Utilization Of Industrial By-products Research Articles

Utilizing industrial byproducts for the manufacture of clay-cellulose nanocomposite cements with enhanced sustainability

This study investigates the influence of different nano clay contents (0, 1, 3, and 5 wt% of cement) on the microstructure and the mechanical properties of cement composites reinforced with varying Nano cellulose fiber contents (0, 0.5, 0.75, and 1 wt% of cement). Unlike previous research that employed sonication to improve dispersion in the cement matrix, this study explores the effects of unsonicated nano-cellulose addition and the combined incorporation of nano-cellulose and nano-clay. The results demonstrate that these additions significantly enhance the compressive strength, abrasion resistance, and water absorption ratios of the cement composites. Furthermore, the inclusion of nano-clay improves the microstructure of the cement matrix, strengthening the interfacial transition zone and reinforcing the bond between nano-cellulose and the cement matrix. The microstructural analysis using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) reveals the presence of a dense interconnected structure characterized by rod-like crystals. This research contributes to the development of sustainable construction materials by examining the effects of nano-cellulose and nano-clay on the properties and microstructure of cement composites. The utilization of industrial byproducts, such as wood sawdust, for the extraction of nano-cellulose offers an eco-friendly approach to enhance the performance of cement-based materials. The maximum compressive strength obtained, after 28 days, was at mix with 0.75% NCL + 5%NC with a gain of 53.5% than that of the control mix. In mixes containing only nano-clay (NCL), the increase in NCL content led to a higher rate of water absorption in the cement matrix, which reaches 4%. Confirming the results obtained from compressive strength and water absorption, mix with 0.75% NCL and 5% NC had obtained the optimum values with an improvement of 20% than that of the control mix.

Gıda atıklarının bakteriyel selüloz üretiminde kullanımı

Cellulose is defined as a polymer that exists in the cell walls of plant tissues and is widely used in many industrial fields. However, the recent threat of deforestation has led researchers to find alternative wood sources for cellulose production. For this reason, literature studies have focused on certain types of bacteria known to be capable of producing cellulose, such as Acetobacter, Gluconobacter, Alcaligenes, etc. It is stated that cellulose of plant origin and bacterial origin have a similar structure. Bacterial cellulose possesses a big economic and commercial potential depending on the purpose and the production method and is generally used in food applications as a fat substitute, rheology modifier, immobilization material for probiotics and enzymes, stabilizer of pickering emulsions, component of food coatings and green packaging film. Recently, it has become more prominent to use food waste as production inputs, such as beet and sugar cane molasses, fruit waste, dairy industry waste, etc. So, the utilization of industrial by-products, agro-forestry, and food industry residues as carbon sources has been providing significant advantages, such as increasing yield and reducing cost. The objective of this study was to present a general look related to bacterial cellulose production in combination with the use of food waste and future trends.

A Review of Lightweight Geopolymer Concrete Based on Slag

Abstract: The studies on Lightweight Geopolymer concrete (LGC) are leading-edge in the development of sustainable and ecofriendly concrete. Attempts were being made to develop LGC by various methods of production. This paper reviews about previously published research work on lightweight geopolymer concrete and the observations to the material binders - an alternate to the Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) by the utilization of industrial by-products, alkaline activator solution, foaming agents, chemical expansive agents, lightweight aggregate, production methods, and their physical and mechanical properties. The main focus is to investigate pore size formation, density, compressive strength and curing conditions. From the review it is found that the stabilization of foam and the control of efflorescence are the two challenging problems faced by the industry for the mass production of lightweight geopolymer foam concrete. Furthermore, topics for future work in this field were suggested.

Fly-ash and GGBS based geo-polymer concrete with granite powder as partial replacement of M-Sand for sustainability

