Value-added Compounds Research Articles

Cu-Bi Bimetallic Catalysts Derived from Metal-Organic Framework Arrays on Copper Foam for Efficient Glycine Electrosynthesis.

Glycine as one of the most abundant amino acids in human proteins, with extensive applications in both life and industry, is conventionally synthesized through complex procedures or toxic feedstocks. In this study, we present a facile and benign electrochemical pathway for synthesis of glycine through reductive coupling of glyoxylic acid and nitrate over a copper-bismuth bimetal catalyst derived from a metal-organic framework (MOF) array on copper foam (Cu/Bi-C@CF). Remarkably, Cu/Bi-C@CF achieves a fantastic selectivity of 89%, corresponding a high Faraday efficiency of 65.9%. From control experiments, introduction of Bi caused the binding energy of Cu shift to lower state, which leads to a high selectivity towards the formation of key hydroxylamine intermediate rather than ammonia product, facilitating the formation of oxime and providing additional sites for subsequent hydrogenation reaction on the way to glycine. Moreover, the MOF array derivation ensures the effective dispersion of Bi and enhances the stability of Cu/Bi-C@CF. This innovative approach not only presents sustainable pathways for the production of value-added organonitrogen compounds utilizing readily available carbon and nitrogen sources, but also provides novel insights into the design of multistage structural catalysts for sequential reactions.

Acid and magnetic modifications of gum arabic as a dual approach for preparation of an efficient heterogeneous catalyst for conversion of fructose to value-added furanic compound

Acid and magnetic modifications of gum arabic as a dual approach for preparation of an efficient heterogeneous catalyst for conversion of fructose to value-added furanic compound

A sustainable one-pot synthesis of 2,5-diformylfuran from carbohydrates using tetracationic ionic liquid

A plausible solution to the current energy crisis is the development of cost-effective and inherently secure methods for accelerating the sustainable production of value-added compounds from biomass. In this study, we have developed a highly efficient catalytic system for the conversion of fructose into 2,5-diformylfuran (DFF) using tetracationic ionic liquids with dual Brønsted acid sites and four bromide ion sites. The presence of Brønsted acid sites promotes the production of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), while the bromide anions react to form a DFF, which undergoes further transformation via the Kornblum mechanism. Under optimized conditions, a remarkable DFF yield of 99.6 % was attained in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) at 140 °C for 6 h. Moreover, the catalyst exhibited excellent stability and reusability, indicating its potential for industrial application in the synthesis of DFF from fructose. With the help of this effort, Br- anion may be able to throw some light on the oxidation of HMF to DFF. Overall, this study highlights the promising application of tetracationic ionic liquid catalyst systems, showcasing the potential for the efficient utilization of renewable biomass resources and the synthesis of high-value-added compounds.

Optimization of furfural production from xylose over sulfated titanium-niobium mixed oxides catalyst in biphasic system

The present study investigates the use of SO42-/TiO2Nb2O5 (STNO) catalyst prepared through the modified sol-gel method in the process of xylose dehydration to furfural. The reaction was carried out in a biphasic solvent consisting of toluene and water. The catalyst used in this study was subjected to several characterization methods, including Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The textural properties of the catalyst were evaluated by conducting N2 adsorption and desorption measurements using the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) method. The impact of catalyst dosage, resident time, xylose concentration, and reaction temperature in the dehydration of xylose to produce furfural was explored. The study employed response surface methodology to identify the optimal operational parameters that would result in the highest furfural selectivity. At a reaction temperature of 150 °C and a reaction time of 180 min, a maximum conversion of xylose of 98 mol%, furfural selectivity of 74 mol%, and a furfural yield of 63 mol% was obtained. The activation energy for the synthesized catalyst was determined to be 26.7 KJ/mol. The results of this investigation show the great potential that sulfated titanium-niobium mixed oxides have in transforming biomass resources into value-added compounds.

