Utilization Of Raw Materials Research Articles

An Evaluation of Carbon Emissions Based on the Hidden Markov Model

To address the challenge of assessing carbon emissions in the iron ore sintering process, characterized by dynamic complexity, strong temporal correlations, and multi-stage coupling, this study innovatively introduces the Hidden Markov Model (HMM) into the field of carbon emission analysis. We propose a method for process stage identification and carbon emission modeling based on a Gaussian Hidden Markov Model (Gaussian HMM). The model defines the four stages of the sintering process as hidden states and uses six-dimensional flue gas monitoring data (temperature, SO2 concentration, NO concentration, NOx concentration, O2 content, CO concentration) as the observation sequence, with Gaussian distributions describing the emission characteristics of each stage. The research employs the Random Forest algorithm to impute missing values and correct outliers in the raw data, followed by standardization to eliminate scale differences. Model parameters are initialized using Maximum Likelihood Estimation (MLE) and iteratively optimized via the Forward-Backward and Baum-Welch algorithms to enhance the model's fitting capability for complex temporal data. The Viterbi algorithm dynamically decodes the hidden state sequence, enabling an online "predict-until-cooling" monitoring strategy. This strategy accurately determines the optimal cooling timing to balance combustion efficiency with the reaction endpoint. This approach prevents incomplete iron ore combustion and low raw material utilization, while simultaneously reducing emissions of harmful gases and greenhouse gases, thereby achieving the goal of lowering carbon emissions. It provides technical support for the refined management of carbon emissions.

Electrolysis and precipitation-based purification of ferronickel for high-purity nickel production

This study investigates the purification of ferronickel through electrolysis and precipitation processes to produce high-purity nickel. Ferronickel has yet to find extensive applications in industries requiring high-purity nickel. So, it is imperative to develop technologies that can upgrade ferronickel through electrolytic processes. Ferronickel, consisting of approximately 18% Ni and 80% Fe, represents an abundant but underutilized resource for high-grade nickel applications. Electrolysis was conducted using ferronickel anodes and graphite cathodes in 2 M HCl, followed by oxidation with H2O2 and precipitation with NaOH under varying pH (4.4 and 4.7) and temperature (40–70°C) conditions. Results demonstrated that the Ni concentration increased linearly from 5.36 g/L to 32.57 g/L over 8 hours of electrolysis, while Fe concentration rapidly increased and stabilized around 84.8 g/L after 3 hours. XRD analysis revealed improved crystallinity at higher temperatures, predominantly forming FeO2 and NiO phases at 70°C. XRF analysis confirmed effective iron removal, achieving 78.91% Fe precipitation at pH 4.4 and 70°C, while nickel recovery was maximized at 14.60% at pH 4.7 and 70°C, but this pH is not favorable due to the Ni loss. SEM indicated finer, more homogeneous precipitate morphology at elevated temperatures. SEM imaging revealed that at pH 4.4 the precipitate formed at 40°C had a coarse, loosely packed structure with large, irregular particles (average size ≈6.50 µm). By contrast, at 70°C the precipitate was much finer and more homogeneous, with particles ~916.8 nm. The findings highlight that electrolysis follow by optimized precipitation enables efficient separation of nickel from iron, offering a promising alternative route for upgrading ferronickel without relying on HPAL or matte processes. This approach contributes to diversifying nickel supply chains and promoting sustainable raw material utilization using local content

Valorization of Mine Tailings for Sustainable Geopolymer Production

ABSTRACTThe sustainable production of geopolymers requires innovative approaches to raw material utilization. This study investigates the valorization of sulfidic coal mine tailings as a partial substitute for metakaolin in geopolymer synthesis. A comprehensive protocol involving mechanical grinding, particle size reduction (<5 µm), and thermal treatment at 800°C was applied to enhance the reactivity of the aluminosilicate phases and eliminate harmful sulfidic content. Unlike earlier studies that only demonstrated low substitution levels or required blending with multiple precursors, this research uniquely demonstrates that thermally valorized coal tailings can replace up to 60 wt.% of metakaolin without compromising mechanical performance—geopolymers with 50 wt.% tailing substitution achieved compressive and flexural strengths of 43.3 MPa and 8.9 MPa, respectively. These are comparable to pure metakaolin‐based formulations and significantly superior to untreated tailing mixes. The findings are supported by extensive mineralogical analysis (XRD, EDS, TGA, XRF) and confirm that valorized mine tailings can serve as a cost‐effective, environmentally sustainable, raw materials for geopolymer production. This approach transforms hazardous waste into valuable construction materials and supports the global transition to low‐carbon building technologies.

