Valid Answer Research Articles

Automated Feedback on Student Attempts to Produce a Set of Dimensionless Power Products from a Set of Physical Quantities that Describe a Physical Problem

Formative feedback is important in learning. Automating the provision of specific, objective, constructive feedback to large cohorts requires complex algorithms that most teachers do not have time to develop, suggesting that a community effort is needed to create a library of specialised algorithms. We present an exemplar algorithm for a class of tasks in ‘dimensional analysis’ relating to the Buckingham Pi theorem. The challenge arises because there are infinitely many valid and invalid answers, but any valid answer is sufficient to complete a task. We present an algorithm that, given one valid reference answer, can evaluate any response to a task. The algorithm uses a vector-space formulation of the Pi theorem. Deployment across seven tasks for 380 students provided feedback 3,090 times, including stating why a response is invalid. The most common reason was that a student-proposed set was not dimensionless, but other educationally relevant reasons were also identified.

Association of Cancer with Heart Failure and the Prognostic Value of NT-proBNP in Cancer Patients: Findings from the NHANES (1999-2018).

Evidence regarding the association between cancer and heart failure (HF) is scarce. This study is to investigate the association between HF and cancer and explore the prognostic value of NT-proBNP in cancer patients. This cohort study used National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data from 1999 to 2018 and linked mortality information until 2019. We included all participants with valid answer to questions regarding self-reported cancer and HF. Multivariable logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% CIs. Our study included data from 54,847 adult participants. During a median (IQR) follow-up of 9.6 (4.0-15.1) years, 7674 deaths were recorded. HF was associated with an increased occurrence of cancer after propensity score matching (OR = 1.46, 95% CI: 1.17-1.82, p < 0.001). Cancer was associated with a higher occurrence of HF (OR = 1.33, 95% CI: 1.11-1.59, p = 0.002). Kaplan-Meier survival analysis over 10 years revealed the shortest survival in patients with both HF and cancer (log-rank p < 0.0001). Importantly, NT-proBNP was significantly higher in cancer patients, no matter whether with known HF (p < 0.01). In cancer patients without HF, NT-proBNP higher than 51.51 pg/mL was associated with shorter survival (log-rank p < 0.0001). Findings from this cohort study suggest that HF is significantly associated with cancer. NT-proBNP was higher in cancer patients, with significant prognostic value in cancer patients.

Rehabilitation or Demolition of Small Hydropower Plants: Evaluation of the Environmental and Economic Sustainability of the Case Study “El Cerrajón”

During the 1950s, numerous small-capacity hydroelectric power plants were built in Spain. Seventy-five years on, it must now be decided whether to continue their operation or demolish them. In order to provide a valid answer, it is necessary to have access to decision-making tools that enable sustainable economic and environmental decision making. The present work proposes a methodology that employs an economic indicator of life cycle cost and environmental indicators of carbon footprint and embodied energy by means of life cycle data analysis. Quantification of the impacts was carried out with the support of construction cost databases and the PREDICE software tool for the quantification of environmental impacts incorporated into maintenance tasks. The case study of the “Cerrajón” power plant was analyzed, where historical hydrological cycles were considered. A life cycle scenario was evaluated in which renovation extended the life of the power plant by a further 75 years. The results show savings in environmental impacts with respect to the impacts of the Spanish energy mix of up to 175 kgCO2 per MWh produced, although no economic benefit was found. It was also shown that in climate change scenarios, the profit price breakeven increases. Rehabilitation appears to present the best choice when combining the two criteria.

Factors affecting operational risk management of Vietnam commercial banks in Dong Nai province

Operational risk management and supervision are essential as a bank's reliable shield to prevent violations of banking risk management principles. Using the convenient sampling method, the authors surveyed 336 valid answer sheets, corresponding to 350 managers and staff working at Vietnam commercial banks in Dong Nai province. Research results show that there are 5 factors affecting operational risk management with a significance level of 5%, with an adjusted R2 coefficient of 0.604, which means that the built multiple linear regression model. The fit for the data set is 60.4%, meaning the model explains 60.4% of the variation in operational risk management due to 5 impact factors. Finally, the authors propose five policy implications that contribute to improving operational risk management, corresponding to the five factors in order of priority: Operational risk management related to organizational structure the highest standardized regression coefficient of 0.468, and the leadership perspective on operational risk management with the lowest standardized regression coefficient of 0.159.

