Energy Utilization Research Articles

Heat storage and release performance of solar greenhouses made of composite phase change material comprising methyl palmitate and hexadecanol in cold climate

Solar greenhouses play a crucial role in winter crop cultivation in the cold regions of China; however, adverse weather conditions such as low temperatures can negatively affect their production. Therefore, improving the greenhouse thermal environment and energy utilisation is crucial for optimising greenhouse productivity. One effective method of storing energy is phase transition. In this study, melt blending was used to prepare composite phase change materials (CPCMs), with methyl palmitate and hexadecanol as raw materials. In addition, ceramsite was encapsulated with a styrene-acrylic emulsion to form a shape composite phase change material (SCPCM). The results showed that the latent heat of phase change of the CPCMs was 221 J/g, with an initial phase change temperature of 23.48 ℃. The encapsulation of the SCPCM with a styrene-acrylic emulsion significantly reduced leakage. Phase-change ceramsite concrete slabs were developed by integrating the SCPCM into concrete. These slabs were used to construct large-phase-change and non-phase-change greenhouses. A temperature-testing system was installed in the greenhouses to examine the temperature variations and distributions under typical sunny and cloudy conditions. Results revealed that compared with the control greenhouse, the phase-change greenhouse exhibited a decrease of 3.0 ℃ in the maximum indoor temperature during sunny days and an increase of 3.2 ℃ in the minimum indoor temperature at night. This study highlights the effective temperature control capabilities of phase-change ceramsite concrete slabs for improving energy utilisation and provides valuable theoretical and technical insights for the future utilisation and widespread adoption of phase-change greenhouses.

Network load balancing and data categorization in cloud computing

Cloud computing (CC) is rising quickly as a successful model presenting an on-demand structure. In the CC, the present investigation shows that load-balancing methods established on meta-heuristics offer better solutions for appropriate scheduling and allotment of resources. Conversely, several traditional approaches believe in only some quality of service (QoS) metrics and reject several significant components. Network load balancing and data categorization (NBDC) is proposed. This approach aims to enhance load balancing in the cloud field. This approach consists of two phases: the support vector machine (SVM) algorithm-based data categorization and the ant colony optimization (ACO) algorithm for distributing the network load on the virtual machine (VM). The SVM algorithm performs several data formats, such as text, image, audio, and video, resultant data class that offers high categorization accuracy in the cloud. The ACO algorithm reaches an efficient load balancing based on the time of execution (TE), time of throughput (TT), time of overhead (TO), time of optimization, and migration count (MC). Simulation results related to the baseline approach demonstrate an enhanced system function in terms of service level agreement violation, throughput, execution time, energy utilization, and execution time.

Fabrication of NiFe-LDH/MoS2 2D/2D material to construct direct Z-scheme heterojunction for enhanced CO2 photocatalytic reduction under visible light irradiation

In recent years, the utilization of solar energy for conversion of CO2 into fuels has emerged as a promising strategy for mitigating the Greenhouse effect. However, transport efficiency of photogenerated carriers plays a crucial role in determining the efficacy of CO2 photocatalytic reaction. In this paper, a 2D/2D composite material consisting of NiFe-LDH/MoS2, presenting high efficiency in separating photogenerated electron-hole pairs, has been successfully synthesized using a straightforward hydrothermal method. XRD, XPS, FTIR and other characterization results proved that the composite was successfully prepared, and its unique direct Z-scheme heterostructure improved the efficiency of CO2 photocatalytic reduction effectively. The composite material NiFe-LDH/MoS2 demonstrated enhanced rate of photo-induced electron-hole pair separation comparing with pure NiFe-LDH. Apart from this, the charge transfer resistance was reduced simultaneously, the composite material exhibited perfect photocatalytic activity. In photocatalytic reduction reaction experiment, CO yield of NiFe-LDH/MoS2 can reach 10.72 μmol/g, which is 3.93-fold and 4.17-fold that of bare NiFe-LDH and MoS2. The cyclic test also shows that the catalyst has good stability under visible light irradiation.