Enhancing Energy Efficiency in Metallurgical Operations Using AI: A State of the Art Review

The metallurgical industry is one of the most energy-intensive sectors, contributing significantly to global carbon emissions and operational costs. Enhancing energy efficiency in metallurgical processes is critical for achieving sustainability and improving economic viability. Artificial Intelligence (AI) has emerged as a transformative tool in this domain, offering advanced data-driven solutions for process optimization, predictive maintenance, and real-time decision-making. This paper presents a comprehensive state-of-the-art review of AI applications in metallurgical operations, focusing on their role in improving energy efficiency. Key AI techniques such as Machine Learning (ML), Deep Learning (DL), fuzzy logic, and reinforcement learning are analyzed in various metallurgical processes, including iron and steel making, non-ferrous metal extraction, casting, and heat treatment. The study explores AI-driven modelling for optimizing combustion systems, reducing heat losses, and improving process control in furnaces, rolling mills, and other high-energy-consuming units. The integration of digital twins, the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT), and AI-powered sensors for real-time monitoring of energy consumption is also examined. Furthermore, the review highlights case studies demonstrating the impact of AI in reducing energy wastage, optimizing raw material utilization, and enhancing thermal efficiency. Challenges such as data scarcity, computational complexity, and the need for robust AI frameworks tailored to metallurgical environments are discussed. Future research directions emphasize hybrid AI models, AI-assisted sustainable metallurgy, and the potential of quantum computing for real-time energy optimization. This review underscores AI’s potential to revolutionize metallurgical energy management by enabling smart, data-driven, and adaptive decision-making strategies. The insights presented aim to guide researchers and industry professionals in leveraging AI to achieve greener and more energy-efficient metallurgical operations. Major Findings: AI technologies such as machine learning, deep learning, and digital twins significantly enhance energy efficiency in metallurgical processes by enabling real-time monitoring, predictive maintenance, and optimized process control. Case studies show substantial improvements in energy savings, reduced equipment downtime, and enhanced material utilization across smelting, casting, and heat treatment operations. Despite promising results, challenges such as data quality, computational complexity, and integration with legacy systems must be addressed to fully realize AI’s potential in sustainable metallurgy.

ПРИМЕНЕНИЕ КОМБИНИРОВАННЫХ МЕТОДОВ В ПРОЦЕССЕ ИЗВЛЕЧЕНИЯ ДРАГОЦЕННЫХ МЕТАЛЛОВ ИЗ СЫРЬЯ УПОРНОГО СОСТАВА

This paper explores the hydrometallurgical treatment of complex gold-bearing pyrite-arsenopyrite ores and concentrates, highlighting a range of processing techniques along with their respective benefits and limitations. The discussed methods encompass conventional technologies, biooxidation, and selective leaching conducted at varying temperatures, typically followed by cyanidation. A common drawback among these approaches is the challenge of efficiently separating solid and liquid phases. Dehydration steps play a critical role in hydrometallurgical systems, as poor phase separation can negatively impact equipment performance and lead to higher energy demands. The authors propose strategies aimed at enhancing raw material utilization and improving overall process efficiency.

ANALISIS DETERMINAN DAN SKALA EFISIENSI PRODUKSI INDUSTRI KERAJINAN KAYU DI PROVINSI BALI TAHUN 2017-2022

The wood craft industry plays an important role in Bali's economy outside of the tourism sector, particularly through its contribution to job creation and increased regional exports. By applying Cobb-Douglas function analysis, this study aims to examine the various factors that influence the production and scale efficiency of the wood craft industry in Bali Province in 2017-2022. The results of the analysis using the fixed effect model panel data regression method show that the number of business units, labor, and Covid-19 dummy have no significant effect on production, while investment has a significant negative effect. These results are influenced by various factors such as low labor productivity, market fragmentation, and untargeted investment allocation. Meanwhile, the raw material variable has a significant positive effect on the production of the wood craft industry in Bali Province in 2017-2022. The efficiency scale of this industry is in the Decreasing Return to Scale (DRTS) condition, meaning that an increase in input does not result in a comparable increase in output. Therefore, strategies are needed to improve production efficiency, more optimal investment management, and more effective utilization of raw materials. In addition, innovation in production techniques and improving labor skills are important aspects in improving the competitiveness of the wood craft industry in Bali Province.