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Aim of the study. To evaluate the quality of answers given by ChatGPT to the questions about tobacco control, to assess the safety of this information, and its accessibility for those who intend to quit smoking. Materials and methods. To evaluate ChatGPT's capabilities, we put 14 questions about the impact of tobacco use on the body, ways to quit, harm from alternative types of nicotine use, etc. Each of these questions was submitted for analysis by ChatGPT version 3.5 separately from a personal computer (PC) and a smartphone. The answers were analyzed by a panel of 7 pulmonology experts using a Likert scale. The following criteria were used to evaluate each answer: completeness of the answer; quality of information; accessibility/comprehensibility of information; safety for the patient; importance for successful tobacco control. To assess the validity of the answers, we calculated the content validity ratio (CVR). Results. The overall average score of the answers was (4.1�0.4) points out of a maximum of 5 points. The answers obtained when using a �� were higher rated by the experts than when using a smartphone, but without a statistical difference. The results obtained using a �� were also better than those obtained using a smartphone for all analysis criteria (but without a statistical difference): completeness of the answer ((4.15�0.4) vs. (3.84�0.5) points), some information ((4.04�0.4) vs. (3.87�0.4) points), accessibility ((4.29�0.3) vs. (4.10�0.4) points), safety ((4.19�0.3) vs. (4.10�0.4) points), importance for tobacco control ((4.25�0.4) vs. (4.16�0.4) points). According to the results of the content validity coefficient calculation, only one valid answer was found. Conclusions. Despite the generally positive responses, a significant drawback was that only one answer received a sufficient level of validity. This evidences that artificial intelligence chatbots have great potential for use in the fight against tobacco smoking. But at the moment, an application such as ChatGPT should not be recommended to patients as an effective, safe, and efficient method of combating this deadly habit, and preference should be given to consultations with relevant medical professionals. Key words: ChatGPT, smoking.

Applications of thermal insulation materials by aircraft

Lightweight materials such as microfiber insulation or polymer foam are typically used to insulate cars and aircraft. But here, too, the use of state-of-the-art “super-insulating” materials is a valid answer. Vacuum insulation panels also serve as reliable insulators for electric vehicles. In this study, we will analyze in depth the potential uses for aerogels, polymer foams, and microfiber insulation. In addition, their thermal properties are briefly outlined, with a special focus on thermal conductivity and compressibility. Finding the right solution for the aircraft industry is critical. To meet increasingly stringent requirements, aircraft materials must meet several criteria, including lightweight, minimal noise, and insulation from the heat.

Advantages and disadvantages of learning pronunciation in MS Teams classes: Perceptions of English-majored students at Van Hien University

Online classes have become important for all subjects, including pronunciation, because of the rapid advancements in science and technology, particularly during the Covid-19 and post-Covid-19 pandemic. However, Vietnam has produced only a small number of research articles on the advantages and disadvantages of online English pronunciation classes. Therefore, this study was conducted with the aim of examining how English-majored students at Van Hien University perceived the advantages and disadvantages of learning pronunciation in MS Teams classes. The online survey method via Google form was used to collect data from students of three English pronunciation classes at the Faculty of Foreign Languages, Van Hien University and received 131 valid answer sheets, of which selecting five students continued to participate in semi-structured interviews via telephone. The findings demonstrate that the benefits of class recordings were undeniable. On the contrary, in addition to technical concerns, students encountered other obstacles, such as learning environment issues and lack of direct contact.

A matter of content: overcoming the gender gap in political knowledge, expression of knowledge, and interest

Abstract Data systematically depict women as less knowledgeable, interested, and apt to provide a valid answer to questions about politics. These three gaps – the knowledge, the political interest, and the expression of knowledge gap – are related to a discriminatory way of measuring political knowledge and interest, which conceptually juxtaposes the more general concept of knowledge and interest in politics to that of knowing about, or taking an interest in, political institutions. This narrows the measurement to topics that men are more interested in. In this experimental study, the focus is shifted from political institutions to a wider understanding of what can be a political issue. It reveals that women's knowledge disadvantage and hesitancy in answering to knowledge questions, together with men's higher levels of interest, are most likely conditional to this traditional interpretation of the term politics.

Europe and Turkey: identities in evolution. An analytical literature review.