A highly efficient self-powered variable impendence system

As an efficient mechanical energy harvester, the triboelectric-electromagnetic hybrid generator (TEHG) stands as a cornerstone in self-powered systems. Nevertheless, significant impedance disparities between triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) and electromagnetic generators (EMGs) often hamper systems’ energy utilization efficiency, attributed to impedance mismatch at the load. Here, a variable impedance strategy is proposed, aimed at maximizing the utilization of mechanical energies converted by TEHG. This approach capitalizes on electronic components with dynamic impedance from GΩ to kΩ in response to OFF-ON state transitions, thus matching the impedance of TENG and EMG. Experimentally, an ultraviolent gas discharge tube (UV-GDT) is integrated into the self-powered variable impedance system. Operated at 240rpm, the TEHG-driven UV-GDT extracts energy amounting to 1304.27 mJ with an 87.5% utilization efficiency. These metrics outperform the situation where UV-GDT is individually powered by either EMG (0 mJ, 0%) or TENG (18.24 mJ, 60.7%). Furthermore, the mechanical energy-activated UV system demonstrates promise for sterilization, curing, and photo-chemical reactions. This variable impedance strategy resolves the impendence mismatch between TEHG and load, more importantly, provides a valuable guideline for developing hybrid generator systems with enhanced energy utilization efficiency.

Experimental investigation of a new defrosting technique for sustainable refrigeration system

Defrosting can have a detrimental impact on the functioning of regularly used refrigeration systems. The primary objective of this study is to enhance the cooling efficiency by resolving the defrost process, which impacts the cooling performance due to the heat received from the system. A new solar PVT-assisted system, which includes a cold chamber, was created and tested for this specific purpose. Furthermore, a sophisticated automation scenario has been devised to function in five distinct modes, ensuring the successful execution of the defrost process. Two experiments, Experiment 1 and Experiment 2, were conducted. The average coefficient of performance (COP) and exergy values obtained were 2.29 and 2.25, and 25.74 % and 24.45 %, respectively. The maximum temperature change measured in the cold room during defrosting was 2 °C. In Experiment 1, the PVT collector produced a total energy of 2.85 kWh; Experiment 2 generated 2.79 kWh. Consequently, the defrosting procedure was effectively executed by directing hot air into the chilly chamber using the proposed sustainable method. This system is highly recommended because of its innovative defrosting mechanism, which guarantees optimal solar energy utilization.

Absorption-Desorption Characteristics of the Synthesized Deep Eutectic Solvents for Carbon Dioxide Capture

The development of an environmentally friendly CO2 absorbent with significant energy utilization which can be an alternative to CO2 capture by an ethanolamine solution is presently an obligatory issue. In this work, binary and ternary deep eutectic solvents (DESs) were prepared according to their CO2 absorption/desorption performances. A series of DESs comprise different hydrogen bonding donor (HBD)- acceptor (HBA) pairs as CO2 capturing solvents; HBAs include choline chloride (ChCl) and tetrabutylammonium bromide (TBAB), and selected amines are represented as HBDs and include monoethanolamine (MEA), diethanolamine (DEA), and triethanolamine (TEA). Binary DESs synthesized of ChCl/MEA, ChCl/DEA, ChCl/TEA, TBAB/MEA, TBAB/DEA, and TBAB/TEA in a CO2 absorption cell at a mole ratio of 1:4. While selected amidines were represented as super-based (SB) and included 1,5-Diazabicyclo [4.3.0] non-5-ene (DBN) and 1,8-Diazabicyclo [5.4.0] undec-7-ene (DBU). The ternary DESs were prepared by adding DBN or DBU to the binary DESs system in a (1:4:3) molar ratio. CO2 absorption experiments were attained at atmospheric pressure and a temperature of 30 °C using 15 vol.% CO2 with 85 vol.% N2. On the other hand, the regeneration process for DESs was conducted at 90 oC. Binary DES synthesized from ChCl/MEA gives a higher absorption rate of CO2 of 0.0177 mole/kg. min, CO2 absorption loading of 2.9092 mole CO2/kg solvent, cyclic loading of 2.0001 mole CO2/kg solvent, and a regeneration efficiency of 68.75%. The synthesis DESs showed a better performance compare with a common Ionic liquids.

Update on ketosis in dairy cattle with major emphasis on subclinical ketosis and abdominal adiposity.