Implementation of The Seasonal Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average Predictive Model on Raw Material Usage Data at PT. Plastik Karawang Flexindo

Fluctuations in raw material utilization in the manufacturing industry significantly impact production process efficiency, operational costs, and supply chain stability. Inaccurate planning and management of raw material inventories can lead to two extreme conditions: excess stock, which increases storage costs and the risk of expiration, or stock shortages, which could halt the production process and reduce productivity. To improve the accuracy of raw material consumption planning, this study applies the Seasonal Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (SARIMA) model to predict raw material needs periodically based on historical data. The dataset used includes the consumption of Polyethylene (PE), High Density Polyethylene (HDPE), and Polypropylene (PP) from 2019 to 2025. The data is analyzed using a time series forecasting approach to identify trends and seasonal patterns. The SARIMA model is developed and optimized using three methods to search for the best parameters: Grid Search, Random Search, and Bayesian Optimization, to enhance prediction performance. The model's evaluation calculates the Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) as an accuracy indicator. The evaluation results show that although SARIMA can recognize seasonal patterns in raw material consumption, the prediction accuracy varies, with the best MAPE value being 16% and the highest being 34%. This indicates that external factors, such as market dynamics, government policies, global price fluctuations, and internal variables such as production schedules and customer demand, need to be considered to improve the model's precision. Overall, the application of SARIMA in this context provides a strategic contribution to supply chain management in the manufacturing industry, particularly in anticipating raw material needs, reducing uncertainty, and supporting more efficient and adaptive data-driven decision-making.

Social Innovation for BUMDES Bicak Makmur: Sustainable Partnerships in Local Crafts Production and Marketing

Purpose: This activity aims to enhance economic independence in Bicak Village by developing local craft products from regional resources, focusing on products like knitted bags and accessories made from unique natural materials. Method: The program employs a community partnership empowerment approach, including observation, training in production and management, and support in website creation and digital marketing to enhance local skills in production, management, and marketing. Practical Applications: Activities include socialization and training in efficient raw material utilization and creative enhancement, financial management, website development, and digital marketing. These efforts improved production quality dan marketing capabilities, enabling participants to expand their market reach through digital platforms effectively. Conclusion: Bicak Village faces challenges in expanding market reach for local crafts and limited production and material management skills. This community service program provides solutions through training in production, management, and digital marketing via social media.

Substitusi Bungkil Kedelai dengan Tepung Daun Indigofera zollingeriana Terfermentasi terhadap Kinerja Produksi dan Glikogen Hati pada pemeliharaan ikan jelawat Leptobarbus hoevenii

Feed in aquaculture production is the largest production factor. Dependence on imported feed raw materials is the cause of high feed prices in fish farmers. One approach that can be done as a solution is the utilization of local raw materials, namely I. zollingeriana leaf flour fermented with sheep rumen fluid. This study aims to evaluate the use of fermented I. zollingeriana leaf meal (TDI) in feed as a substitute for soybean meal on the growth performance of catfish (L. hoevenii) fry. This study was conducted from December 2016 to June 2017. The research was conducted at the Wet Laboratory and Nutrition Laboratory of the Center for Freshwater Aquaculture Research and Fisheries Extension (BRBATPP), Bogor. This study consisted of four treatments and three replicates, namely the use of fermented amount of I. zollingeriana leaf meal (TDI) in feed as much as 0%, 10%, 20% and 30% made in isoprotein. The test fish used were jelawat fish that weighed 0.93 ± 0.02 g with a stocking density of 25 fish per aquarium. The container used was a 60x40x40 cm3 aquarium filled with water and equipped with 24-hour aeration. The results showed that the use of fermented I. zollingeriana leaf meal in feed up to 30% was significantly different from the control (0%) in several parameters including protein efficiency ratio, protein retention, fat retention, final weight, specific growth rate and feed efficiency, but not significantly different in the amount of feed consumption, hepatosomatic index and survival rate. The use of fermented I. zollingeriana leaf meal up to 20% showed results that were not significantly different from the control. Up to 20% fermented I. zollingeriana leaf meal can be used in tilapia (L. hoevenii) feed

