Valence Properties Research Articles

Varia: Опит за систематизиране на един тип устойчиви глаголно-именни словосъчетания в българския език

In this article we examine stable verb-noun phrases of the ‘give an answer’ and ‘enter negotiations’ type. We start with the idea that the noun in the phrase does not act as an argument and that the valence properties are distributed between the constituents of the phrase. The article also describes the specific properties which incorporate the constructions in a separate group and proposes a classification model.

On the Potentialities of Lithiated Iron Hydroxisulfides for Lithium Ion Battery

LiFeOHCh family of materials is a family of materials developed for supraconductivity application, linked with iron mixed valence properties 1. In this paper, we present their great opportunity as active material for lithium ion batteries. The electrochemical characterizations show a sustainable reversible capacity of 250 mAh/g at C/10 (up-taking 1Li at an average potential of 1.65V) and interesting performances in quick charge with 230 mAh/g at 1C and 130 mAh/g at 5C, putting this material as a good challenger of Li4Ti5O12 2. The lithiation mechanism of this material through cycling has been investigated and shows very original results: insertion of lithium and reduction of the hydroxyl into gaz hydrogen H2. Zhou, X. et al. Superconductivity and magnetism in iron sulfides intercalated by metal hydroxides. Chem. Sci. 8, 3781–3788 (2017).Sun, X. Advances in spinel Li4Ti5O12 anode materials for lithium-ion batteries. New J. Chem. 39, 38–63 (2014). Figure 1

Collective engagement in organizational settings

Customer engagement has emerged as a central concept in marketing. Despite extensive scholarly investigations and managerial interest though, considerations of customer engagement and emotional connections in business marketing have been scant. Researchers tend to focus on individual-level engagement, which is conceptually inadequate to address the inherently multi-actor nature of business-to-business marketing. Therefore, this article introduces the concept of collective engagement, highlighting both its characteristics and the conditions for its emergence. The resulting theoretical framework, with ten propositions, outlines the multidimensional nature of collective engagement, including its multiplicative aggregation, multidirectional valence, phenomenological and shared properties, emotional and institutional interdependence, and emergence in dynamic and multichannel settings. Collective engagement also offers a mechanism for considering emotions in business marketing, a topic that thus far has been largely ignored by the prevalent rational choice paradigm. Thus, this article contributes a systematic, coherent conceptualization of collective engagement and advances the theoretical domains of customer and actor engagement in particular and business-to-business research in general, while also suggesting a detailed research agenda.

Valency and Transitivity in a Contact Variety: The Evidence from Cameroon Pidgin English

We explore valency and transitivity patterns in Cameroon Pidgin English (cpe) from a language contact perspective, with particular focus on (a) lexical and (b) constructional phenomena. With respect to (a), many verbs of English origin surface in cpe with additional senses and valency properties to those they display in the lexifier, illustrating the drive towards polysemy in a language with a relatively small lexicon. We also describe category change, whereby English non-verbal expressions (typically adjectives) emerge as verbs in cpe. In terms of (b), verbs undergo valency changes as a consequence of participation in productive serial verb constructions. These constructions are built around a small set of high-frequency verbs, some of which also occur in the light verb construction, which represents another strategy for the creation of complex predicates. We review the evidence for constructional substrate influence. The data under discussion are drawn from two small corpora of spoken cpe.

Disorder and mixed valence properties of Sr2FeMoO6 studied by photoelectron diffraction and x-ray absorption spectroscopy

A single crystal of the double peroviskite Sr2FeMoO6 has been prepared and was studied by using two-dimensional photoelectron diffraction (2DPED) and x-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS). We found clear evidence for disorder of Fe3+/Mo5+ by 2DPED experiments, supporting a disorder picture for Sr2FeMoO6. On the other hand, Fe 2p XAS spectra suggested the existence of Fe2+ components (i.e. the mixed valence states) at the surface, but it was suppressed in the bulk. It seems that this fact has complicated a controversy so far concerning the reduction of saturation magnetization of this material.

Традиции русского застолья: глаголы, обозначающие ритуализованные вакхические действия

The article is devoted to the study of verbs denoting ritualized Bacchic actions. The author continues a series of works devoted to the study of Bacchic action in a broad sense in relation to the national picture of the world and mentality. Verbs obmyt’ and sprysnut’ meaning ‘to celebrate any event’, their compatibility are considered, and also frequency of forms is analyzed. Thus, the most frequent form of the designated verbs is the infinitive in combination with the modal-characterizing word nado . The prescriptiveness of the action, its expectation by community is represented in the introductory constructions kak voditsya , po russkoy traditsii , soglasno vekovym traditsiyam , etc. According to the author, use of verbal nouns obmyv , sprysk shows that the actions-rituals are interpreted as “entities” outside of time and space. Attention is paid to the ritual Church verb prichastitsya . The transition of the verb from the sacred to the profane sphere is noted, which is linked with the change of the axiological component. The profanical interpretation of the action, denoted by the verb prichastitsya , becomes possible with the expansion of its valence properties (in combination with a noun in the instrumental case - prichastitsya russkoy vodochkoy ). The material for the study was the examples of modern artistic and journalistic texts extracted from The National Corpus of the Russian Language.