In the present scenario, the usage of sustainable developing materials in the construction industry is popular nowadays. The primary role in the production of ecologically friendly concrete is the creation of geopolymer concrete. Industrial by-products used as base material or replacements for cement are trending. In that manner, the utilization of industrial by-products was used as an admixture or replacement material in this geopolymer concrete production. This research attempted to make a green concrete of Geopolymer Concrete (GPC) using fly ash, Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS), Manufactured Sand (M-Sand) and Granite powder (GP) used with alkaline solutions mixture of sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate with water was used. At 10, 12, 14, and 16 M molarity, the effect of granite waste powder on geopolymer fresh and mechanical qualities are studied. Embodied energy parameter performances of GPC are also shown in this study. When compared to regular concrete, the GPC series produces less carbon dioxide. In this work, 90% of fly ash and 10% of GGBS were used as a cementitious material, M- sand was used as a fine aggregate, and different proportions of 10, 15, and 20% of replacement were done by granite powder. The mechanical properties of compressive strength, Split tensile strength, and stress–strain behavior of geopolymer concrete were investigated. The test of the concrete was carried out at the age of 7 days, 14 days, and 28 days. The inference of the work is concluded that Fly ash, GGBS with GP as partial replacement to M Sand shall be used for construction application where the early gain of strength is recommended. Nevertheless, more studies have to be carried out for further conclusions in applications related to mixing at site, transportation and placement and compaction aspects of GPC mixes in the construction industries.

State-of-the-Art Report: The Self-Healing Capability of Alkali-Activated Slag (AAS) Concrete.

Alkali-activated slag (AAS) has emerged as a potentially sustainable alternative to ordinary Portland cement (OPC) in various applications since OPC production contributed about 12% of global CO2 emissions in 2020. AAS offers great ecological advantages over OPC at some levels such as the utilization of industrial by-products and overcoming the issue of disposal, low energy consumption, and low greenhouse gas emission. Apart from these environmental benefits, the novel binder has shown enhanced resistance to high temperatures and chemical attacks. However, many studies have mentioned the risk of its considerably higher drying shrinkage and early-age cracking compared to OPC concrete. Despite the abundant research on the self-healing mechanism of OPC, limited work has been devoted to studying the self-healing behavior of AAS. Self-healing AAS is a revolutionary product that provides the solution for these drawbacks. This study is a critical review of the self-healing ability of AAS and its effect on the mechanical properties of AAS mortars. Several self-healing approaches, applications, and challenges of each mechanism are taken into account and compared regarding their impacts.

Valorization of tender coconut mesocarp for the formulation of ready-to-eat dairy-based dessert (Kheer): Utilization of industrial by-product

The agri-food industry generates a lot of fruit and vegetable processing waste, which opens up a new dimension of research to support zero-waste ideas. These wastes are a good source of bioactive like phytochemicals and dietary fibres that are beneficial to health, but they haven't been used because of a lack of processing technologies. These wastes show a lot of promise as possible functional food ingredients to meet the technological and functional needs that are important for developing health-promoting products with added value. In this study, the goal was to make a ready-to-eat dairy-based dessert (called “kheer”) from blanched coconut mesocarp. First, bioactive and phenolic compounds in the mesocarp were examined. Then, three blanching methods (microwave, boiling water, and steaming) were used to assess the kinetics of the enzymes and inhibit the browning reaction to maintain the sensorial properties of the mesocarp. The effectiveness of each blanching method was assessed by the rapid inactivation of polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and peroxidase (POD). This happened faster in microwaves than in steam or hot water treatment. Based on the kinetic parameters, microwave blanching significantly decreased the enzymatic activity in the mesocarp; as a result, microwave-blanched mesocarp was chosen to make kheer with basmati rice and palm sugar at different concentrations (5–15%). The prepared kheer was evaluated based on sensory parameters, such as its appearance, grain-to-liquid ratio (GLR), consistency, grain texture, sweetness, flavour, and overall acceptability. The results of this study showed that the kheer with 10% tender mesocarp had maximum acceptability. The current study showed that processing tender mesocarp could help turn industrial waste into fiber-rich products that can add economic value to the coconut processing industries.

Sustainable Binary Blending for Low-Volume Roads—Reliability-Based Design Approach and Carbon Footprint Analysis

