Utterances Research Articles

Experimental visualization of expiratory diffusion under face-to-face situation with utterance

Experimental visualization of expiratory diffusion under face-to-face situation with utterance

TIREM AS CRIANÇAS DO SOFÁ!

Este texto tem como objetivo investigar discursos acerca do sedentarismo infantil, visando analisar o funcionamento de estratégias biopolíticas que constroem um saber sobre a criança sedentária e intervêm sobre corpo infantil, de maneira a controlá-lo e inseri-lo no raio de atuação de um poder que se volta para a regulação da vida. Para tanto, partimos das teorizações de Michel Foucault acerca do biopoder e da biopolítica, bem como do discurso, do enunciado e da formação discursiva. Do ponto de vista metodológico, trata-se de um estudo descritivo-interpretativo, de abordagem qualitativa. O corpus de análise compõe-se de três materialidades discursivas que circularam nas mídias digitais. As análises denotam que os discursos acerca do sedentarismo infantil fazem funcionar estratégias biopolíticas, pois, ao patologizarem o sedentarismo, concebem a prática da atividade física como uma condição essencial para a inserção da criança na ordem do discurso da saúde e do bem-estar.

The Representation of the Temporal Properties of Linguistic Utterances through a Mathematical Model

In this article we use a mathematical model to encode the temporal properties of linguistic utterances across languages by means of mathematical objects—points, lines, segments, vectors and versors—and the relations established among them in a four-dimensional space. Such temporal properties are encoded through threedifferent systems: tense—past, present and future—which locates the utterance on a temporal line, aspect—perfectivity and progressivity—which sets the viewpoint of the speaker, and Aktionsart, which refers to the structural temporal properties of the utterance such as telicity—whether the event has an endpoint or not—dynamicity—whether a change is conveyed or not—and duration. This model aims to be language independent in order to allow for the codification of the temporal properties of utterances in any language, thus rendering it appropriate to be used as an interlingua in Natural Language Processing (NLP) applications. This wouldsignificantly improve the comprehension of natural language in search engines and automatic translation systems, to name two examples. Hence, our ultimate goal is for this model to achieve computational adequacy.

A Pragma- Semantic Model for Ideology Identification in Political Media Discourse: An Interdisciplinary Methodology for the Socio- Cognitive Approach

The paper is a critical discourse analysis of political discourse. It relies on van Dijk’s socio- cognitive approach which employs miscellaneous linguistic methodologies as input to support the interdisciplinarity of the socio- cognitive base. The paper adopts an eclectic model that combines pragmatic and semantic concepts as a methodology for the socio- cognitive approach. The pragma- semantic interface has always produced better holistic, integrated, and objective linguistic inference. The eclectic model combines Sabet & Zhang’s (2015) pragmatic functions of vague expressions (on the pragmatic level) and the semantic macrostructures and the semantic microstructures (on the semantic level). Wodak (2007) emphasises the vitality of the pragmatics in any critical discussion that analyses indirect and inferred linguistic techniques and biased utterances in order to identify and evaluate political discourse . Since vague expressions overlap sometimes in performing pragmatic functions, the pragmatic component of the eclectic model is further supported by the semantic concepts of semantic macrostructure and semantic microstructure. The data is collected from the White House Press Releases (issued in 2014 when ISIS took hold of major Iraqi cities) on Iraq. Such discourse is globally interesting and can shape public opinion about the critical events and realities in Iraq at that time. The analysis has proved the workability of the pragmatic- semantic integration and the paper has come up with a set of concluding remarks. Keywords: critical discourse analysis; semantic macrostructure; semantic microstructure; van Dijk’s socio- cognitive; vagueness; White House Press Release

“Somos criaturas de la lógica y no del silencio”: la unidad proposicional según Alberto Moretti

En este comentario me refiero a algunos aspectos de la propuesta de Moretti acerca del problema de la unidad proposicional, basada en su interpretación de las ideas de Frege y Davidson. La misma sostiene que, más allá de sus evidentes diferencias, ambas concepciones del lenguaje y del significado oracional, en tanto atribuyen al lenguaje una función esencialmente representacional, comparten una manera de entender la primacía de la aserción por sobre otros tipos de emisiones lingüísticas. A su vez, según Moretti, las aserciones reflejan la importancia del lenguaje para entender tanto los rasgos constitutivos de las capacidades cognoscitivas humanas como también sus límites. Después de examinar la interpretación de Moretti, formulo un conjunto de preguntas y objeciones acerca de los presupuestos y compromisos teóricos del enfoque fregeano-davidsoniano que se desprenden de diversos enfoques alternativos (cognitivos, pragmáticos y semánticos). Esos enfoques pueden confluir en una visión de los sistemas lingüísticos que considera más básicos a sus usos comunicativos que a sus funciones representacionales. Así, la unidad proposicional podría ser mejor explicada como un rasgo derivado de los actos cognitivos de los hablantes (incluidas sus intenciones comunicativas). Y los contenidos semánticos de las expresiones lingüísticas resultarían determinados, finalmente, por los factores que intervienen en la realización de los actos de habla de los que forman parte, sin otorgar primacía a los actos de habla asertivos, y menos aún, a sus productos, las oraciones declarativas.