Морфологическая производность

In this paper, I take as my starting point traditional study of word-forma­tion, i.e. word pairs like sad – sadness, bake – baker, where the mem­bers are connected formally as well as seman­tically. Besides, there is a difference in com­plexity, based on which each pair is ordered, di­rec­tional.However, this traditional approach is changed in such a way that the analysis is based entirely on valency properties and semantic relationship is restricted to that of equivalence. So instead of analysing pairs like staryj (‘old’) – starik (‘old man’) I prefer equivalent pairs like staryj muščina (old + man) – starik.The investigation is carried through not only on the word level, but also on the phrase and sen­tence levels, including (as in the example just given) pairs where the members belong to different levels.Special attention is paid to pairs where the secondary member contains a copula, for example Mašinu vel Ivan (‘The car was driven by Ivan) – Voditelem mašiny byl Ivan (‘The driver of the car was Ivan’).

Common Functional Brain States Encode both Perceived Emotion and the Psychophysiological Response to Affective Stimuli

Multivariate pattern analysis (MVPA) of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data has critically advanced the neuroanatomical understanding of affect processing in the human brain. Central to these advancements is the brain state, a temporally-succinct fMRI-derived pattern of neural activation, which serves as a processing unit. Establishing the brain state’s central role in affect processing, however, requires that it predicts multiple independent measures of affect. We employed MVPA-based regression to predict the valence and arousal properties of visual stimuli sampled from the International Affective Picture System (IAPS) along with the corollary skin conductance response (SCR) for demographically diverse healthy human participants (n = 19). We found that brain states significantly predicted the normative valence and arousal scores of the stimuli as well as the attendant individual SCRs. In contrast, SCRs significantly predicted arousal only. The prediction effect size of the brain state was more than three times greater than that of SCR. Moreover, neuroanatomical analysis of the regression parameters found remarkable agreement with regions long-established by fMRI univariate analyses in the emotion processing literature. Finally, geometric analysis of these parameters also found that the neuroanatomical encodings of valence and arousal are orthogonal as originally posited by the circumplex model of dimensional emotion.

UV laser regulation of surface oxygen vacancy of CoFe2O4 for enhanced oxygen evolution reaction

Oxygen evolution reaction is one of the key processes in the promising renewable energy technique of electrocatalytic water splitting. Developing high efficient oxygen evolution reaction (OER) catalysts requires determination of the optimal values of the descriptor parameters. Using spinel CoFe2O4 as the model catalyst, this work demonstrates that irradiation with pulsed UV laser can control the quantity of surface oxygen vacancy and thus modify the OER activity, in a volcano-shape evolution trend. This strategy sheds light on quantitatively investigation of the relationship between surface cation valence, anion vacancy, and physicochemical properties of transition-metal-based compounds.

Mass Transfer Phenomena during Electrodialysis of Multivalent Ions: Chemical Equilibria and Overlimiting Currents

Electrodialysis is utilized for the deionization of saline streams, usually formed by strong electrolytes. Recently, interest in new applications involving the transport of weak electrolytes through ion-exchange membranes has increased. Clear examples of such applications are the recovery of valuable metal ions from industrial effluents, such as electronic wastes or mining industries. Weak electrolytes give rise to a variety of ions with different valence, charge sign and transport properties. Moreover, development of concentration polarization under the application of an electric field promotes changes in the chemical equilibrium, thus making more complex understanding of mass transfer phenomena in such systems. This investigation presents a set of experiments conducted with salts of multivalent metals with the aim to provide better understanding on the involved mass transfer phenomena. Chronopotentiometric experiments and current-voltage characteristics confirm that shifts in chemical equilibria can take place simultaneous to the activation of overlimiting mass transfer mechanisms, that is, electroconvection and water dissociation. Electroconvection has been proven to affect the type of precipitates formed at the membrane surface thus suppressing the simultaneous dissociation of water. For some electrolytes, shifts in the chemical equilibria forced by an imposed electric field generate new charge carriers at specific current regimes, thus reducing the system resistance.