The metabolic changes that occur during the early post-partum period in dairy cows can indeed lead to an imbalance in energy utilization, resulting in the production of excessive ketone bodies. This can have detrimental effects on the cow's health and milk production, leading to economic losses for dairy producers. The release of non-esterified fatty acids into the blood due to increased lipolysis is a key factor in the development of ketosis. Abdominal adiposity is a key factor on these outcomes in modern dairy cows. The redirection of energy and glucose towards lactose synthesis and milk yield leaves a deficit of gluconeogenic precursors, leading to the conversion of acetyl-CoA into ketone bodies instead of entering the Krebs cycle. These ketone bodies, including acetone, acetoacetate and β-hydroxybutyrate, accumulate in the blood and can be detected in various bodily fluids, such as urine, blood and milk, allowing for diagnostic testing. Prevention is indeed crucial in managing ketosis in dairy cattle. Supplementation of propylene glycol in the diet or the use of monensin, either in the diet or in the form of a slow-release bolus, can help prevent the occurrence of ketosis. However, avoiding high body condition (subcutaneous fat) and excessive abdominal adiposity during the dry period and parturition plus an adequate cow comfort are fundamental tasks to avoid ketosis and related disorders. These interventions aim to provide additional energy sources or enhance the cow's ability to utilize energy efficiently, thus reducing the reliance on excessive lipolysis and ketone body production.

Design and modifications of boiler mounting device in Asmara brewery factory

Energy and environment are closely related and important issues in the present all over world. Present industrial and others organization thought the unique of energy utilization and diverse source reviles such as coal, oil, gas, nuclear, hydropower, solar, wind and biofuel. The Non-renewable energy sources are being limited in this world and energy conservation is one of growing need nowadays. The major issues in the world’s energy consumption are getting used in boilers. Thus, this energy used has to be wisely consumed with great efficiency in industries. Boilers are considered as an important and an expensive property in many industries. In addition to initial cost, boilers have high operational and maintenance cost in order to secure production in safe and acceptable working conditions. In this study concerned with an energy saving, economic and environmental analysis of the fire tube boiler in ASMARA BREWERY. In this project, we concentrated on the improvement of boiler efficiency by recovering a portion of heat content of the flue gas. This is possible due to the most dominant device which is the economizer. The preexisting boiler was designed without an economizer. The present modification involved about the design of economizer in the boiler to reduce fuel consumption and thermal shock. Furthermore, in this type of boiler attain higher efficiency and little enhancement in the efficiency of the boiler will save an outsized amount of fuel and also help to reduce CO2 emission.

A Highly Efficient Supramolecular Polymer-Based Singlet Oxygen Generator for Photocatalytic Minisci Alkylation.

Supramolecular polymers, with their specific functional units and structures, can effectively enhance the absorption and utilization of light energy, thereby facilitating more efficient photocatalytic organic reactions. In the present work, we constructed a supramolecular polymer consisting of benzothiazole derivatives (BTBP) and cucurbit[8]uril (CB[8]). The BTBP monomer, known for its unique chemical structure and properties, has been found to exhibit a remarkable capability in generating singlet oxygen (1O2). As a result of the constraining impact of the macrocyclic molecule, the inclusion of CB[8] resulted in an effective enhancement in the ability to generate 1O2 while forming supramolecular polymer BTBP-CB[8]. When evaluating the quantum yield of 1O2 using Rose Bengal (RB) as a reference photosensitizer (75% in water), BTBP-CB[8] demonstrated an enhanced 1O2 quantum yield compared to BTBP, with an impressive yield of 152.4%, demonstrating that the formation of supramolecular polymer contributes to its ability to generate 1O2. Subsequently, BTBP-CB[8], a highly efficient 1O2 generator, was employed for the photocatalytic Minisci alkylation reaction, resulting in an impressive reaction yield of up to 89%. The supramolecular polymer strategies employed in the construction of photocatalytic systems have exhibited remarkable efficacy in the production of 1O2, underscoring their immense prospects in photocatalysis.

Determination of Energy Utilization Efficiency and Greenhouse Gas Emission in Apple Production: Case of Isparta

Determination of Energy Utilization Efficiency and Greenhouse Gas Emission in Apple Production: Case of Isparta

The role of halophyte-induced saline fertile islands in soil microbial biogeochemical cycling across arid ecosystems.

