Valid Examples Research Articles

Boundary controllability for conservative PDEs

Boundary observability and controllability problems for evolution equations governed by PDEs have been greatly studied in the past years. However, the problems were studied on a case-by-case basis, only for some particular types of boundary controls, and, moreover, several unnatural restrictions concerning lower-order terms were used. Our goal here is to give a general approach for boundary controllability problems, which is valid for all evolution PDEs of hyperbolic or ultrahyperbolic type, all boundary controls for which the corresponding homogeneous problem is well-posed, and all well-posedness spaces for the homogeneous problem. The first example of such equations is the class of hyperbolic equations, but valid examples are also equations such as the Schroedinger equation and various models for the plate equation. This work is essentially based on some apriori estimates of Carleman's type obtained by the author in a previous paper [29].

Affect, Reason, and Persuasion Advertising Strategies That Predict Affective and Analytic-Cognitive Responses

Advertisements are messages designed with the goal of persuasion and can therefore be considered as ecologically valid examples of persuasive messages. The study of responses to advertisements can provide insights into the interplay of affective and analytic-cognitive aspects of the persuasion process. This study develops and tests hypotheses concerning the relationship of specific advertising strategies to affective (syncretic-cognitive) and analytic cognitive responses in the audience. Specifically, it is postulated that different advertising strategies predict different patterns of affective and analytic cognition with product involvement and other relevant variables controlled. Two hundred forty advertisements are analyzed both in terms of their strategy attributes and the reactions they evoke. Advertising strategy variables are demonstrated to account substantially for the variance in affective and analytic cognition.

Ecological succession on cobble substrates: a reply

In a recent paper, Kobluk and Lysenko (1987) described the effects of hurricanes on coral and milleporid distribution in coral reef rubble near the coast of a Fijian island. Their main thesis was that cryptic sub-rubble coral populations may act as “preserves” for reef surface communities. This was supported by data showing that on the protected undersides of boulders the composition of post-hurricane coral and milleporid populations were little changed from their pre-hurricane states. In a final section entitled “Paleontological implications,” Kobluk and Lysenko (1987, p. 673) stated, “Wilson (1985) studied just such a rubble-dwelling fauna in the Ordovician of Kentucky.” The authors then discussed “another interpretation” of the paleoecologic succession described in Wilson (1985). Because the Ordovician succession described by Wilson may be one of the few valid examples of an autogenic ecological succession in the fossil record (see Miller, 1986) the re-interpretation by Kobluk and Lysenko (1987) must be answered.

Surface enhanced raman and resonance raman spectroscopy in a non-aqueous electrochemical environment: Tris(2,2′-bipyridine)ruthenium(II) adsorbed on silver from acetonitrile

This letter reports the first observation of both surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) and surface enhanced resonance Raman scattering (SERRS) from the transition metal complex tris(2,2′-bipyridine)ruthenium (II), Ru(bpy) 3 2+, adsorbed on a silver electrode from acetonitrile (ACN). The assignment of these spectra as valid examples of SERS and SERRS in a non-aqueous environment is based on the following criteria: (1) in situ demonstration of monolayer surface coverage of Ru(bpy) 3 2+ using double potential step chronocoulometry (DPSCC); (2) the Raman signals are most intense after surface roughening by anodization; (3) the Raman spectra are potential dependent in the non-faradaic potential region; (4) the measured enhancement factors are greater ilian 10 6; (5) the surface spectra are frequency shifted relative to their bulk counterpart; and (6) several other molecules also exhibit non-aqueous SERS and SERRS behavior. These results are highly significant in that generality of surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy has been extended into the rich domain of nonaqueous electrochemistry.

An ESCA investigation of some thiocyanato complexes

A series of simple thiocyanato complex ions have been investigated as their tetraphenylphosphonium and potassium salts. The binding energies of N, C and S were determined as well as those of the metals. From the first-mentioned data effective charge-values were estimated for the atoms of the ligands. For this purpose linear relations E b = kq + E b0 were used that had been previously established within a scheme having C 1 s (phenyl) as the internal standard. From the data thus obtained the effective charge on the metal atoms was estimated. For elements where we have sufficient data the same type of linear relation seems to he followed. Tentatively valid examples are E b(Ni) = 6.74 q Ni + 848.3 eV and E b(Pd) = 4.45 q Pd + 333.9 eV. In this interpretation the atoms of the metals are considered to be positively charged and surrounded by the negative charge of the electrons occupying the s band. It is further suggested for complexes with pronounced π backbonding (Pt(SCN) 4 2−, Pd(SCN) 4 2− and Hg(SCN) 4 2−) that the C 1 s binding energy measured for the carbon atom of the SCN − ligand is composed of the ionisation energy from the 1 s level and an additional term corresponding to the intraligand π → π* transition.

SEPTIC ARTHRITIS OF THE HIP: A COMPLICATION OF FEMORAL VENIPUNCTURE

Four cases of septic arthritis of the hip in neonates, felt to be valid examples of a complication arising from femoral venipuncture, are presented. Each of the cases seen occurred 5 to 9 days after femoral venipuncture. Staphylococcus aureus was cultured in three cases, Staphylococcus albus in one, and the skin is considered to be the source of contamination. Severe residuals resulted in each instance. Because of the severe disability that may result, greater care in skin preparation and performance of femoral venipuncture is suggested. In addition, it is recommended that, whenever possible, the external jugular vein be used in preference to the femoral vein.

The Bell Trade Act and the Philippine Economy

T HE Philippines is fortunate in being a country with frontiers to conquer and new lands to open. Surveys indicate a vast amount of idle resources that are available for exploitation in order to increase the nation's wealth. The rate of literacy is one of the highest in Asia: in I948, 59.8 per cent of all persons ten years or more of age were literate.' The training of a skilled labor force should therefore present no insurmountable difficulties. One would expect the country to be relatively self-sufficient in many things. And yet, if the facts are examined, it is disconcerting to find that a large proportion of the country's demands must be met from imports rather than from domestic production. The immediate postwar years were of course not illustrative of this condition because they spanned a period in which the country was recovering from the ravages of conflict. However, a certain measure of normalcy returned to the economy in I948 and I949, which may be considered the most representative of recent years. (Later years cannot serve as valid examples because of the imposition of strict trade controls and the outbreak of the Korean war.) In these two years, twenty-three per cent of the national income was expended on imports. In I948, CIF imports totaled PI,3Ii.8 million and the national income amounted to P5,7I3 million; in i949, CIF imports were PI,3I3.5 million and the national income stood at P5,646 million. It is interesting to note that, prior to the imposition of trade controls, about seventy per cent of these imports consisted of consumption goods.2 The high percentage of national income spent for imports indicates the existence of a fundamental defect which prevents the Philippine