Inflammation Of Uterus Research Articles

Effect of arsenic exposure on MDA, SOD, H2O2 and TNF-α levels of uterus homogenate of female Sparague-Dawleys rats

Background and Aim: Arsenic exposure to the body through the oral, dermal, and inhalation routes have a detrimental impact on health, including women’s reproductive health. However, the effect of arsenic exposure through the vulva of women is unclear. The present study therefore examined the effects of long-term arsenic exposure of vulva on uterus inflammation mediated by oxidative stress and inflammatory mechanism. Materials and Methods: Female Rattus norvegicus L was used as the animal model and the arsenic were exposed through vulvar immersion. The arsenic solution was made into four concentrations while the duration of exposure was made in four-time combinations. Uterus inflammation was assessed through histopathological observation of uterus tissue through hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining. Oxidative stress was assessed using malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2); while inflammatory profile was assessed by measuring using tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα). Results: Our data suggested that inflammation could occur at the permissible quality standard concentrations when arsenic was exposed for more than two weeks. At higher concentrations and a longer exposure time, arsenic exposure could lead to chronic inflammation. Arsenic exposure was able to increase the levels of MDA and H2O2 and reduced the SOD suggesting stress oxidative of the organ. Arsenic also could increase the level of TNFα at any concentration after 6 and 8 weeks of exposure suggesting the inflammation process in the uterus. Conclusion: Continuous exposure of vulva with arsenic could induce oxidative stress and chronic inflammation of the uterus. Further study to investigate this finding in human is critical as basic to propose health campaign program to the community in the high arsenic regions.

DIAGNOSIS AND MEDICATION OF PYOMETRA IN A FEMALE DOG

Pyometra, the purulent inflammation of uterus, is a common disease of genital apparatus of the dog. Diagnosis and treatment of this pathology is object of a lot of studies. Diagnosis is based on history and anamnesis, clinical and lab findings, Ultrasonography and histopathology, as a “gold standard” of it. Thirty-five female dogs (mean 7.6± 1.33 years old) of cross and pure bred, affected by pyometra (open and closed cervix) were diagnosed by ultrasonography and 12 uteri were used for histopathological studies. Pyometra was found out in 57.44% of nulliparous controlled female dogs. Ultrasonographic evaluated shown an enlargement and thickened of horns of uteri, lumen content was homogenous to anechoic/echogenic. Histopathological changes are related to Endometrium and its changes like as enlargement of cystic glands and presence of the pus in lumen of uterus. Ovariohysterectomy were realized in all female dogs. Three of them were euthanized some days after. The study aims to emphasize that ultrasonography and histopathology are the best techniques to diagnose pyometra because of some tests may not be definitive. Ovariohysterectomy is the appropriate, safest, the most effective and immediate medical intervention to save life’s animal. Keywords: female dog, diagnosis, histopathology, ovariohysterectomy, ultra-zoography.

MiR-643 inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced endometritis progression by targeting TRAF6.

Endometritis is a prevalent disease with inflammation of uterus endangering women reproductive health. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play important roles in inflammatory disorders, including endometritis. However, the role and mechanism of miR-643 in endometritis development remain unclear. This study aimed to investigate the effect of miR-643 on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory response and clarify the potential mechanism. LPS-treated human endometrial epithelial cells (HEECs) were cultured to investigate the role of miR-643 in vitro. The expression levels of miR-643 and tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6) were measured via quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and western blot, respectively. LPS-induced inflammatory response was assessed by inflammatory cytokines secretion via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The activation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) pathway was investigated by western blot. The interaction between miR-643 and TRAF6 was validated by bioinformatics analysis, luciferase reporter assay, and RNA immunoprecipitation. The expression of miR-643 was decreased and TRAF6 protein level was enhanced in LPS-treated HEECs. The overexpression of miR-643 suppressed LPS-induced secretion of inflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β [IL-1β], and IL-6) and activation of NF-κB pathway. The knockdown of TRAF6 inhibited LPS-induced inflammatory response in HEECs. TRAF6 was validated as a target of miR-643 and TRAF6 restoration reversed the effect of miR-643 on inflammation response in LPS-treated HEECs. Collectively, miR-643 attenuated LPS-induced inflammatory response by targeting TRAF6, indicating a novel avenue for the treatment of endometritis.