Pemberdayaan IKM Makanan dan Minuman di Kabupaten Malang melalui Program Pelatihan Inovasi Produk Oleh DISPERINDAG

The empowerment of Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) is a strategic step towards enhancing community welfare and strengthening the regional economy. This community service initiative aims to improve the competitiveness of food and beverage SMEs in Malang Regency through a product innovation training program conducted by the Malang Regency Office of Industry and Trade (DISPERINDAG). The training covers production techniques, product diversification, and the utilization of local raw materials to enhance the added value of SME products. The research method employed is qualitative descriptive, using a documentation study approach. The activities are carried out in several phases, including preparation, training implementation, and evaluation of results. The outcomes indicate that the training positively impacts participants’ understanding and skills in developing innovative products. Participants are able to apply more efficient production techniques and create more appealing product variations. It is hoped that this initiative will enhance the operational capacity of SMEs and strengthen the competitiveness of local products in broader markets.

Bread with oilseed cake: impact on safety, nutritional value, and organoleptic properties

This study examines the impact of various oilseed cakes (pumpkin, flaxseed, peanut, soybean, and sunflower) on the quality parameters of wheat bread made with sourdough. The research covers physicochemical characteristics, including moisture content, acidity, and porosity, as well as the determination of toxic elements (lead, arsenic, cadmium, and mercury) after baking, in accordance with GOST standards. The research methodology involved the experimental enrichment of wheat bread with 5% of different oilseed cakes, laboratory analysis of physicochemical indicators, and quantitative determination of toxic element content using standard methods. Moisture content was determined following GOST 21094-75, acidity was analyzed by titration according to GOST 5670-96, and porosity was measured using GOST 5669-96. The concentration of heavy metals was assessed using spectrometric methods in accordance with GOST 33824-2016, GOST 31628-2012, and GOST 26927-86. The experiment demonstrated that the addition of 5% oilseed cake (pumpkin, flaxseed, peanut, soybean, and sunflower) alters the physicochemical properties of bread while maintaining its traditional taste and texture. Soybean cake increased porosity, peanut cake contributed to moisture retention, while flaxseed and sunflower cakes enhanced acidity. The analysis confirmed that the levels of toxic elements in the tested samples did not exceed permissible limits, ensuring product safety. The obtained results highlight the importance and safety of using oilseed cakes in the baking industry, allowing for the enhancement of functional value, reduction of production costs, and promotion of sustainable raw material utilization. Thus, the incorporation of plant-based oilseed cakes presents new opportunities for expanding the range of functional bakery products while meeting modern market demands.

Enhancing Operational Efficiency in Steel Plants

Operational efficiency focuses on refining process parameters, eliminating non-value-adding bottlenecks, and reducing unnecessary time and costs. In the manufacturing industry, operational efficiency refers to the capacity of a company to produce goods and services using minimal resources while maximizing output. The operational efficiency of steel plants is crucial to the overall efficiency of the steel industry, as it reflects the performance of every interconnected unit within the plant’s operations. Steel producers face significant challenges, including fluctuating demand, capital and labour intensity, raw material supply disruptions, tightening environmental regulations, downtime, and the need for optimal use of equipment and resources. Key performance indicators (KPIs) for evaluating the operational efficiency of integrated steel plants include raw material utilization, equipment availability and utilization, quality control, productivity metrics, and financial efficiency. This study analyses these KPIs using data from five integrated steel plants under the Steel Authority of India Limited (SAIL), sourced from SAIL’s annual reports over the last five fiscal years. The findings suggest that fostering strong relationships with suppliers and customers creates a collaborative environment conducive to continuous improvement. Emphasis should shift from volume-based approaches to strategies centered on product quality and customer satisfaction. Regular data monitoring and predictive maintenance offer critical insights into equipment performance, production trends, and maintenance needs, enabling process optimization. Implementing cost control measures in the raw material and iron zones where 60% of production costs are concentrated can significantly impact overall efficiency. Sharing best practices, joint research, and collaborative product development further contribute to mutual benefits.