This research aims to offer a valid answer to the question of how Turks and Europeans perceived each other in cultural and identity terms throughout history. With this purpose, it makes a thorough analytical review of the extant scholarly literature on identity relations between Turkey and Europe. There is an evident lack of scholarly attention on the evolution of mutual representations comparatively in the long durée. Most scholarly works focus on specific periods of time and investigate either how Turks view Europe or visa-versa. This systematic review provides the basis for an evolutionary analysis of mutual identity representations between Turkey and Europe over more than a two-hundred-year period. The period under focus starts with the French Revolution (1789) triggering intensive identity debates between Ottomans and Europeans and lasts until mid-2010s when bilateral relations between Turkey and the European Union went into disarray. This long period has been divided into four shorter periods each starting and ending with a remarkable event in world politics or bilateral relations. The study examines each period in relation to four focal issues, namely, nationalism, civilization, status in international society, and state-citizen relations generating intensive identity discussions in both Turkey and Europe. The article first presents the key findings of the relevant literature on European representations of Turkey and on Turkish representations of Europe in the four historical periods. Then it scrutinizes the extant literature on each period with respect to the four focal issues. Overall, the study, through a comprehensive literature review, demonstrates the ways in which mutual identity representations in Turkey and Europe have been contested over a two-hundred-year period.

Mitigation strategies of public–private partnership (PPP) barriers in Palestinian construction projects

PurposeThe scarcity of literature related to the PPP (public-private partnership) barriers in construction projects within war areas, and hence the dearth of information to deliver viable and effective strategies to those barriers, are the primary causes for the failures of PPP schemes in such areas, particularly in Palestine. Financial and non-financial investments are more problematic in war zones than non-war nations and may escalate barrier for projects' success. The investigation purposes to discover proper answers to the barriers of PPP infrastructure schemes and highlight the execution of barrier reactions.Design/methodology/approachSpecialists were asked to deliver approaches to alleviate 21 barriers and recommend the period needed for applying them. Later, the relevance of alleviation events was examined through prioritization according to the results attained from three elements, i.e. the impact of every barrier and the strategy's viability and efficacy.FindingsWhile the most unfavorable barrier was finalized to be the unfeasibility of delivering physical security, the most valid answer was associated with the lack of government cohesiveness and responsibility to perform its duties. The discovered barriers are typical within warring nations, but the paper concentrated on Palestine.Originality/valueThis study is an initial effort to examine PPP barriers in Palestinian infrastructure projects. The presented strategies can be applied as a novel set for barrier reaction improvement in occupied nations such as Palestine. Moreover, the results can develop the usage of PPP and enhance the barrier sharing in this scheme.

Efektivitas E-Modul Hidrokarbon Berbasis Guided Discovery Learning terhadap Hasil Belajar Peserta Didik Kelas XI Di SMAN 13 Padang

In the hydrocarbon material, there is a lot of conceptual, factual, and procedural knowledge that must be managed by students. One component of learning success is determined by the quality of teaching materials provided to students. Therefore, teaching materials are used to comply with the requirement of students in understanding hydrocarbon materials in the form of a hydrocarbon e-module based on guided discovery learning that has been valid and practical so that it can improve student learning outcomes. The purpose of this study was to determine the effectivity of the e-module used on student learning outcomes at SMAN 13 Padang. This research is quasi-experimental research (Quast Experiment Research) using a nonequivalent control group design. The population is class XI MIPA SMAN 13 Padang in the academic year 2022/2023. The sample selection was done by random sampling technique, by choosing class XI MIPA 2 as the experimental class and class XI MIPA 4 as the control class. The instrument used in this study was a multiple-choice test consisting of 25 questions and 5 valid, reliable, and discriminatory answer choices, and a difficulty index with good criteria. The effectivity level of the e-module was analyzed from the n-gain test value. The results obtained n-gain in the experimental class 0.6 while in the control class 0.55 with a medium category. So that the hydrocarbon e-module based on guided discovery learning is effectively used to improve student learning outcomes.

Question Answering System Approaches: A Review

Data is increasing in volume day by day, this data can be processed and classified into various categories. Users all over the internet ask tons of questions to which they want precise answers. The Question Answering system is the best solution in such scenarios. Traditional approach mainly focuses on providing the documents which include the keywords related to the query asked by the users. While the question answering approach provides a better alternative by further refining the results, it not only returns the related documents but also retrieves the most relevant answer from the available corpus of data. Converting the questions asked by the users into an appropriate query string, classifying the question, retrieving the documents and extracting the valid answer are the main steps involved in this system.