The utilization of industrial by-products as stabilizers is gaining attention from the sustainability perspective. Along these lines, granite sand (GS) and calcium lignosulfonate (CLS) are used as alternatives to traditional stabilizers for cohesive soil (clay). The unsoaked California Bearing Ratio (CBR) was taken as a performance indicator (as a subgrade material for low-volume roads). A series of tests were performed by varying the dosages of GS (30%, 40%, and 50%) and CLS (0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, and 2%) for different curing periods (0, 7, and 28 days). This study revealed that the optimal dosages of granite sand (GS) are 35%, 34%, 33%, and 32% for dosages of calcium lignosulfonate (CLS) of 0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5%, and 2.0%, respectively. These values are needed to maintain a reliability index greater than or equal to 3.0 when the coefficient of variation (COV) of the minimum specified value of the CBR is 20% for a 28-day curing period. The proposed RBDO (reliability-based design optimization) presents an optimal design methodology for designing low-volume roads when GS and CLS are blended for clay soils. The optimal mix, i.e., 70% clay blended with 30% GS and 0.5% CLS (exhibiting the highest CBR value) is considered an appropriate dosage for the pavement subgrade material. Carbon footprint analysis (CFA) was performed on a typical pavement section according to Indian Road Congress recommendations. It is observed that the use of GS and CLS as stabilizers of clay reduces the carbon energy by 97.52% and 98.53% over the traditional stabilizers lime and cement at 6% and 4% dosages, respectively.

Evaluation of the Energy Factor and Equivalent CO2 Gas Emission by Utilization of Industrial By-products in Concrete for Environmental Protection

Climate change and global warming are two of the world’s most pressing environmental issues. With CO2 being one of the most significant greenhouse gases released into the atmosphere, and cement and concrete manufacturing accounting for roughly 10% of worldwide CO2 emissions, the construction sector must employ an environmentally sustainable substance as a substitute for cement. The CO2 emissions, energy factor, and strength qualities of concrete were investigated. Those negative reaction of conventional cementitious substances is reduced by the development of binary and ternary cementitious systems. In this study, two mineral admixtures obtained from industrial waste substances, red mud (RM) and silica fume (SF), had been used as the alternatives for cement and fine aggregate was fully replaced by manufactured sand (M-sand). An experimental examination of the compressive strength, water absorption, density of concrete, equivalent CO2 emission, and energy factor for environmental benefits with the comparison of RM on SF-based eco-friendly concrete mix of M30 grade was used. A binary and ternary blended cementitious system with RM and SM was created with twelve various mix proportions, varying from 0-20% by 5% increases. From the binary blended cementitious system (BBS), based on the observed mechanical characteristic of concrete it was found that the optimum level of RM was 15% and SF was 10 % by the volume of cement. Similarly, for the ternary blended cementitious system (TBS), the level of 10% RM and 10% SF in the cement mixture provides a much higher improvement in compression strength compared to the alternative trials. The negative sign implies that replacing cement with RM and SF reduces energy consumption (-1.91% to -6.97%) and CO2 emissions (-4.52% to -16.16%). The use of mineral admixtures such as RM and SM in supplementary cementitious materials results in a significant outcome and potential impact on the production of sustainable concrete that addresses environmental issues.

Studies on Lightweight Geopolymer Concrete

The studies on Lightweight Geopolymer concrete (LGC) are leading-edge in the development of sustainable and eco-friendly concrete. Attempts were being made to develop LGC by various methods of production. This paper reviews about previously published research work on lightweight geopolymer concrete and the observations to the material binders - an alternate to the Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) by the utilization of industrial by-products, alkaline activator solution, foaming agents, chemical expansive agents, lightweight aggregate, production methods, and their physical and mechanical properties. The main focus is to investigate pore size formation, density, compressive strength and curing conditions. From the review it is found that the stabilization of foam and the control of efflorescence are the two challenging problems faced by the industry for the mass production of lightweight geopolymer foam concrete. Furthermore, topics for future work in this field were suggested.

Study on Early Shrinkage and Mechanical Properties of Concrete with Various Cementitious Materials

Due to the rapid development of industrialization, the recycling and utilization of industrial by-products have received extensive attention. In this paper, binary, ternary, and quaternary composite cementitious materials were prepared using steel slag, blast furnace slag, and fly ash, and the effects of different cementitious materials on concrete properties were explored. A variety of solid wastes were mixed, and batches of concrete with high mechanical properties and durability were prepared by adjusting the type and amount of cementitious materials used. A total of 15 batches of concrete were prepared and tested for compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, axial compressive strength, elastic modulus, and drying shrinkage. The test results show that a fly ash, blast furnace slag powder, and steel slag powder ratio of 1:1:2 produces a concrete with the best mechanical properties. Among them, the cube compressive strength can reach 62.9 MPa, the splitting tensile strength is 5.7 MPa, the axial compressive strength and elastic modulus are increased, the early shrinkage is small, the growth rate is slow, and the 28d concrete shrinkage rate is 4.87 × 10−4. This new type of green mixed concrete can not only control production costs, but can also reduce environmental impact and decrease carbon dioxide emissions.