EFEKTIVITAS PIJAT EFFLEURAGE DAN COUNTERPRESSURE TERHADAP KEMAJUAN DILATASI SERVIKS PADA KALA I FASE AKTIF

Backgraound: Labor process begins with the process of cervical dilatation, which is commonly accompanied by pain. Labor pain caused by uterine contractions can cause thinning of the cervix. Effects of labor pain includes inflammation in uterus and labor dystocia. Effleurage and counterpressure are complementary treatment to stimulate uterine contractions.
 Objective: To analyze the effectiveness of effleurage and counterpressure massages on the progress of cervical dilatation.
 Method: This was a quasi-experiment study with pre-post test nonequivalent control group. Population was the women in labor in stage I active phase. Research subjects were 68 people that were divided into two groups. Sampling technique was consecutive sampling. Instrument used in this study was the internal examination. Data were analyzed using Wilcoxon and Mann Whitney.
 Results: The progress of cervical dilatation before and after the intervention of the effleurage was 4.74±0.83 vs 7.47±1.21 with p=0.00 and the result for the counterpressure group was 4.59±0.66 vs 8.03±0.96 with p=0.00. The average improvement of cervical dilatation on the effleurage and counterpressure groups was 2.73 vs 3.44 with p=0.00.
 Conclusion: The counterpressure has the more significant effect than the effleurage on improving the cervical dilatation.
 Keywords: Cervical dilatation, counterpressure, effleurage

The Rat Uterus after U-74389G Process

Aim: This study co-evaluated the 4 quoted histologic variables after the lazaroid U-74389G (L) drug administration. The calculation was based on the results of 2 preliminary studies, each one evaluating two respective histologic variables of Endometrial Edema (EE) and Uterus Inflammation (UI) or Endometrial Karyorrhexis (EK) and Uterus Congestion (UC); in an induced ischemia reperfusion animal experiment. Materials and methods: The 2 main experimental endpoints at which the EE, UI and EK, UC scores were evaluated was the 60th reperfusion min (for the groups A and C) and the 120th reperfusion min (for the groups B and D). Specially, the groups A and B were processed without drugs, whereas the groups C and D after L administration. Results: The first preliminary study showed that L has a non-significant recessing potency for EE and UI histologic parameters at the “without lesions” grade 0.2636364±0.14594051 (p-values=0.0698). The second preliminary study showed that L has a non-significant recessing potency for EK and UC histologic parameters at the “without lesions” grade 0.1253529 ± 0.08529668 (p-values=0.1373) since they were co-evaluated together. These 2 studies were co-evaluated since they came from the same experimental setting. This study co-evaluated the combined diagnostic values of the four variables together. Conclusion: L administration and reperfusion time together non-significantly accentuated the 4 histologic variables within the “without lesions alterations” score 0.0758471 [-0.1464624 - +0.2981566] (p-value=0.4940).

EFEKTIVITAS PIJAT EFFLEURAGE DAN COUNTERPRESSURE TERHADAP KEMAJUAN DILATASI SERVIKS PADA KALA I FASE AKTIF

Backgraound: Labor process begins with the process of cervical dilatation, which is commonly accompanied by pain. Labor pain caused by uterine contractions can cause thinning of the cervix. Effects of labor pain includes inflammation in uterus and labor dystocia. Effleurage and counterpressure are complementary treatment to stimulate uterine contractions.
 Objective: To analyze the effectiveness of effleurage and counterpressure massages on the progress of cervical dilatation.
 Method: This was a quasi-experiment study with pre-post test nonequivalent control group. Population was the women in labor in stage I active phase. Research subjects were 68 people that were divided into two groups. Sampling technique was consecutive sampling. Instrument used in this study was the internal examination. Data were analyzed using Wilcoxon and Mann Whitney.
 Results: The progress of cervical dilatation before and after the intervention of the effleurage was 4.74±0.83 vs 7.47±1.21 with p=0.00 and the result for the counterpressure group was 4.59±0.66 vs 8.03±0.96 with p=0.00. The average improvement of cervical dilatation on the effleurage and counterpressure groups was 2.73 vs 3.44 with p=0.00.
 Conclusion: The counterpressure has the more significant effect than the effleurage on improving the cervical dilatation.
 