The role of destination image and factors affecting the decision to choose Phu Quoc for travel

This study aims to investigate the impact of factors such as motivation, information, and infrastructure on destination image, as well as the impact of destination image and price on the decision to choose Phu Quoc as destination. The research is based on the theory of planned behavior (TPB) as the background theory, and the scales in the questionnaire were developed based on previous research. More than 500 valid answer sheets were collected from internet and social network, the data collected from which was then analyzed by PLS-SEM software. The results show that the motivation, infrastructure of Phu Quoc, and information about Phu Quoc all have an impact on the destination image. The tour price and attitude towards Phu Quoc both have positive impact on the decision to go to Phu Quoc, and the destination image of Phu Quoc has a significant impact on the attitude towards Phu Quoc. The indirect relationships in the research model also have statistical significance. The research results help local managers and travel companies to understand the role of the destination image and the effects of price on tourists’ decision, thereby developing relevant programs to promote Phu Quoc withindomestic tourism.

Delay in Seeking Medical Attention and Diagnosis in Chinese Melanoma Patients: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Melanoma is a highly malignant skin tumor, and prolonged delay in seeking medical attention (DSMA) and delay in diagnosis (DD) may result in poor prognoses. Through a web-based questionnaire, we explored the related factors affecting the DSMA and DD of melanoma in a Chinese population. A total of 112 valid answer sheets were received. After obtaining the relevant information, we analyzed the factors associated with DSMA and DD. The median time of DSMA was 8.0 (quartiles: 1.0, 29.3) months, and the median of patients' DD was 1.0 (quartiles: 1.0, 8.3) month. The subsequent analysis showed that DSMA and DD were positively correlated to age and negatively correlated to education background and annual household income. Patients with a history of tumors or previous health-seeking behavior because of other skin lesions had significantly longer DSMA than those without. Patients who sought medical help at general tertiary hospitals for the first time had a significantly shorter DD than those who chose other hospitals. Our study found that DSMA and DD are associated with factors such as age, education, income, and patients' histories. Secondary prevention of Chinese melanoma should be strengthened to reduce DSMA and DD to improve patients' prognoses.

Factors affecting the value of online advertising among Vietnamese youths

The author's research bases on studies of Ducoffe (1996), Tsang, Ho and Liang (2002), Murat, Sibel and Ceyda (2016) and Firat (2019), proposed factors affecting the value of online advertising include informativeness, entertainment, credibility, irritation, and social interaction. Two hundred ninety valid answer sheets of young people aged 18 - 25 in Vietnam answered through Google Form are analyzed with SPSS 20 software to verify the reliability of Cronbach's Alpha, EFA, and regression correlation analysis. This research also uses the test of variance to determine whether there are differences between the demographic factors and the value of online advertising. The research results show that all five factors that affect advertising value, from the strongest to the weakest, are credibility, social interaction, informativeness, entertainment, and irritation. It is identical to the results of Ducoffe (1996). Thus, the research shows that credibility has the most substantial influence on the value of online advertising, whereas some other studies have suggested that that factor is entertainment (Tsang, Ho &amp; Liang, 2002; Murat, Sibel &amp; Ceyda, 2016) or value information (Cho &amp; Choen, 2004). Especially the study also discovered that the ability of social interactions also has the affection with the value of advertising. This result receives the similarity from Ko, Cho and Roberts (2005) research. Simultaneously, the results also discover that demographic factors such as gender, age, and income do not differ from the value of online advertising. In the practical, aspect the results can help advertisers have a suitable strategy and improve advertising effectiveness. So that enterprises could attract more customers.

Life cycle impact assessment of safety shoes toe caps realized with reclaimed composite materials

Toe cap for safety shoes is an extremely important protective equipment to prevent injuries caused by falling objects. It can be considered that more than 600 millions toe caps are disposed every year, without the possibility of disassembly them from the shoes. This represents a serious concern and sustainable solutions must be found to decrease the weight on the environment generated by the safety shoe market. In this context, a valid answer can be found in the use of carbon fiber prepreg scraps that can be employed in a circular economy approach, avoiding their disposal in landfill or through incineration, to produce certified and light toe caps. Unfortunately, carbon fiber scraps are associated to high production cost and environmental impacts (mainly due to the high energy requirement for the manufacturing of carbon fiber). Thus, the development of a zero-waste system is mandatory to achieve a conscious use of the resources. In this paper, a reclaim method for prepreg scraps and the relative manufacturing process for toe caps are assessed from the environmental point of view. The impacts are compared with those of a traditional process based on a thermoplastic material (Polycarbonate). Results demonstrate that the reclaim process is extremely sustainable due to the low energy requirements. However, some improvements of the manufacturing process are necessary to make toe caps realized with prepreg scraps more sustainable than the traditional ones.