Electrical property and temperature sensitivity of NiFe2−xSb x O4 (x ≤ 0.02) ceramics for negative temperature coefficient thermistors

The NiFe2−xSb x O4 (x = 0.0, 0.008, 0.01, 0.015, 0.02) ceramics were prepared by a wet chemical process. The related ceramics were obtained by powders compacting and sintering by conventional ceramic processing. The phase component, cationic valence and electrical properties of the prepared ceramics were investigated. The investigation results indicate that NiFe2−xSb x O4 ceramics have a cubic spinel structure and display a typical characteristic of negative temperature coefficient (NTC) of resistivity. The room temperature resistivity of NiFe2−xSb x O4 ceramics can be adjusted from 75597 to 2714 Ω cm by changing the contents of Sb, and the ceramics hold high thermal sensitivity with NTC material constants between 3612 and 5408 K. The investigation of impedance spectra measured at different temperatures revealed that the grain effect and grain-boundary effect contribute simultaneously to the electrical conductivity and NTC effect. Conduction mechanism of NiFe2−xSb x O4 NTC thermistors are proposed to follow the polaron hopping model.

Role of random magnetic anisotropy on the valence, magnetocaloric and resistivity properties in a hexagonal Sm2Ni0.87Si2.87 compound

In this work, we report the effect of random magnetic anisotropy (RMA) on the valence, magnetocaloric and resistivity properties in a glassy intermetallic material Sm2Ni0.87Si2.87. On the basis of detailed studies on the valence band and core level electronic structure, we have established that both the Sm3+ and Sm2+ ions are present in the system, suggesting the compound to be of mixed valence in nature. The significant observation of positive magnetic entropy change in zero-field cooled measurement has been argued due to the presence of RMA that develops due to local electronic environmental variations between the rare-earth ions in the system. The quantum interference effect caused by the elastic electron–electron interaction is responsible for the resistivity upturn at low-temperature for this disordered metallic conductor.

Recent Advances in Photocatalytic CO2 Reduction Using Earth‐Abundant Metal Complexes‐Derived Photocatalysts

AbstractPhotochemical reduction of CO2 with H2O into energy‐rich chemicals using inexhaustible solar energy is an appealing strategy to simultaneously address the global energy and environmental issues. Earth‐abundant metal complexes show promising application in this field due to their easy availability, rich redox valence and tunable property. Great progress has been seen on catalytic reduction of CO2 under visible light illumination employing earth‐abundant metal complexes and their hybrids as key contributors, especially for producing CO and HCOOH via the two‐electron reduction process. In this minireview, we will summarize and update advances on earth‐abundant metal complex‐derived photocatalytic system for visible‐light driven CO2 photoreduction over the last 5 years. Homogeneous earth‐abundant metal complex photocatalysts and earth‐abundant metal complex derived hybrid photocatalysts were both presented with focus on efficient improvement strategy.

A Non‐Polarizable Three‐Site Water Model Reproduces the Density Anomaly of the Liquid

AbstractComputer‐efficient three‐site water models work with accuracy sufficient to describe the main properties of substance. However, to describe peculiar properties of water, such as the liquid density anomaly at 4 °C, multi‐site models are used. Nonetheless, it can be shown that a three‐site model is capable to reproduce the density anomaly as well as correct values for a number of other properties such as dielectric permittivity, heat of vaporization, self‐diffusion coefficient, and valence properties.

Insight into the evolution mechanism of carbon film and Eu valence in carbon coated BaMgAl10O17: Eu2+ phosphor annealed in air

Performing carbon coating on the surface of phosphors has been proven to be an effective strategy to enhance the oxidation resistance, which is an important factor to achieve stable luminescent devices. Therefore, a good understanding of the protection mechanism favors a continuous improvement of oxidation resistance of phosphors. In present paper, the evolution of the carbon layer, Eu valence (Eu2+/Eu3+), and luminescent properties for the C coated BaMgAl10O17: Eu2+ phosphor when annealed at high temperature is investigated carefully. Decrease of carbon layer promotes the appearance color transition from black to white as the annealing temperature rises to 1000 °C in air. As expected, the decrease of carbon layer will enhance the luminescence intensity, but risk the possible oxidation of Eu2+ to Eu3+, which inhibits the blue emission ascribed to Eu2+. The results indicate that luminescence intensity of phosphor is dependent on the synergistic effect of carbon thickness and Eu2+/Eu3+ ratio. Additionally, a reduction reaction of Eu3+ to Eu2+ is observed in C coated BaMgAl10O17: Eu2+ phosphor when annealed at high temperature, which also contributes to the higher luminescence intensity.

Meaningful Stimuli and the Enhancement of Equivalence Class Formation.

Stimulus meaningfulness has been defined by its hedonic valence, denotative (definitional) and connotative (evaluative) properties, and its influence on forming categories called equivalence classes. Positive or negative hedonic value of a meaningful stimulus transfers to the other members of an equivalence class that contains such a stimulus, and also influences likelihood of class formation. The denotative and connotative properties of meaningful stimuli are instantiated by the responses they produced (simple discriminative functions) and by the selection of other related words (conditional discriminative functions). If a meaningless cue acquires one such stimulus control function, and is included in a set of otherwise meaningless stimuli, its inclusion enhances the formation of an equivalence class. These results suggest ways to enhance equivalence class formation in applied settings. When degree of enhancement matches that produced by the inclusion of a meaningful stimulus in a class, class enhancement can be accounted for by the stimulus control functions it serves, as well as its hedonic, denotative, and connotative properties. We also linked equivalence class formation and meaningfulness to semantic networks, relational frame theory, verbal behavior, and naming.