Simulation, technical-economic evaluation and risk analysis of the purification of different bio-oils obtained by the fast pyrolysis process

Biomass is a natural compound that originates from various forms of organic matter. One way to transform biomass into value-added products is through the fast pyrolysis process, which is a thermochemical process that produces solid, liquid and gaseous compounds. The main product of this process is the bio-oil, found in the liquid phase and containing a wide range of value-added compounds that can be obtained through extraction and distillation. Simulation is an important tool for predicting, modeling and understanding the feasibility of the desired process, along with economic analysis of risks and uncertainties, which are useful techniques for studying the feasibility of projects. In this context, this work aimed to carry out the simulation using the Aspen Plus ® process simulator, the analysis of economic viability and the analysis of risks and uncertainties of the process of separation and purification of bio-oil compounds, derivatives of wood from eucalyptus, eucalyptus residues and sugarcane bagasse. After completing these steps, the project achieved a good result, with desired products being obtained with a considerable degree of purity for commercialization. Economically, all processes were viable, obtaining a good return on investment and a short payback period, despite the high costs involved. Even considering risks and uncertainties, including the variation in the cost of raw materials and production capacity, the investment still returned good results, demonstrating that the project is economically viable even under these circumstances.

Efficient separation and extraction of guaiacol and its derivatives from bio-oils based on a heterogeneous extraction technique

To fully utilized the high value-added phenolic compounds in biomass pyrolysis bio-oils, a heterogeneous extraction method was developed in this study to separate 4-ethylguaiacol, guaiacol, and eugenol from bio-oil one by one. Based on the high selectivity of coordination intermediates generated between Ca2+ and phenolic compounds with hydroxyl and methoxy groups towards the parent phenol, the reaction intermediate between each of 4-ethylguaiacol, guaiacol, eugenol and Ca2+ was used as the extracting agents. Influencing parameters investigated were the sequence of extracting three phenolic compounds from the model bio-oil, the optimal extraction conditions, and the Ca2+ distribution in the original extracting agents at the end of the reaction. The optimal extraction sequence was determined to be 4-ethylguaiacol, eugenol and guaiacol through the evaluation of multiple experiments changing their addition sequence. Under the conditions of 25 °C reaction temperature, 45 min reaction time, and pH value of 7, the extraction efficiency of 4-ethylguaiacol, eugenol and guaiacol from bio-oil reached 60.6 %, 46.1 % and 60.7 %, respectively. Meanwhile, the purity of these three phenolic compounds achieved 62.4 %, 90.0 % and 89.0 %.

Theoretical exploration and experimental investigation of acidic deep eutectic solvents as green solvents to separate carbazole from model crude anthracene oil

Carbazole is a highly value-added compound derived from crude anthracene. Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) have been extensively used as promising green solvents for the separation of target compounds from mixture. In this work, 135 acidic DESs, formed by combining 9 quaternary ammonium salts with 15 common acids, were screened based on the conductor-like screening model for real solvents (COSMO-RS) model. The four top-ranked DESs, including tetraethylammonium chloride (TEAC)/2 acetic acid (AA), TEAC/2 propionic acid (PA), tetrapropylammonium chloride (TPAC)/2AA, and TPAC/2PA were identified as suitable extractants for carbazole separation based on their performance index (PI). Among them, TEAC/2AA had the best separation performance for carbazole due to its highest PI value (1448.19). Liquid–liquid extraction experiments were performed, and the results were in good accordance with those predicted by COSMO-RS calculations. Therefore, TEAC/2AA was determined as the most promising DES for the carbazole separation. The extraction conditions of TEAC/2AA were optimized. The extraction efficiency (EE) and selectivity (SE) of carbazole were 97.67 % and 66.64 %, respectively, under the optimal extraction conditions (25 ℃, 5 min of extraction time, DES-oil mass ratio of 1:5, initial carbazole concentration of 5000 ppm). Additionally, the deionized water was employed to regenerate the DES and recovery of carbazole. The recycling performance of promising DES was also investigated. Finally, quantum chemical calculations and Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) analysis were conducted to explore the separation mechanism. The results indicated that the separation of carbazole by DESs were predominantly dominated by hydrogen bonds and van der Waals interaction. This work provided a valuable reference for the selection and design of DES extractants to separate other high value-added components from mixture.