Recent advances in the utilization of industrial byproducts and wastes generated at different stages of tomato processing: Status report

There has been an increasing focus on addressing the generation of byproducts and waste from food industries, intending to reduce carbon footprint, and improve the circular economy. Post-harvest processing of tomatoes generates byproducts and waste at various stages of industrial processing. Pomace (seed, peel, and pomace liquid) of processed tomato which constitutes valuable compounds for various commercial purposes. Generated waste from tomato processing is used for extraction of the carotenoids, preparation of the adsorption material and also as animal feed. The generated byproduct/waste has the scope to be utilized for different food (such as seed oil, lycopene as a natural colorant and as a good antioxidant compound for food product development and its stability) and non-food purposes such as dried byproduct/waste as adsorption material for removal of synthetic dyes and heavy metals from the aqueous waste, etc. This review aims to address the byproducts generated at different stages of unit operation during the processing of tomato since these byproducts have different matrix compositions at various stages of processing, and also summarizes the recent advancement in their utilization. Novelty impact statement This review provides the insight on byproducts generated in tomato processing industry at different stages and their use for food and non-food purposes. For the first time pomace liquid produced in tomato industrial processing has been discussed for its possible application.

Extraction and Characterization of Cellulose from Jerusalem Artichoke Residue and Its Application in Blueberry Preservation.

The utilization of industrial by-products is becoming more and more important for resource utilization. In this study, soluble dietary fiber (SDF) was extracted from Jerusalem artichoke residue, and a series of characterizations of SDF were carried out. The results showed that SDF had good properties. SDF (0%, 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%, and 0.4%) and chitosan (2%) were further used to prepare the coating that was used for the preservation of blueberry. The chemical structure of the film was obtained by FT-IR and XRD analysis. The microstructure of the film was analyzed by SEM, and the properties of the film were tested. The blueberry fresh-keeping test proved that the SDF-added film could effectively prolong the quality of blueberries in storage for 16 days. After 16 days of storage, compared with the control group, the decay rate of the coating group with 0.2% SDF decreased by 16.3%, the consumption of organic acids decreased by 43.7%, and the content of anthocyanin increased by 29.3%. SDF has a potential application in food preservation.

Test on Concrete after Adding Foundry Sand

Abstract: Due to ever increasing quantities of waste materials and industrial by-products, solid waste management is the prime concern in the world. Scarcity of land-filling space and because of its ever increasing cost, recycling and utilization of industrial by-products and waste materials has become an attractive proposition to disposal. There are several types of industrial byproducts and waste materials. The utilization of such materials in concrete not only makes it economical, but also helps in reducing disposal concerns. One such industrial by-product is Waste Foundry Sand (SFS). WFS is major byproduct of metal casting industry and successfully used as a land filling material for many years. But use of waste foundry sand (WFS) for land filling is becoming a problem due to rapid increase in disposal cost. In an effort to use the WFS in construction materials, research has being carried out for its possible utilization in making concrete as partial replacement of fine aggregate. In India, approximately 1.71 million tons of waste foundry sand and in Punjab region, approximately 0.17 million tons of waste foundry is produced yearly. This experimental investigation was performed to evaluate the strength and durability properties of M20 (30 MPa) and M30 (40 MPa) grades of concrete mixes, in which natural sand was partial replaced with waste foundry sand (WFS). Natural sand was replaced with five percentage (0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%) of WFS by weight. A total of ten concrete mix proportions M-1, M-2, M- 3, M-4 and M-5 for M20 grade of concrete and M-6, M-7, M-8, M-9 and M-10 for M30 grade of concrete with and without WFS were developed. Compression test, splitting tensile strength test and modulus of elasticity were carried out to evaluate the strength properties of concrete at the age of 7, 28, 91 and 365 days. In non destructive testing, rebound hammer and ultrasonic pulse velocity test were conducted at the age of 28, 91 and 365 days. In case of durability property, abrasion resistance, rapid Chloride Permeability and deicing salt scaling resistance was evaluated at the age of 28, 91 and 365 days. Statistical analysis and comparative study between strength and durability properties of both grade of concrete (M20 and M30) were carried out at the age of 28, 91 and 365 days. XRD study was done to identify the presence of various compounds in M20 grade of concrete with foundry sand in varying percentages replacement of fine aggregate.