Symmetries and asymmetries in children's peer-group reading discussions

This paper reports a research project exploring children's peer interactions in group reading discussions where a teacher was not present as an authoritative guide. This context reflects a reality of classroom teaching where most children in the class are completing tasks independently while the teacher is working other groups. In the study, four quartets of ten year-old children in the UK and Mexico were recorded as they discussed different texts together and this paper reports the findings from their engagement with The Lost Thing by Shaun Tan. In the paper, we focus on the symmetries and asymmetries apparent in the children's peer talk to consider how they engage together to make meaning from the text they are reading. To this end we focus on two strands of analysis related to children's talk within their groups: (a) the function of utterances within their speech turns; and (b) the dynamics of the interaction, that is, the organisation of the talk into topical episodes. By considering these two strands of analysis, we are able to illuminate the nuances of a/symmetries in small-group reading contexts as we concentrate on how the children use language and action to influence the direction of, and contribute to, the discussions. The results find children authoritatively shifted the discussion forward into new topics using different means, and displayed evidence of high-level comprehension as they engaged with the ideas of each other. The two strands of analysis complemented each other as they illustrated not only the resources the children drew on to shift the movement of the discussion, but how their language enabled this movement forward. The results also highlighted differences in how the children perceived their goals and responsibilities within the task and groups.

‘‘I have headache in my stomach’’: The Pragmatics of Utterance, Relevance and Meaning

‘‘I have headache in my stomach’’: The Pragmatics of Utterance, Relevance and Meaning

TEACHER’S DISCOURSE MARKERS IN ENGLISH CLASSROOM INTERACTION

This study deals with discourse markers used by teacher in English classroom interaction. The objectives of this study were to find out the types of discourse markers which were dominantly used by teacher and the reasons for the existences of that dominant one. The subject of this research was an English teacher of SMP Swasta Pahlawan Nasional Medan. A descriptive qualitative design was used in this study. The data were collected by observing, recording the utterances of teacher and by interviewing the subject. The data were analyzed based on Fung and Carter’s theory (2007). The result of the data showed that there were four types of teacher’s discourse markers in English classroom interaction i.e. interpersonal, referential, structural and cognitive. Interpersonal were the most dominantly used by the English teacher with 38,94%, referential 25,26%, structural 30,52% and cognitive 5,26%. The reasons why the teacher used interpersonal markers as the dominant one were affected by the presage category (teacher’s belief) and context category (the class in which the teaching process took place). Related suggestions were given to the English teacher to use the appropriate discourse markers in English classroom interaction. This study was beneficial for both teacher and students in English classroom interaction. Keywords: Discourse Markers, Teacher’s Talk, Classroom Interaction

TRADUCCIÓN Y CREACIÓN DE CONTEXTO


 Es un lugar común afirmar que recurrir al contexto es un paso inexcusable de cara a comprender una proferencia o un texto y que tal comprensión es inexcusable asimismo de cara a traducir (correctamente) una proferencia o un texto dados. No obstante, a pesar de que una proferencia o texto puedan ser bien comprendidos, su traducción depende de la posibilidad de (o habilidad para, en su caso) identificar sinonimias entre la lengua origen y la lengua término, especialmente cuando entran en juego fenómenos lingüísticos tales como la ambigüedad, los falsos amigos, la hiponimia o la vaguedad. Cuando tales fenómenos entran en juego las implicaciones y las implicaturas que está permitido hacer de una proferencia o un texto traducidos pueden diferir de las que está permitido hacer del texto original. Teniendo en cuenta estas consideraciones previas, este artículo trata del análisis de las implicaciones e implicaturas que está permitido hacer cotejando textos filosóficos originales y sus traducciones a varias lenguas. Este análisis sugiere que muchos textos filosóficos traducidos crean nuevos contextos, de modo que se posibilitan nuevas interpretaciones del pensamiento de un filósofo dado.

СЕМАНТИЧЕСКИЕ И ПРАГМАТИЧЕСКИЕ АСПЕКТЫ СЛОВА «STILL»

pragmatics, semantic, utterance, meaning, meanings of emphasis and contrasting.

Optimization of Entropy-Based Automated Dyslalia Screening Algorithm.