One-pot synthesis of itaconic acid by engineered Halomonas bluephagenesis TDZI-08

Itaconic acid (IA) is one of the twelve high value-added platform compounds applied in various fields including coatings, adhesives, plastics, resins, and biofuels. In this study, we established a one-pot catalytic synthesis system for IA from citric acid based on the engineered salt-tolerant bacterial strain Halomonas bluephagenesis TDZI-08 after investigating factors that hindered the process and optimizing the carbon source, nitrogen source, inducer addition time, and surfactant dosage. The open, non-sterile, one-pot synthesis with TDZI-08 in a 5 L fermenter achieved the highest IA titer of 40.50 g/L, with a catalytic yield of 0.68 g IA/g citric acid during the catalytic stage and a total yield of 0.42 g IA/g (citric acid+gluconic acid). The one-pot synthesis system established in this study is simple and does not need sterilization or aseptic operations. The findings indicate the potential of H. bluephagenesis for industrial production of IA.

Current Trends in Food Processing By-Products as Sources of High Value-Added Compounds in Food Fortification.

Along the food production chain of animal, fish, and vegetable products, a huge amount of by-products are generated every year. Major nutritional, financial, and environmental advantages can be achieved by transforming them into functional ingredients for food formulation and fortification. In this review, we investigated various conventional and emerging treatments recently employed to obtain functional ingredients rich in proteins, fibers, and bioactive compounds from vegetables, fish, meat, and dairy by-products. The optimal enrichment level in food as well as the nutritional, techno-functional, and sensory properties of the final food were also discussed. Novel technologies such as ultrasounds, microwaves, and high pressure have been successfully adopted to enhance the extraction of target compounds. The functional ingredients, added both in liquid or powder form, were able to improve the nutritional quality and antioxidant potential of food, although high levels of fortification may cause undesired changes in texture and flavor. This review provides important considerations for further industrial scale-up.

Unraveling the Valorization Potential of Pineapple Waste to Obtain Value-Added Products towards a Sustainable Circular Bioeconomy

The pineapple (Ananas comosus) is one of the most commercialized tropical fruits worldwide. Its high processing and consumption generate huge quantities of organic waste and severe economic and environmental issues. Embracing the circular bioeconomy concept, this fruit waste can be applied as a bioresource (raw material) for the obtention of a wide range of high-valued biocompounds by applying innovative and ecofriendly technologies. In this paper, we critically describe pineapple-derived waste, from their chemical composition to their functional and biological properties, as well as the latest advances on valorization technologies, particular solid and submerged fermentations. Notably, this article highlights the possibility of using pineapple waste to obtain bioactive compounds such as bromelain, phenolic compounds, and dietary fiber, which have important biological properties such as antioxidant, anticancer, antimicrobial, and prebiotic capacities. Indeed, pineapple wastes can become valued materials by using green and biotechnological technologies that allow us to maximize their potential and might avoid wastage and environmental issues. Nevertheless, it is necessary to further investigate the biomolecules present in the waste derived from different pineapple varieties and their health beneficial effects as well as emerging technologies in order to obtain a full spectrum of natural value-added compounds that industries and society demand today.

Enhanced cellobiose hydrolysis over fluorine-modulated carbon-based solid acid catalysts

In this study, we synthesized novel carbon-based solid acid catalysts using plasma engineering by integrating sulfonic acid groups as primary catalytic sites and supplemented these with fluorine-containing, chlorine-containing, and other oxygenated functional groups (OFGs). Notably, the catalyst with the fluorine-containing functional groups results superior glucose yield (58.2 %) than that containing only OFGs (37.6 %). Theoretical analysis of the reaction energetics revealed that the cleavage of cellobiose's 1,4-O linkage to form two glucose molecules potentially constitutes the rate-determining step (RDS) in cellobiose hydrolysis. The reaction energy for this RDS was found to increase in the sequence of G–SO3H–F, G–SO3H–Cl, and G-SO3H, consistent with the experimentally obtained catalytic activity trends. Through extensive characterization, including textural analysis, surface chemistry, and density functional theory calculations, we identified that the –F groups are the key to strengthening cellulose–catalyst interactions. This study is the first study to demonstrate the potential of fluorine-modulated carbon-based solid acid catalysts for upgrading cellulosic biomass to value-added compounds.