A new generation of effective core potentials for correlated calculations.

We outline ideas on desired properties for a new generation of effective core potentials (ECPs) that will allow valence-only calculations to reach the full potential offered by recent advances in many-body wave function methods. The key improvements include consistent use of correlated methods throughout ECP constructions and improved transferability as required for an accurate description of molecular systems over a range of geometries. The guiding principle is the isospectrality of all-electron and ECP Hamiltonians for a subset of valence states. We illustrate these concepts on a few first- and second-row atoms (B, C, N, O, S), and we obtain higher accuracy in transferability than previous constructions while using semi-local ECPs with a small number of parameters. In addition, the constructed ECPs enable many-body calculations of valence properties with higher (or same) accuracy than their all-electron counterparts with uncorrelated cores. This implies that the ECPs include also some of the impacts of core-core and core-valence correlations on valence properties. The results open further prospects for ECP improvements and refinements.

Autoclave growth, magnetic, and optical properties of GdB6 nanowires

High-quality single crystalline gadolinium hexaboride (GdB6) nanowires have been successfully prepared at very low temperatures of 200–240°C by a high pressure solid state (HPSS) method in an autoclave with a new chemical reaction route, where Gd, H3BO3, Mg and I2 were used as raw materials. The crystal structure, morphology, valence, magnetic and optical absorption properties were investigated using XRD, FESEM, HRTEM, XPS, SQUID magnetometry and optical measurements. HRTEM images and SAED patterns reveal that the GdB6 nanowires are single crystalline with a preferred growth direction along [001]. The XPS spectrum suggests that the valence of Gd ion in GdB6 is trivalent. The effective magnetic momentum per Gd3+ in GdB6 is about 6.26 μB. The optical properties exhibit weak absorption in the visible light range, but relatively strong absorbance in the NIR and UV range. Low work function and high NIR absorption can make GdB6 nanowires a potential solar radiation shielding material for solar cells or other NIR blocking applications.

Structure, microwave properties and low temperature sintering of Ta2O5 and Co2O3 codoped Zn0.5Ti0.5NbO4 ceramics

The crystal structure of (Zn1-xCox)0.5Ti0.5(Nb1-yTay)O4 microwave dielectric ceramics was determined by Rietveld refinement. The XRD results show orthorhombic structure of Zn0.5Ti0.5NbO4 and appearance of a second phase Zn0.17Nb0.33Ti0.5O2 with tetragonal structure. The relationships between the dielectric polarizability, the second phase content, bond length, bond strength, bond valence, packing fraction and microwave dielectric properties were systematically discussed. The εr values decrease at first (x = 0, 0.1) because of the decreased polarizability and a lower relative density, while after x = 0.2, a second phase is formed, which increases the εr to a great extent. The Q × f values drop are mainly ascribed to the decrease of packing fraction, grain size and the increase of the second phase content. With the decrease of bond valence of TiO and oxygen octahedron distortion, the τf values increase. Excellent microwave properties of the ceramics sintered at 1175 °C were obtained for x = 0.2 and y = 0.3: εr = 38.02, Q × f = 23,550 GHz, τf = 4.62 ppm/°C.Furthermore, Li2OB2O3SiO2 (LBS) glass was used to lower the sintering temperature. The effects of LBS glass on the crystal structure, sintering behavior and activation energy were also discussed. These results indicate that LBS glass significantly lowers the activation energy and has no influence on the phase composition. The ceramics sintered at 900 °C for 4 h show great properties: εr = 34.10, Q × f = 13,349 GHz, τf = −7.12 ppm/°C, which is promising for LTCC application.

Thermal radiation properties of PTFE plasma

To illuminate the thermal transfer mechanism of devices adopting polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) as ablation materials, the thermal radiation properties of PTFE plasma are calculated and discussed based on local thermodynamic equilibrium (LTE) and optical thin assumptions. It is clarified that line radiation is the dominant mechanism of PTFE plasma. The emission coefficient shows an opposite trend for both wavelength regions divided by 550 nm at a temperature above 15 000 K. The emission coefficient increases with increasing temperature and pressure. Furthermore, it has a good log linear relation with pressure. Equivalent emissivity varies complexly with temperature, and has a critical point between 20 000 K to 25 000 K. The equivalent cross points of the average ionic valence and radiation property are about 10 000 K and 15 000 K for fully single ionization.