This paper presents the current state of progress of a project aimed at achieving an automated information entropy-based discrimination of phoneme mispronunciations in utterances of early school-age children. The introductory part briefly describes the dyslalia symptomology and the incidence of dyslalic disorders. This section also reviews the current challenges posed by the main research objective in other similar projects sharing the same objective and summarizes the current results thereof. The Material and Method section presents the conditions, the technology and the feature-extraction technique used in the experiment. The same section also describes the computation of the information entropy values of each analyzed speech sample. The highest match rate of 93.33% was achieved in the classification of words containing the phoneme /r/ in the initial position. A synthesis of the achieved results is provided in the Results section based on which conclusions are drawn and exposed in the Discussion and Conclusions section.

An Analysis of Audio-Specific Characteristics of Different Emotional States in Order Utterance

An Analysis of Audio-Specific Characteristics of Different Emotional States in Order Utterance

O meme em material didático: considerações sobre ensino/aprendizagem de gêneros do discurso

RESUMO Este artigo tem como objetivo discutir a presença do gênero meme em materiais didáticos, seja como objeto de ensino, seja como prática de linguagem. Para tanto, partindo dos documentos oficiais, que norteiam as práticas de ensino/aprendizagem brasileiras, o artigo apresenta reflexão sobre estudos discursivos acerca do trabalho com gêneros do discurso no campo escolar. Por fim, apresenta uma análise da presença do referido gênero em um livro que circula na rede particular de ensino, destinado ao 9° ano, em atividades de produção de textos. A perspectiva teórico-metodológica é a dos estudos bakhtinianos do discurso, da qual destacamos os conceitos de enunciado concreto, gêneros do discurso e campo de atividade.

MENTALITY AND ECONOMY: ESTONIA’S VARIANT FROM A HISTORIAN’S VIEWPOINT

Переосмислення досвіду трансформаційних процесів на пострадянському просторі і пошук нових можливостей у відповіді на виклики модернізації визначають необхідність аналізу матеріальних і нематеріальних факторів, що зумовлюють розбудову сучасних демократичних держав. Добре відомий діалектичний зв’язок політики і економіки, проте менше дослідженим є взаємозв’язок економічного розвитку і менталітету тієї чи іншої нації. Стаття має за мету заповнити відповідні лакуни, які існували за радянських часів, і яким варто приділити більше уваги сучасним вітчизняним суспільствознавцям. Віддаючи належне міждисциплінарному підходу, в статті акцентуються історичні підходи до висвітлення впливу менталітету на економіку найбільш успішної серед колишніх республік СРСР – Естонії. Основою методології є аналіз ментальних характеристик естонського етносу з використанням формалізованих методів. Відновивши державну незалежність, країна визначила за мету повернення до європейської цивілізації, частиною якої завжди себе відчувала. Країни Заходу ніколи не визнавали легітимність радянської анексії, а балтів вважали мужніми борцями з тоталітаризмом. Їхньому прагненню приєднатися до ЄС було надано потужну підтримку і допомогу. На шляху євроінтеграції естонці сумлінно виконували необхідні вимоги, виявляючи притаманні їм риси національного характеру, які багато у чому співпадали з рисами європейського менталітету. На прикладі Естонії доведено, що без пізнання особливостей розвитку країни, без врахування умов формування і характеристик менталітету неможливе дієве реформування життя суспільства. Наголошено, що урядам слід приділяти більше уваги дослідженням ментальних моделей суспільства, докладати зусиль до зміни інтелектуальних настанов на загальнодержавному рівні. Естонський досвід перетворення з радянської республіки на розвинену європейську державу має велике значення для сучасної України.

Refusal Expression in L2 and its Comparison with Native Speaker: A Study Case in the Japanese Language

This study aims to fill the gap of the comparison study between Japanese learners and native Japanese speakers, focused on the semantic formula of refusal act. Sixteen Japanese native speakers and twenty-two Indonesian learners are the subjects of this study. We use a questionnaire or Discourse Completion Test (DCT) to collect the data, and we use the semantic formula by Ito and Ikeda to analyze the refusal utterances. This paper reveals that Indonesian Japanese learners tended to not aware of different social status levels and use different semantic formulas in Japanese. The lack of knowledge of the pragmatic competence within the use of speech act is the main problem in Japanese education.