Halophyte shrubs, prevalent in arid regions globally, create saline fertile islands under their canopy. This study investigates the soil microbial communities and their energy utilization strategies associated with tamarisk shrubs in arid ecosystems. Shotgun sequencing revealed that high salinity in tamarisk islands reduces functional gene alpha-diversity and relative abundance compared to bare soils. However, organic matter accumulation within islands fosters key halophilic archaea taxa such as Halalkalicoccus, Halogeometricum, and Natronorubrum, linked to processes like organic carbon oxidation, nitrous oxide reduction, and sulfur oxidation, potentially strengthening the coupling of nutrient cycles. In contrast, bare soils harbor salt-tolerant microbes with genes for autotrophic energy acquisition, including carbon fixation, H2 or CH4 consumption, and anammox. Additionally, isotope analysis shows higher microbial carbon use efficiency, N mineralization, and denitrification activity in tamarisk islands. Our findings demonstrate that halophyte shrubs serve as hotspots for halophilic microbes, enhancing microbial nutrient transformation in saline soils.

Hydrothermal carbonization of Chinese medicine residue from licorice: Effects of pore and chemical structures on chromium migration

The Chinese medicine residue (CMR) is composed of wet substances, so using hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) to recover renewable energy from the residue is a suitable treatment method. Chromium (Cr), a kind of heavy metal element, is enriched in hydrochar and severely restricts its effective utilization. An in-depth analysis of the migration path and mechanism of Cr in hydrochar is helpful in promoting energy utilization for CMR. Here, licorice, a significant Chinese medicine, was selected as the example to analyze the evolutions of its pore and chemical structures and their effects on the migration mechanism of Cr during the HTC process. The products obtained under various HTC conditions were analyzed using nitrogen adsorption, FTIR, and 13C NMR. The results show that, considering reaction time and relevant reactions as the primary factors during the HTC process, the migration pathway of Cr in hydrochar undergoes two stages, and they are the accompanying migration stage and the recovery aggregation stage. Active adsorption sites for Cr may exist within the pore structure of hydrochar. In the HTC process, hydrolysis, decarboxylation, and decarbonylation reactions are the direct drivers of Cr migration, while aromatization is the underlying cause of Cr recovery and aggregation. It is hypothesized that Cr catalyzes the acetylene cyclotrimerization reaction, thereby promoting the formation of aromatic structures in hydrochar and integrating into the hydrochar carbon skeleton.

Circulation-controlled wind-assisted ship propulsion: Technical innovations for future shipping industry decarbonization

Amidst mandatory policies aimed at energy savings and emission reductions in the shipping industry, wind-assisted ship propulsion technology has gained prominence for its immediate practicality in promoting environmental sustainability. Wing-sails possess favorable aerodynamic characteristics and adjustable capabilities, yet their efficiency is impeded by flow separation at high angles of attack. This study addressed the challenge of mitigating delayed separation and enhancing lift at large angles of attack for wing-sails through technical solutions involving trailing-edge circulation control and leading-edge boundary layer control. Three-dimensional steady-state flow fields of conventional and circulation-controlled wing-sails were accurately modeled using a Generalized k-ω (GEKO) model across angles of attack ranging from 0° to 30°. Under moderate jet strength conditions with a velocity ratio of 5, the stall angle of attack of the circulation-controlled wing-sail was delayed by approximately 6°. Furthermore, compared to a conventional wing-sail, the circulation-controlled variant exhibited a 111 % increase in maximum lift coefficient and a 120 % rise in maximum resultant force coefficient. The energy-saving and emission reduction benefits of implementing this innovative technology were quantified using the Energy Efficiency Design Index (EEDI) on a real very large crude carrier (VLCC). The circulation-controlled wing-sail demonstrated a 10.38 % reduction in EEDI under optimal operating conditions with medium jet strength, compared to an unassisted vessel. Moreover, this reduction was enhanced by 77.55 % compared to incorporating a conventional wing-sail. These discoveries signify an advancement in wind-assisted ship propulsion technology on an innovative frontier, promising greater energy utilization and reduced fuel consumption, thereby facilitating the achievement of stringent green ship standards.

Smart Grid Technologies: Advancements and Applications in Nigeria

This study explores the impact of smart grid technologies on the modernization of power grids in response to evolving energy demands and the integration of renewable energy sources in Nigeria. It aims to empirically assess advancements in smart grid technologies, focusing on four key objectives: eval_uating the impact of smart meters on energy consumption and peak demand reduction, analyzing the effectiveness of Advanced Distribution Management Systems (ADMS) in enhancing grid reliability and efficiency, assessing the role of demand response programs in balancing supply and demand, and examining the integration and management of Distributed Energy Resources (DERs) within smart grids. The research employs a quantitative methodology, collecting and analyzing data from utility companies that have implemented smart grid technologies. Key findings reveal that smart meters significantly reduce energy consumption and peak demand by providing real-time monitoring, while ADMS improves grid reliability and operational efficiency through enhanced fault detection and automated control. Demand response programs effectively balance energy supply and demand, reducing peak loads and energy costs. The integration of DERs increases renewable energy utilization and grid stability but also presents challenges related to variability in power output and management complexity. The study concludes that smart grid technologies play a crucial role in achieving a more resilient and efficient power grid, though addressing challenges related to DER integration and system management is essential for maximizing their benefits.