Assessment of complex extraction and processing of secondary resources with the possibility of diversification of mining enterprises

Abstract The article assesses the integrated extraction of secondary resources. The volume of disturbed lands, parameters of tailing dumps and characteristics of the stored beneficiation waste in terms of particle size distribution and chemical composition are presented. The article defines the concept of the term diversification and the general purposes of its application for mining enterprises, where the preferred diversification is linked, depending on their size, capital intensity of production processes, significant research and fixed assets, taking into account the technological interconnection of different industries. The article shows the prospects for the use and utilization of waste heaps raw materials, which allows solving a number of economic, social and environmental problems simultaneously. In particular, the use of waste heaps in any other way is effective (eco-tourism, landscape redevelopment, use as a basis for installing wind turbines or solar panels).The proposed directions are an effective mechanism for promoting the most advanced technologies, and the diversification of mining enterprises into small-scale thermal power complexes using local energy sources will contribute to the creation of an independent stable energy infrastructure for the development of coal regions and solve the problems of life support and social development of coal regions.

Production of lignocellulose nanofibrils based on biochemical mechanical pulp from wheat straw

Due to the inherent stability of plant cell wall structure, the utilization of various fiber raw materials is limited in terms of diversification. Therefore, it is crucial to explore a simple, environmentally friendly, and cost-effective strategy for the high-value utilization of fiber raw materials. Herein, lignocellulose nanofibrils (LCNFs) were prepared from wheat straw by a combination of high-yield pulp production technology and mechanical methods. By using the mild biochemical mechanical pulp pretreatment technology, the whole process avoids the use of other organic solvents; only recycled sodium hydroxide chemical reagents are needed. The prepared LCNFs exhibited small particle size range (< 10 nm) and high thermal stability (TMax up to 350.8 °C). Moreover, by adjusting the front-end conditions during preparation, the properties of LCNFs films such as crystallinity, hydrophobicity, and water absorption can be controlled. Overall, this study provides a simple and efficient way for valorizing agricultural waste as well as a feasible alternative to incineration.

Перспективные агрохимикаты на основе вторичного минерального сырья предприятий лесопромышленного комплекса

As a result of activity of enterprises of the timber industry complex for the production of paper products, significant volumes of secondary mineral raw materials are formed, which need to be utilized. Soil liming is a promising direction of utilization of such raw materials. By methods of X-ray diffraction, X-ray fluorescence and thermal analyses, mass spectrometry with inductively-coupled plasma, radiological studies the material composition of secondary mineral resources of Syktyvkar TP (dust of electric filters of furnaces, slaked lime obtained from substandard calcium oxide, bark and wood ash) has been determined. The determined features of changes in phase and chemical composition of secondary raw materials allowed to develop original compositions of agrochemicals named “Edemit” and “Pushonka plus”, which were tested for soil liming on the experimental field. It was found that liming contributed to the increase of soil pH value from 4.6 to 6.6 on average, the degree of saturation with bases up to 44—92 % and decrease of hydrolytic acidity twice as compared to the control variant.

Resource utilization of waste solar photovoltaic panels for preparation of microporous silicon nanoparticles.

Resource utilization of waste solar photovoltaic panels for preparation of microporous silicon nanoparticles.

Correlation between process conditions and mechanical film properties in foamed multilayer blown films

In the context of packaging with films, specific mechanical properties are of paramount importance. This can be achieved through the implementation of optimized manufacturing processes and the efficient utilization of raw materials. The foam extrusion process has the potential to enhance material efficiency. The foam structure impacts the mechanical properties due to replacing force-conducting material. Blown film extrusion represents a predominant production process in the packaging field, offering the potential for cost-effective mass production. Integration of these processes gives rise to intricate behavior patterns, attributable to interactions between the conditions governing the blown film and those governing foam extrusion. This affects the density reduction and the mechanical properties of the material. This study’s objective was to identify the significant parameters affecting mechanical properties and to gain insight into the mechanisms influencing the foam blown film process. The results demonstrated that combining foam and blown film extrusion markedly reduces the resulting film density, with a potential savings of up to 40% in plastic at 7% blowing agent content. The optimal conditions to produce small-cell foam structures include high die pressure gradients, which can be achieved by lowering the blown film die head temperature or increasing the mass flow rate of the foamed middle layer. Tensile stress and Youngs modulus decrease with increasing blowing agent content, as the gas-filled cells reduce structural integrity. Thinner films often show higher tensile strength due to better molecular orientation. At the same time, the mass ratio influences the mechanical properties by changing the polymer structure and cell distribution, which optimizes or weakens the mechanical properties. The study presents significant insights into the blown film foam extrusion process and investigates the correlations between density reduction and the resulting mechanical properties.