A Taguchi Approach for Optimizing Design Mixture of Geopolymer Concrete Incorporating Fly Ash, Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag and Silica Fume

In recent decades, geopolymer concrete (GPC) has been extensively researched as a potential substitute sustainable building material that may reduce CO2 emissions due to its utilization of industrial by-products. Fly ash (FA) and ground-granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBFS) are preferred geopolymer raw materials due to their obtainability and high alumina and silica concentrations. GGBFS-FA based GPC offers a clean and sustainable development technology alternative. In this study, the Taguchi method was used to optimize the mixed proportions of geopolymer concrete to achieve desired strength criteria. Four factors and four levels were considered: binder content, including four combinations of FA and GGFBS dosage, dosage of superplasticizer (0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2%), Na2SiO3/NaOH ratio (1.5, 2.0, 2.5 and 3), and molarity (6, 8, 10 and 12). Using these ingredients and factors, the effect of compressive strength was examined. The Taguchi approach using an L16 orthogonal array was employed to find the optimum condition of every factor while limiting the number of experiments. The findings indicated that the optimum synthesis conditions for maximum compressive strength obtained from the binder comprised 45% of FA, 45% of GGBFS and 10% of silica fume, 1.5% dosage of superplasticizer, Na2SiO3/NaOH ratio = 1.5, and 12 molar contents.

Assessment antioxidant properties of Torreya grandis protein enzymatic hydrolysates: Utilization of industrial by-products

Torreya grandis meal is a by-product of the extrusion process of Torreya grandis during industrial oil production, but it is applied for nonvaluable applications or not used at all. In the present work, Torreya grandis meal was used to produce Torreya grandis protein (TEP). Then TEP was hydrolyzed with alcalase, neutrase, pepsin, trypsin, and papain, and we evaluated the antioxidant properties of their hydrolysates. TEP hydrolysates with papain and alcalase have enriched some peptides (<10 kDa) and showed stronger ABTS, DPPH, hydroxyl, and superoxide radical-scavenging activities, as well as in vitro metal-chelating ability, compared with other enzyme-hydrolyzed samples. Moreover, TEP hydrolysates from alcalase and papain improved the oxidation stability of the O/W emulsion. Overall, our results demonstrated hydrolysate generation from TEP by enzymatic hydrolysis with papain and alcalase exhibited higher antioxidative activity. These hydrolysates can be used as functional foods or bioactive food ingredients in the future, thereby increasing the value of Torreya grandis by-products.

Sugarcane bagasse for environmentally friendly super-absorbent polymer: synthesis methods and potential applications in oil industry

Super-absorbent polymer (SAP) is able to absorb water by multiple times more than its own weight. Sugarcane bagasse (SCB) raw material has been excessively produced as a byproduct in sugar factory. The synthesis of SAP from SCB creates a balance between the utilization of industrial by-product and the resulted environmentally friendly material. In oil production water might be a troublesome, thus minimizing water production while extracting oil is essential. Besides, diversion of the flow in heterogeneous reservoir optimizes the oil production. SCB-SAP might have the potential to act as a water absorbing agent and flow diverter by taking the advantage of SAP high swelling ratio characteristic. This study provides the information of SCB-SAP synthesis methods and highlights the current application of SAP in oil industry, including the laboratory studies and field tests.

Utilization of agro-industrial by-products as substrates for dextransucrase production by Leuconostoc mesenteroides T3: Process optimization using response surface methodology

Dextransucrase (DS) is a glucosyltransferase (E. C. 2.4.1.5) that catalyzes the transfer of glucosyl residues from sucrose to dextran polymer and liberates fructose. This enzyme isassociated with a wide application range of dextran and oligosaccharides. DS production by Leuconostoc mesenteroidesT3 was optimized using a Central Composite Design under the Response Surface Methodology. Three variables were chosen for optimization: distillery stillage, sucrose and manganese concentration. The results showed that sucrose and manganese concentrations had a positive linear effect on DS production while all variable interactions (stillage-manganese, stillage-sucrose, and sucrose-manganese) had significant influences on the DS production. The maximal DS yield of 3.391?0.131 U cm-3, was obtained in the medium with 64.33 % distillery stillage concentration, 5.30% sucrose concentration and 0.022 % manganese concentration. Our study revealed the potential of distillery stillage combined with sugar beet molasses, supplemented with sucrose and manganese to be employed as a valuable medium growth for lactic acid bacteria and production of DS. Also, taking into consideration the origin of the substrates, utilization of industrial by-products in this way has a great environmental relevance and is in accordance with circular economy.