Rational Design of 3D Space Connected Donor–Acceptor System in Covalent Organic Frameworks for Enhanced Photocatalytic Performance

AbstractHerein, a rational strategy is presented to reduce the energy barrier of singlet ground state to singlet excited state transitions, whilst simultaneously reducing energy losses in populating triplet excited states. The approach relies on constructing 3D space connected donor–acceptor systems in COFs. The 3D space connected D–A system in 8‐connected 3D COFs (denoted as COF‐1 and COF‐2) allows the efficient transfer of electrons, overcoming the traditional electron transport limitations of 2D COFs and significantly boosting the solar energy utilization efficiency under visible light irradiation. COF‐2, possessing an extended π‐conjugated structure relative to COF‐1, demonstrated high selectivity for the photocatalytic generation of H2O2 (6.93 mmol g−1 h−1) in natural seawater without the need for sacrificial reagents, exceeding the performance of most previously reported COF‐based photocatalysts. The 3D space connected D–A system reported in this work offers a new approach for optimizing electron and energy transfer in COF‐based photocatalysts for H2O2 production and other applications.

Parametric studies on energy utilization of the Chinese medicine residues: Preparation and properties of densified pellet

The depletion of fossil fuels has fueled an increased interest in biomass resources usage for heat and electricity generation. As an important biomass resource, Chinese medicine residues have great potential in substituting fossil fuels. However, that is basically limited by its poor properties, including low bulk density, high moisture content, and inhomogeneous structure. Herein, a safe and sustainable strategy was reported to prepare a high-quality densified pellet derived from Chinese medicine residues to address these worries. In this process, mixed and simple size materials were densified under various moisture content and pressure using a laboratory electronic tablet press machine equipped a single pellet mold. Results showed that higher pressure, ideal moisture content (∼6.5 %), and mixed particle size could densify better quality pellets. These findings pave the way for the safely and efficient resource utilization of Chinese medicine residues, as well as providing theoretical guidance and technical support for the household heating.

Numerical study on heat restoration cycle performance of energy pile with backfilling PCM

The numerical analysis of energy pile backfilled with phase change material (PCM) was performed for the renewable geothermal energy utilization in building energy savings. Different operation modes and the melting temperature, latent heat, thermal conductivity of the PCMs within the energy piles were discussed to obtain the optimal parameters. Further, the restoration and heat transfer performance of energy piles were also analyzed for the prolonged operation. It was concluded that relatively higher latent heat and thermal conductivity were preferable to enhance the heat transfer rate per meter (Qm) of the PCM-backfilled energy pile. However, a relatively lower PCM latent heat may help to full utilization and restoration of PCMs during every cycle of cooling and heating when energy pile works. An ideal melting temperature of PCM is probably close to the initial soil temperature to achieve preferred restoration and heat transfer performance, rather than the inlet fluid temperature. In heating 12 h and cooling 12 h alternate mode, taking continuous operation as a reference, the Qm and the restoration rate of pile wall temperature of the PCM-backfilled energy pile were increased by 32.7 % and 52.5 % after operating 720 h.

Effect of increasing β-mannanase supplementation in diets containing copra meal on growth performance, meat quality, liver health, intestinal morphology, and nutrient utilization in broiler chickens.