E-LEARNING IMPLEMENTATION IN RURAL AREA: THAILAND PRIMARY SCHOOL EFL PERCEPTION

This study aimed to find primary school EFL perception in Loei on E-learning during the Covid-19 outbreak. This study is using descriptive quantitative design using questionnaire as the instrument and involving 125 primary school EFL from 6 different districts in Loei, Thailand. To find valid answer, Gutmann scale has been applied in this study consisting of 4 aspects namely interactivity, independency, accessibility and enrichment. The results show that the mean score is 8.34 (min score: 3 &amp; max score: 12) and the standard deviation is 2.152. Thus, it can be said that EFL perceptions in Loei, Thailand primary school on E-learning implementation is fairly good. The findings of this study are to assist English teachers making it possible to design more effective E-learning implementation during the outbreak mainly for EFL in rural areas.

Evaluation of the property methods for pure and mixture of CO2 for power cycles analysis

The use of a binary cycle coupled to the complete reinjection of non-condensable gases could provide a valid answer to the improvement of the sustainability of geothermal plants. In recent years, the interest in the use of CO2 as a working fluid in transcritical cycles has increased. However, the low critical temperature of carbon dioxide (≈30 °C) requires the cooling cycle, temperatures below 15 °C, which are not always available. In this work, to overcome this limitation and obtain a higher critical temperature and a lower maximum pressure for more flexible applications of transcritical binary cycles, the possibility of using a second component, mixed with CO2, has been evaluated. For this purpose, the following fluids have been proposed: R1234yf, R1234ze(E), n-butane, n-hexane, n-pentane, and propane, with a minimum considered carbon dioxide molar content of 60%. To carry out a cycle analysis, the knowledge of the thermodynamic properties of CO2-mixtures is fundamental; however, suitable equations of state under the appropriate conditions for these blends have not been clearly defined yet. Therefore, in the first part of this paper, different EoS for predicting thermodynamic properties of pure CO2 and CO2-based mixtures are analyzed and compared with reference data obtained from works published in the literature. However, because of the lack of experimental data of the selected blends, the values of density, enthalpy and entropy, obtained with the selected EoS, are compared with NIST REFPROP results. The EoS involved in the evaluation are cubic-type (PR, PR-Twu, PRSV, RK, SRK, GCEOS), Virial-type (LKP, BWRS), Helmholtz-type (SW), and SAFT-type (PC-SAFT). In a power cycle, the fluid works under different conditions, involving several possible states across the components. So the influence of the different EoS on each power cycle's key component for pure CO2 and two selected CO2-based mixtures has been investigated. The thermodynamic results show that the CO2-based mixtures, in a transcritical configuration, can achieve efficiencies higher than the sCO2 power cycle.

La Luna, misiones, Derecho de propiedad y conflictos respecto a la explotación e investigación desarrollada en el satélite

En el estudio se profundizará sobre la titularidad de la Luna, así como los diversos conflictos actuales que se pueden plantear en torno a la explotación e investigación de los recursos. Se partirá de las aportaciones doctrinales más relevantes sobre la materia, así como el empleo de la legislación referente al Derecho Espacial que se aplica a la Luna y los demás cuerpos celestes. Al tratarse de un estudio científico que se centra en las ciencias jurídicas, utilizaremos una metodología de análisis sobre las fuentes aplicables, para obtener una respuesta válida a los diferentes problemas que se pueden plantear respecto a la propiedad lunar y la investigación y explotación en el satélite.

Factors that affect employee motivation at Bentre Import Export Joint- stock Corporation (Betrimex)

The research on factors that affect employee motivation at Bentre Import Export Joint- stock Corporation (Betrimex) has special significance in motivating employees, attracting and retaining talent, thereby helping the Corporation improve work performance. During the research, 300 employees working at Betrimex were surveyed and 250 employees with valid answer sheets were selected, survey data was processed with the SPSS software and the research model through scale reliability analysis, exploratory data analysis, correlation analysis and multiple regression analysis was tested. The research results have shown 07 factors affecting employee motivation at Betrimex, measured through 37 observed variables and including the pay, bonuses, benefits, allowances, working conditions, relationships with colleagues and relationships with superiors. Where the pay (b = 0.403) is the factor that has the most powerful influence on employee motivation and working conditions (b = 0.171) have the least influence on employee motivation. The results of multiple regression analysis have also showed that the adjusted R2 is 0.732. Thus, 07 independent variables can explain 73.2% of the variations of the dependent variables. Also, the research results have tremendous implications for developing strategies and plans for human resources development of Betrimex in the future.