Music as a scaffold for listening to speech: Better neural phase-locking to song than speech

Neural activity synchronizes with the rhythmic input of many environmental signals, but the capacity of neural activity to entrain to the slow rhythms of speech is particularly important for successful communication. Compared to speech, song has greater rhythmic regularity, a more stable fundamental frequency, discrete pitch movements, and a metrical structure, this may provide a temporal framework that helps listeners neurally track information better than the rhythmically irregular rhythms of speech. The current study used EEG to examine whether entrainment to the syllable rate of linguistic utterances, as indexed by cerebro-acoustic phase coherence, was greater when listeners heard sung than spoken sentences. We assessed listeners phase-locking in both easy (no time compression) and hard (50% time-compression) utterance conditions. Adults phase-locked equally well to speech and song in the easy listening condition. However, in the time-compressed condition, phase-locking was greater for sung than spoken utterances in the theta band (3.67–5 ​Hz). Thus, the musical temporal and spectral characteristics of song related to better phase-locking to the slow phrasal and syllable information (4–7 ​Hz) in the speech stream. These results highlight the possibility of using song as a tool for improving speech processing in individuals with language processing deficits, such as dyslexia.

O conceito de aspas verbo-visuais e suas classificações

RESUMO Este artigo tem por objetivo apresentar o conceito de aspas verbo-visuais e suas classificações. O fenômeno deve ser entendido como um desdobramento metaenunciativo opacificante (em analogia à modalização autonímica, presente no plano verbal), resultante de determinadas relações entre elementos verbais e visuais constitutivos de um mesmo enunciado, uma vez tomada sua dimensão verbo-visual. São três as classificações do fenômeno: aspas verbo-visuais de relação direta entre elementos verbais e visuais, aspas verbo-visuais de opacificação de elementos verbais no plano visual e aspas verbo-visuais de alegoria verbo-visual opacificante. A contribuição pretendida é oferecer ao campo dos estudos sobre a linguagem o conceito de aspas verbo-visuais e suas classificações, com o intuito de auxiliar com um novo instrumental teórico-metodológico as pesquisas que se debruçam sobre a dimensão verbo-visual dos enunciados e suas formas de produção de efeitos de sentido.

KEKERASAN VERBAL DALAM NOMINA MAKIAN OLEH MASYARAKAT KERINCI

This type of research is a qualitative study using descriptive methods. The subject of this research is words or utterances that contain invective nouns used by the community in Angkasa Pura, Sitinjau Laut District, Kerinci Regency. There are three findings in this study. First, based on its form, the verbal abuse in verbal abuse used by the community in Angkasa Pura in the Sitinjau Sea District of Kerinci Regency can be classified into two types (a) word-shaped invective noun, (b) verbal noun-shaped noun. Second, based on the type of invective noun obtained in Angkasa Pura Village, 6 species of invective noun were found, namely (1) animal name nouns, (2) plant name nouns, (3) noun names, (4) noun names, (5) ) noun name of the disease, and (6) abstract noun. Second, based on the type of invective noun obtained in Angkasa Pura Village, 6 species of invective noun were found, namely (1) animal name nouns, (2) plant name nouns, (3) noun names, (4) noun names, (5) ) noun name of the disease, and (6) abstract noun.

The Other Side of Performance: An Interdisciplinary Approach to Listening for Voice and Speech Trainers

ABSTRACT This article addresses the practice of listening in actor training, rehearsal, and performance. It introduces an interdisciplinary approach to listening not yet found in the literature on acting. Historically, the sender-message-receiver communication dynamic has informed much of acting theory, as well as approaches to voice, movement, and actor training. This dynamic also finds expression in the way actors and directors rehearse, whether in theater, television, or film. The article proposes that any linguistic utterance conveys more than the spoken words, adding the influences of tone, mood, setting, the speaker’s historicity, the environment, and many other factors. In previous models, actors follow the paradigm of transmit/receive, where receive means the message has been heard. It emphasizes interpretation as the primary dynamic in all communication. This interpretive element informs how an actor can listen genuinely as a character. Because there is always the danger of a discipline being blinded by or stuck in its own tradition, the merit of being able to look at listening through the lenses of other disciplines has freed the authors from the limitations of tradition, valuing and embracing the interdisciplinary elements of their acting work.

Enhanced performance on a sentence comprehension task in congenitally blind adults

ABSTRACT People born blind habitually experience linguistic utterances in the absence of visual cues. Neuroimaging evidence suggests that congenitally blind individuals also activate “visual” cortices during sentence comprehension. Do blind individuals show superior performance on sentence processing tasks? Congenitally blind (n = 25) and age and education matched sighted (n = 52) participants answered yes/no who-did-what-to-whom questions for auditorily presented sentences, some of which contained a grammatical complexity manipulation (long-distance movement dependency or garden path). Short-term memory was measured with a forward and backward letter-span task. A battery of control tasks included two speeded math tasks and vocabulary and reading tasks from Woodcock Johnson III. The blind group outperformed the sighted group on the sentence comprehension task, particularly for garden-path sentences, and on short-term memory span tasks, but performed similar to the sighted group on control tasks. Sentence comprehension performance was not correlated with working memory span performance, suggesting independent enhancements.