable guidance for policymakers, practitioners, and scholars engaged in crafting strategies to stimulate regional growth, innovation, and value creation in today’s dynamic global landscape.

Analyzing the impact of entrepreneurial traits on business growth: A study of start-ups in Elbasan, Albania

The popularity of entrepreneurship is on the rise, attracting individuals interested in developing their business ideas. However, not everyone possesses the requisite entrepreneurial mindset. Among the myriad factors influencing business growth, having an entrepreneurial mindset stands out. This paper aims to investigate the relationship between an entrepreneurial mindset and start-up growth, along with discussing implications for the future development of entrepreneurial mindset traits. There is a clear need for new strategies to foster an entrepreneurial mindset and thereby enhance the likelihood of successful entrepreneurial endeavors. This research employs a comprehensive methodology, integrating both qualitative and quantitative data sourced from primary and secondary sources. Central to the methodology is the Entrepreneurship Competence Framework, which underpins the questionnaire utilized in this study. Participants in the questionnaire were start-ups in Elbasan city, Albania. The findings affirm the positive impact of planning, coping with uncertainty, collaborating with others, and learning through experience on business growth. Making decisions in the middle of uncertainty, ambiguity, and risk involves navigating decisions when outcomes are uncertain or information is limited and employing structured methods to test ideas and prototypes to mitigate risks of failure in the value creation process.

Metaverse: Value creation and performance measurement across physical and digital world

This study provides a first conceptualization of the Metaverse from a strategic management perspective and advances performance measurement approaches for the Metaverse value creation. Specifically, the study aims to provide an in-depth analysis of Metaverse and the related implications on the value creation processes of the companies. In order to achieve this goal, we performed a detailed literature review on digital transformation, Metaverse and performance measure-ment topics. Thus, we have developed a theoretical framework useful to facilitate the implementation of successful strategies in the Metaverse and subsequent mon-itoring and evaluation of achieved results. The paper provides relevant contributions in theory and practice. From a theoreti-cal perspective, the results contribute to the strategic management and perfor-mance management literature streams, extending them to the dimension of the "digital world". From a practical perspective, the results identify new performance measurement and new indicators useful for companies and practitioners to under-stand the link between Metaverse and value creation paths. Future studies should integrate the theoretical analysis with explorative empirical investigations.

Implementing Integrated Reporting to Disclose Intellectual Capital in University

The research aim is to provide empirical and theoretical solutions for certain criticalities in the framework of Integrated Implementation Reporting (IIRF) within the context of higher education. Indeed, IIRF considers value creation only from the perspective of capital enhancement spurred by academic activities, overlooking the fulfillment of institutional missions as the true lever of value creation. This paper introduces a case study aimed at implementing IIRF at a University in Indonesia. The research is based on theory building from the case, action research, and intervention approaches. IIRF was chosen for its claimed ability to support communication processes with stakeholders and control over value creation, despite demonstrating some weaknesses. It highlights the role played by intellectual capital in the business model of organizations and in the value creation process. This adjustment appears to increase awareness of the role of intellectual capital in value creation at universities. In this paper, not one part of the adapted framework is innovative on its own, but collectively they provide an innovative solution, addressing the disclosure and managerial needs of the studied organization. The single case study allows us to test the claimed weaknesses of IIRF in the literature, suggest some adjustments to the original framework, and validate its effectiveness. Thanks to the single case study, we were then able to construct a theoretical framework that develops theory inductively; now the suggested framework can be tested and further validated in other organizations. This paper introduces an innovative approach to reporting and disclosing intellectual capital in universities. It is relevant not only for external communication but also for internal purposes, aiding managers in decision-making and actions.

The transformation of digital strategy and value creation in omnichannel organisations: the case of the gambling industry

ABSTRACT Digital transformation strategy (DTS) involves redesigning various organisational operations to encompass digital technologies and achieve business objectives. In this study, we explored digital strategy and value creation shifts in omnichannel organisations that aimed to deliver seamless online and on-premises (dual-mode) customer experiences. Using comprehensive data on the gambling industry, we focused on the long-term effects of dynamic relationships among multiple DTS events over time. Building on digital strategy and value-creation theory, we observed and analysed organisational changes linked to technological shifts in omnichannel organisations during turbulent times and disruptions. Herein, we discuss the balance between online and on-premises service channels in terms of a DTS pathway, viewing it as a dual-mode value-creation process. By exploring this dual-mode value-creation process, we contribute to DTS theory and omnichannel operations. Furthermore, we enhance theory by unveiling the impact of shifting digital strategy perspectives on the transformation of omnichannel organisations in dynamic and disruptive business environments. We also present strategic propositions for planning and realising DTS requirements for omnichannel service providers in a broad context.

An Exploratory Analysis of the Current Status and Potential of Service-Oriented and Data-Driven Business Models within the Sheet Metal Working Sector: Insights from Interview-Based Research in Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises

Responding to changing value creation processes in the sheet metal working sector, where the complexity and interchangeability of products challenge traditional differentiation strategies, this exploratory analysis examines the integration of service-oriented and data-driven business models as new paths to ensure competitiveness, especially for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). This study aims to capture the current state and challenges associated with the implementation of these business models in this sector. This research was conducted through semi-structured interviews with SMEs in the industry. The findings indicate that service-oriented and data-driven business models are not yet widely adopted and that manufacturing companies require support in their implementation. Fields of action were identified for the industry. These are “Creating awareness and understanding”, “Recognizing added value”, “Increasing company maturity”, and “Understanding the change process”. Cooperation between science and industry is essential in tackling these fields of action to ensure the successful integration of such business models in manufacturing companies. This paper identifies challenges in the fields of action that companies must address through a structured approach, promoting awareness, recognizing value, improving organizational maturity, and understanding the change process to successfully implement service-oriented and data-driven business models.