Engineering the functionality of porous organic polymers (POPs) for metal/cocatalyst-free CO2 fixation at atmospheric conditions

Carbon dioxide (CO2) utilization as C1 feedstock under metal/co-catalyst-free conditions facilitates the development of eco-friendly routes for mitigating atmospheric CO2 concentration and producing value-added compounds. In this regard, herein, we designed a bifunctional porous organic polymer (POP-1) by incorporating acidic (-CONH) and CO2-philic (-NH/N) sites by judicious choice of organic precursors. Indeed, POP-1 exhibits high heat of interaction for CO2 (40.2 kJ/mol) and excellent catalytic performance for transforming carbon dioxide to cyclic carbonates, a high-value commodity chemical with high selectivity and yield under metal/cocatalyst/solvent-free atmospheric pressure conditions. Interestingly, an analogous polymer (POP-2) that lacks basic (-NH/N) sites showed lower CO2 interaction energy (31.6 kJ/mol) and catalytic activity than that of POP-1. The theoretical studies further supported the superior catalytic activity of POP-1 in the absence of Lewis acidic metal and cocatalyst. Notably, POP-1 showed excellent reusability with retention of catalytic performance for multiple cycles of usage. Overall, this work presents a novel approach to metal/cocatalyst/solvent-free utilization of CO2 under eco-friendly atmospheric pressure conditions.

Engineering a versatile yeast platform for sesquiterpene production from glucose or methanol.

Natural sesquiterpene are valuable compounds with diverse applications in industries, such as cosmetics and energy. Microbial synthesis offers a promising way for sesquiterpene production. Methanol, can be synthesized from CO2 and solar energy, serves as a sustainable carbon source. However, it is still a challenge to utilize methanol for the synthesis of value-added compounds. Pichia pastoris (syn. Komagataella phaffii), known for its efficient utilization of glucose and methanol, has been widely used in protein synthesis. With advancements in technology, P. pastoris is gradually engineered for chemicals production. Here, we successfully achieved the synthesis of α-bisabolene in P. pastoris with dual carbon sources by expressing the α-bisabolene synthase gene under constitutive promoters. We systematically analyzed the effects of different steps in the mevalonate (MVA) pathway when methanol or glucose was used as the carbon source. Our finding revealed that the sesquiterpene synthase module significantly increased the production when methanol was used. While the metabolic modules MK and PMK greatly improved carbon source utilization, cell growth, and titer when glucose was used. Additionally, we demonstrated the synthesis of β-farnesene from dual carbon source by replacing the α-bisabolene synthase with a β-farnesene synthase. This study establishes a platform strain that is capable to synthesize sesquiterpene from different carbon sources in P. pastoris. Moreover, it paves the way for the development of P. pastoris as a high-efficiency microbial cell factory for producing various chemicals, and lays foundation for large-scale synthesis of high value-added chemicals efficiently from methanol in P. pastoris.

Soybean molasses as a new and low-cost substrate for gluconic acid production by Aspergillus niger

Soybean molasses (SM), a sugar-rich by-product obtained from manufacturing soy protein concentrate, is an interesting source of fermentable sugars for biotechnological processes. For the first time, SM was used as a new and low-cost substrate in Aspergillus niger cultures to produce gluconic acid (GA), a carboxylic acid obtained by the oxidation of glucose and with a wide range of applications. The effect of SM composition and sugar content on GA batch production was studied in a stirred-tank bioreactor using two SM samples with different total sugar concentrations of 46 % and 52 % (w/w) and different sugar profiles. GA productivity improved as the total sugar concentration increased, whereas yield was unaffected. Agitation rate increase positively affected yield and productivity in SM medium with the highest sugar concentration. Under these conditions, the highest GA titer (79 g·L−1) was obtained. Oxalic acid and fructose syrup were other added-value compounds found from the submerged fermentation of SM. This work proved the potential of A. niger in the bioconversion of SM with different compositions into GA, providing a novel strategy for low-cost and eco-friendly GA production from SM.

Transformation of D-xylose into furfuryl alcohol via an efficient chemobiological approach in a benign deep eutectic solvent lactic acid:betaine-water reaction system