The current study aimed to investigate the effect of increasing β-mannanase supplementation in diets containing copra meal (CM) on growth performance, meat quality, liver health, intestinal morphology, and nutrient utilization in broiler chickens. A total of 1,600 3-d-old Ross 308 broiler chickens (initial body weight [BW] ± SD = 43.3 ± 1.08 g) were randomly allotted to 1 of 5 treatment groups with 8 replicates. One group was fed a corn-soybean meal-based diet (control). Other 4 diets were prepared by inclusion of 10% commercial CM in the control diet with 0, 400, 800, and 1,600 U β-mannanase/kg. Experiments lasted for 32 d. Birds fed the control diet had less (p=0.001) feed conversion ratio (FCR) than those fed diets containing 10% CM without β-mannanase supplementation. Increasing supplementation of β-mannanase in diets containing 10% CM had no linear and quadratic effects on body weight gain, feed intake, and FCR in broiler chickens. The control diet had greater (p<0.01) apparent total tract retention (ATTR) of DM, GE, and N as compared to the diets containing 10% CM without β-mannanase supplementation; however, no differences in the ATTR of Ca and P were identified between 2 diets. There were no linear and quadratic effects of increasing supplementation of β-mannanase on the ATTR of DM, GE, N, Ca, and P in broiler diets containing 10% CM. Both inclusion of 10% CM and increasing supplementation of β-mannanase in broiler diets did not affect apparent ME (AME) and N-corrected ME (AMEn) values in treatment diets. The use of 10% CM in broiler diets during growing and finishing period impairs growth performance by decreasing energy and nutrient utilization in diets. Increasing β-mannanase supplementation in diets containing 10% CM has no positive effects on performance, meat quality, liver health, intestinal morphology, and nutrient utilization in broiler chickens.

Effect of dietary β-mannanase supplementation on growth performance, intestinal morphology, digesta viscosity, and nutrient utilization in broiler chickens: Meta-analysis and meta-regression.

The present study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of dietary β-mannanase supplementation on growth performance, intestinal morphology, digesta viscosity, and dietary nutrient utilization in broiler chickens through a meta-analysis. The effects were further examined by a meta-regression analysis with activity levels of β-mannanase in broiler diets. A total of 23 studies, which conducted in 11 countries and completed between December 2003 and August 2023, were finally selected for this meta-analysis. The standardized mean difference (SMD) and its 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated as the effect size metrics using random effect model, with I2 value being utilized to measure heterogeneity. Investigated measurements included body weight gain (BWG), feed intake (FI), feed conversion ratio (FCR), villus height (VH), crypt depth (CD), VH:CD ratio, digesta viscosity, nitrogen-corrected metabolizable energy (AMEn), apparent ileal digestibility (AID), and apparent total tract retention (ATTR) of dry matter (DM), gross energy (GE), and nitrogen (N). All statistical analyses were performed using R version 4.3.3. Results revealed significant positive effects of dietary β-mannanase supplementation on BWG (P = 0.005), FCR (P < 0.001), VH (P < 0.001), VH:CD (P < 0.001), digesta viscosity (P < 0.001), AMEn (P = 0.011), AID of GE (P = 0.002) and N (P = 0.003), and ATTR of DM (P = 0.019), GE (P = 0.002), and N (P = 0.005) in broiler chickens. In the meta-regression analysis, increasing activity levels of β-mannanase in broiler diets increased VH:CD (P < 0.001, R2 = 79.2%) and AID of N (P = 0.038, R2 = 67.4%). the current meta-analysis indicates that dietary β-mannanase supplementation improves energy and nutrient utilization in broiler diets possibly by decreasing digesta viscosity and enhancing intestinal morphology in broiler chickens. These beneficial effects can contribute to improved growth performance in broiler chickens.

A new single-source, single-phase, 9-L 4-B switched capacitor-based multilevel inverter

ABSTRACT All types of non-conventional energy sources (NCES) produce low voltage, but offer it to be converted into usable and essential form. Switched capacitor multilevel inverter (SC-MLIs) has played a vital role in extracting power from NCES to fulfill the requirements of today’s need. Researchers have shown a great interest in extracting this power which comes from solar PV, wind, fuel cells and other miniature sources which is often not significant at all. This research offers a topology that is very simple and easy to implement. The authors also demonstrate a novel SC-MLI with a single ground and four voltage boosting capabilities. This paper analyzes and reviews the suggested inverter can create nine levels along with four times the voltage from a single dc source. Three self-balanced switched capacitors in association with a pair of five switches and single diode are used to offer quadruple boosting. A level-shifted pulse width modulation technique helps to generate the output voltage. The execution of the SC-MLI and the capacitor architecture for the suggested topology are fully investigated. The availability of common neutral is advantageous in reducing leakage current, especially in green energy utilization. In the context of voltage gain, the number of components employed, and the presence of common neutral, the designed inverter is contrasted to several other previously revealed inverters.