Strategi Optimalisasi Produksi dan Keuntungan Ayam Geprek Menggunakan Metode Simplex: Studi Kasus Ayam Geprek AA Ray

This research aims to assist Ayam Geprek restaurants in optimizing the production of Ayam Geprek using the simplex method. The primary objectives are: 1) To determine the ideal number of Ayam Geprek to be produced to maximize profits, 2) To analyze whether the current production of Ayam Geprek has already achieved maximum profitability, 3) To assess the efficiency of raw material and resource utilization in the production process, and 4) To evaluate the impact of the simplex method on profit changes and resource utilization. Data for the research was collected through direct observation, involving information about raw materials, labor, and customer demand. The analysis was conducted using QM for Windows software to determine the optimal results. The findings indicate that the simplex method can help improve efficiency, utilize resources more effectively, and maximize profits.Warung Makan Ayam Geprek AA Ray faces challenges in managing production optimally to maximize profits. Based on both manual calculations and the simplex method using QM for Windows, it was found that the maximum profit of 850,000 can be achieved by producing 0.5 units of Ayam Geprek (X1) and 3 units of Lele Geprek (X2).

EcoCleanzyme Wash, Inovasi Sabun Cuci Piring Berbasis Ecoenzyme dan Proses Pembuatannya

EcoCleanzyme Wash is an innovative dishwashing liquid based on ecoenzyme, a liquid derived from the fermentation of organic waste such as fruit peels, vegetable scraps, brown sugar, and water. This product offers an environmentally friendly solution for household needs while addressing the challenges of suboptimal organic waste management. The three- month ecoenzyme fermentation process produces a liquid rich in natural enzymes with antibacterial, antifungal, and insecticidal properties, capable of breaking down harmful organic compounds. EcoCleanzyme Wash provides a safer alternative compared to conventional dishwashing liquids, which often contain harmful chemicals that can pollute water and soil. This product not only effectively cleans utensils but also supports the concept of sustainability by utilizing household organic waste. Additionally, EcoCleanzyme Wash helps reduce environmental pollution, often caused by improperly managed household waste. In Indonesia, organic waste constitutes the largest portion of household waste, which, if left unmanaged, can contaminate water, soil, and air, leading to various health issues such as diarrhea and skin infections caused by pathogenic microorganisms. The use of ecoenzyme in EcoCleanzyme Wash represents a tangible step toward promoting the concepts of reuse and sustainable waste management, aligned with government regulations on waste handling. This product also contributes to reducing negative impacts on ecosystems and raising public awareness about the importance of managing organic waste. This research aims to provide a detailed guide on the production process of ecoenzyme-based dishwashing liquid, covering the utilization of organic raw materials, fermentation steps, and product formulation. It is expected that the findings of this research can serve as a reference for the development of other environmentally friendly products and encourage innovation in household waste management. EcoCleanzyme Wash is a progressive step in creating a product that not only fulfills household needs but also positively impacts the environment.

Zero-Waste Polyanion and Prussian Blue Composites toward Practical Sodium-Ion Batteries.

Closed-loop transformation of raw materials into high-value-added products is highly desired for the sustainable development of the society but is seldom achieved. Here, a low-cost, solvent-free and "zero-waste" mechanochemical protocol is reported for the large-scale preparation of cathode materials for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs). This process ensures full utilization of raw materials, effectively reduces water consumption, and simplifies the operating process. Benefiting from the synergistic effect between the cubic Prussian blue analogs (c-NFFHCF) and dehydrated polyanionic sulfates (m-NFS), the generated composite exhibits promising wide-temperature electrochemical performance and excellent practical application potential. The synergistic effect between m-NFS and c-NFFHCF in the composite is revealed through multiple in situ characterizations and density functional theory calculations. The proposed mechanochemical strategy can be scaled to a kilogram-grade level, providing a sustainable method for the value-added utilization of the by-products during Prussian blue analogs synthesis, advancing the design of "zero-waste" cathode materials for low-cost practical SIBs.