Biobased furfuryl alcohol (FOL) was a common building block for the production of resins, lubricants, plasticizers, organic compounds and value-added intermediates. For the effectual efficient production of FOL, a combination of chemocatalytic and biocatalytic approach was built for the transformation of D-xylose to FOL in a deep eutectic solvent (DES) lactic acid:betaine-H2O (LA:Bet-H2O) system. The furfural (FAL) yield of LA:Bet-H2O (10:90, vol/vol) for 30 min at 180 °C reached 81.6 % using D-xylose (150 g/L) as substrate in a high-pressure reactor. Using glucose as co-substrate, E. coli HMFOMUT whole cell could transform the formed FAL (125 mM) into FOL (96.8 % yield) in a conical flask at 37 °C and pH 7.0 in this LA:Bet-H2O (5:95, vol/vol) medium. In 50 mL LA:Bet-H2O, HMFOMUT cells effectually convert D-xylose-derived FAL to FOL, and 0.75 g of D-xylose formed FOL (0.384 g, 78.2 % yield) and furoic acid (FA) (0.019 g, 3.4 % yield). In the present study, a one-pot tandem method was used to effectually catalyze the synthesis of FOL from D-xylose using an effectual combination of chemocatalysis with LA:Bet and biocatalysis with E. coli HMFOMUT in a reactor. It affords a new idea for the effectual use of biomass resources to synthesize high value-added compounds, and also renders a mild, green, environmentally friendly and sustainable strategy for the manufacturing of bio-based platform derivatives.

Extraction and Depolymerization of Lignin from Different Agricultural and Forestry Wastes to Obtain Building Blocks in a Circular Economy Framework.

Large amounts of agri-food waste are generated and discarded annually, but they have the potential to become highly profitable sources of value-added compounds. Many of these are lignin-rich residues. Lignin, one of the most abundant biopolymers in nature, offers numerous possibilities as a raw material or renewable resource for the production of chemical products. This study aims to explore the potential revalorization of agricultural by-products through the extraction of lignin and subsequent depolymerization. Different residues were studied; river cane, rice husks, broccoli stems, wheat straw, and olive stone are investigated (all local wastes that are typically incinerated). Traditional soda extraction, enhanced by ultrasound, is applied, comparing two different sonication methods. The extraction yields from different residues were as follows: river cane (28.21%), rice husks (24.27%), broccoli (6.48%), wheat straw (17.66%), and olive stones (24.29%). Once lignin is extracted, depolymerization is performed by three different methods: high-pressure reactor, ultrasound-assisted solvent depolymerization, and microwave solvolysis. As a result, a new microwave depolymerization method has been developed and patented, using for the first time graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) as new promising carbonaceous catalyst, achieving a 90.89% depolymerization rate of river cane lignin and yielding several building blocks, including guaiacol, vanillin, ferulic acid, or acetovanillone.

Phosphate limitation enhances malic acid production on nitrogen-rich molasses with Ustilago trichophora

BackgroundAn important step in replacing petrochemical products with sustainable, cost-effective alternatives is the use of feedstocks other than, e.g., pure glucose in the fermentative production of platform chemicals. Ustilaginaceae offer the advantages of a wide substrate spectrum and naturally produce a versatile range of value-added compounds under nitrogen limitation. A promising candidate is the dicarboxylic acid malic acid, which may be applied as an acidulant in the food industry, a chelating agent in pharmaceuticals, or in biobased polymer production. However, fermentable residue streams from the food and agricultural industry with high nitrogen content, e.g., sugar beet molasses, are unsuited for processes with Ustilaginaceae, as they result in low product yields due to high biomass and low product formation.ResultsThis study uncovers challenges in evaluating complex feedstock applicability for microbial production processes, highlighting the role of secondary substrate limitations, internal storage molecules, and incomplete assimilation of these substrates. A microliter-scale screening method with online monitoring of microbial respiration was developed using malic acid production with Ustilago trichophora on molasses as an application example. Investigation into nitrogen, phosphate, sulphate, and magnesium limitations on a defined minimal medium demonstrated successful malic acid production under nitrogen and phosphate limitation. Furthermore, a reduction of nitrogen and phosphate in the elemental composition of U. trichophora was revealed under the respective secondary substrate limitation. These adaptive changes in combination with the intricate metabolic response hinder mathematical prediction of product formation and make the presented screening methodology for complex feedstocks imperative. In the next step, the screening was transferred to a molasses-based complex medium. It was determined that the organism assimilated only 25% and 50% of the elemental nitrogen and phosphorus present in molasses, respectively. Due to the overall low content of bioavailable phosphorus in molasses, the replacement of the state-of-the-art nitrogen limitation was shown to increase malic acid production by 65%.ConclusionThe identification of phosphate as a superior secondary substrate limitation for enhanced malic acid production opens up new opportunities for the effective utilization of molasses as a more sustainable and cost-effective substrate than, e.g., pure glucose for biobased platform chemical production.