A study on industrial-scale waste utilization in construction material production: the use of fly ash in GRP composite pipe

This study presents a new approach to the utilization of industrial by-products in construction materials by using fly ash (FA) in the production of glass fiber-reinforced polyester (GRP) pipe. The FA was substituted by 10% and 20% (by weight of sand) in the mixtures to produce GRP pipes of 350 mm in diameter and 6 m in length for testing. Stiffness modulus (SM), axial tensile strength (ATS), and hoop tensile strength (HTS) tests were conducted on the produced GRP pipes and their elasticity modulus (EM) values were also calculated. To observe the microstructure of the GRP pipes and the interfacial transition zone of the layers, SEM and microscopic analyses were performed. Furthermore, a strain-corrosion test was conducted to obtain information about long term-performance of samples. The results showed that the FA-filled GRP pipes were found to meet the requirements of the related standards, and that the use of FA in the GRP pipe industry may be an important alternative approach to the utilization of industrial wastes via effective recycling mechanisms.

Environmental impact assessment of fly ash and silica fume based geopolymer concrete

Alkali activated geopolymer is an attractive solution to limit the adverse consequences of cement manufacturing. In this paper, an evaluation of environmental impacts of geopolymer containing fly ash and silica fume is conducted. Life cycle assessment is performed by benchmarking the environmental impacts of three geopolymer concrete mixes against the conventional cement concrete, namely: fly ash geopolymer (with hydroxide and silicate of sodium); fly ash–silica fume blend geopolymer (with hydroxide and silicate of sodium); and fly ash–silica fume blend geopolymer (with sodium hydroxide). Impact analysis is performed by using ReCiPe midpoint and endpoint methods in life cycle assessment software UMBERTO NXT using database of Ecoinvent 3.0. Sensitivity analysis is performed to determine the effect of transportation. One mix design for each concrete of equal water to binder ratio and 28-days compressive strength of more than 35 MPa is analysed. Results of life cycle assessment indicate that alkaline activators and cement are the major sources of negative environmental impacts for geopolymer and cement concrete, respectively. Global warming potential of geopolymer concretes is lower than conventional cement concrete. Fly ash–silica fume geopolymer concrete activated without sodium silicate has lowest environmental impacts. Transportation of raw materials is found to increase the overall negative of all four concrete mixes. Cost reduction of 10.87%–17.77% per unit volume is achieved with the use of fly ash – silica fume based geopolymer concrete. Sustainability in terms of cost and environmental benefits of geopolymer concrete can be further increased by using silica fume. It can be concluded that the use of fly ash – silica fume blended geopolymer in the construction industry has huge possibility to improve its sustainability. Furthermore, waste management can be effectively done by utilization of industrial by-products in concrete.

Durability studies on ferrochrome slag as coarse aggregate in sustainable alkali activated slag/fly ash based concretes

Utilization of industrial byproducts in concrete reduces carbon footprint, associated with production of ordinary Portland cement (OPC), and also indirectly controls rapid depletion of natural resources in the form of natural coarse aggregate (NCA). This study reports the durability effect of alkali activated slag/fly ash concretes (AASFC) with ferrochrome slag (FCS) as coarse aggregate. Different AASFC mixtures were prepared with two control factors i.e., fly ash (FA) content (0, 25, and 50% by weight as a replacement to Ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS)), and FCS content (0, 50, and 100% by volume as a replacement to NCA). Total nine mixtures were examined for three different durability tests i.e., volume of permeable voids (VPV), acid resistant test, and sulphate resistant test. Further, embodied energy (EE), and Embodied carbon dioxide emission (ECO2e) were also utilized to optimize the AASFC mixtures by grey relational analysis (GRA). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) is used as a statistical tool to investigate the effect of FA, and FCS content on the overall durability and ecological performance of AASFC mixtures. Results show that, addition of FA increases the durability performance (in % age), and addition of FCS decreases the durability performance (in % age) in AASFC mixtures. AASFC mixture with composition of 50% GGBS, 50% FA, and 100% FCS is considered as most suitable mixture.