Metaheuristics-guided active learning for optimizing reaction conditions of high-performance methane conversion

Converting greenhouse gases into value-added chemical compounds has been widely studied in chemical science and engineering for sustainable industry. In particular, nonoxidative coupling of methane (NOCM) that transforms methane into useful chemical compounds has received great interests because methane is a naturally abundant greenhouse gas. NOCM has received significant attention in sustainable industry for addressing the climate crisis. However, there are complex optimization problems in maximizing the efficiency of the nonoxidative methane conversion. Although conventional data-driven methods have been successfully applied to various engineering problems, a data-driven optimization of NOCM remains a challenging problem because expensive chemical experiments should be performed to collect prior data for model training. To avoid the expensive costs of chemical experiments, we propose an active learning method that performs training data augmentation and model re-training without pre-defined unlabeled experimental data. To this end, we combine active learning with metaheuristic algorithms to perform active learning with statistically augmented data. We applied the proposed method to a high-throughput screening task to discover new reaction conditions of high-performance NOCM, and the high-throughput screening error was significantly reduced by 69.11%.

A Two-Dimensional Cu-Based Nanosheet Producing Formic Acid Via Glycerol Electro-Oxidation in Alkaline Water.

The sluggishness of the complementary oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is reckoned as one of the major drawbacks in developing an energy-efficient green hydrogen-producing electrolyzer. An array of organic molecule oxidation reactions, operational at a relatively low potential, have been explored as a substitute for the OER. Glycerol oxidation reaction (GOR) has emerged as a leading alternative in this context because glycerol, a waste of biodiesel manufacturing, has become ubiquitous and accessible due to the significant growth in the biodiesel sector in recent decades. Additionally, the GOR generates several value-added organic compounds following oxidation that enhance the cost viability of the overall electrolysis reaction. In this study, a low-cost, room temperature operable, and energy-efficient synthetic methodology has been developed to generate unique two-dimensional CuO nanosheets (CuO NS). This CuO NS material was embedded on a carbon paper electrode, which showcased excellent glycerol electro-oxidation performance operational at a moderately low applied potential. Formic acid is the major product of this CuO NS-driven GOR (Faradaic efficiency ~80 %), as it is formed primarily via the glyceraldehyde oxidation pathway. This CuO NS material was also active for oxidizing other abundant alcohols like ethylene glycol and diethylene glycol, albeit at a relatively poor efficiency. Therefore, this robust CuO NS material has displayed the potential to be used in large-scale electrolyzers functioning with HER/GOR reactions.

A novel application of Chlorella sorokiniana for green hydrogen production via microbial electrolysis and Waste Biorefinery

Waste biorefineries have significant potential to utilize microbial electrolysis cells (MECs) to convert waste into energy carriers and bioproducts with added value, potentially resulting in a carbon- and energy-negative system. Various feedstocks (such as sodium acetate, glucose, glycerol, and wastewater) are used in MEC for biohydrogen production. This study used the three different wastewaters as substrates in the MEC for biohydrogen production. The remaining dried microalgal biomass was then analyzed to identify value-added compounds. Under conditions of 18±3°C, domestic wastewater (DWW) produced maximum biohydrogen (22.78±0.25 mL/L). Combined domestic wastewater and algal extracted supernatant (CDAES) resulted in a higher yield (30.82±0.25 mL/L), and modified wastewater (MWW) exhibited the highest production (40.86±0.25 mL/L). The biohydrogen production values in this study exceed those reported in the latest research, considering the applied voltage of 0.5 V. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images confirmed the formation of rod-shaped and round-shaped microbial communities on the anode surface. The cultivation conditions for Chlorella sorokiniana in a multi-cultivator system were set (23–26°C, 98 μmol m−2 s−1, pH 7.0 ± 0.5, and CO2 0.04 %). The Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of dried algal biomass has revealed eighteen bioactive compounds with diverse applications in pharmacy, food, and cosmetics. Thus, the algal extracted supernatant incorporated into wastewater demonstrated an innovative and economical feedstock for MEC. Additionally, bioactive compounds play a prominent role in the success of integration technologies, opening a new avenue for research.