 Keywords: Cervical dilatation, counterpressure, effleurage

Gut Microbiota Mediates the Protective Effects on Endometritis Induced by Staphylococcus aureus

Background: Endometritis, an inflammatory disease of the uterus, is a serious problem in dairy cows worldwide leading to heavily economic losses. Recent studies showed that gut microbiota played an important role in infective diseases. However, the effects of gut microbiota on endometritis are unclear. Here, we assessed the effects of gut microbiota on endometritis induced by S. aureus. Methods: The mice gut microbiota was depleted and subsequently infected with S. aureus. Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) was performed to evaluate the relationship between gut microbiota and endometritis. Findings: The results showed gut-microbiota depleted mice subjected to uterus inflammation, while FMT to gut microbiota depleted mice alleviated inflammatory response of uterus. In addition, increased severity of S. aureus-induced endometritis were shown in gut-microbiota depleted mice when compared to the control mice. Meanwhile, FMT to gut microbiota-depleted mice reversed these effects. GC-MS testing demonstrated that the levels of short chain fatty acid (SCFAs) in fecal of gut microbiota-depleted mice decreased significantly and pretreatment of sodium butyrate and sodium propionate could reduce the severity of endometritis induced by S .aureus. In addition, increased pathogen loader of uterus in microbiota depleted mice was associated with reduced the phagocytic ability and responsiveness of neutrophils. Interpretation: In conclusion, gut microbiota presents a protective effect on S. aureus-induced endometritis by regulating the levels of SCFA and maintaining the phagocytosis ability and responsiveness of neutrophils, and probiotics or drugs that target gut-uterus axis are an effective strategy to treat endometritis. Funding Statement: This work was supported by a grant from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 31602122, 31772812, 30972225, 30771596) and China Postdoctoral Science Foundation funded project (2016M600233). Declaration of Interests: None of the authors have a financial interest in any of the products, devices, or Materials mentioned in this manuscript. The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest. Ethics Approval Statement: The experimental protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of Jilin University, Changchun, China. All experiments comply with the manual of the care and use of laboratory animals published by the US National Institutes of Health.

THE IMPORTANCE OF INDIVIDUAL CLINICAL AND LABORATORY INDICA - TORS IN THE DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS OF POSTPARTUM SEPTIC COMPLI - CATIONS

Aims: To perform a comparative analysis of individual clinical and laboratory indicators in the differential diagnosis of conditionally limited and generalized forms of postpartum septic complications. Methods: The study included 34 patients at Gynecology Department of the Zaporizhzhia Regional Clinical Hospital from 2013 to 2016 with postpartum purulent-septic diseases. Patients were divided into 2 groups. Group I consisted of 15 women who were diagnosed with a conditionally limited postpartum purulent-inflammatory disease (endometritis). Group II included 19 women with generalized forms of postpartum purulent-inflammatory diseases (peritonitis, sepsis). For the diagnosis of Multiple Organ Failure due to sepsis, we used the Sequential (Sepsis-Related) Organ Failure Assessment and quick Sequential (Sepsis-Related) Organ Failure Assessment. The differences between the first and second group were assessed by using the Mann-Whitney U test and STATISTICA Version 10. Results: Body temperature was increased in all 34 patients. The average heart rate in group I was 91.6 ± 8.35 beats/ min and 102.26 ± 16.42 beats/min in group II. The average respiratory rate was 19.07 ± 2.49 breaths/min in group I and 24.16 ± 5.09 breaths/min in group II. In group I, none of the patients scored a total of two or more points on the Sequential (Sepsis-Related) Organ Failure Assessment and quick Sequential (Sepsis-Related) Organ Failure Assessment scales; in group II, there were 5 (26.32%) patients who had scored two points or more on the Sequential (Sepsis-Related) Organ Failure Assessment scale; and 2 (10.53%) patients had scored 2 points or more in the quick Sequential (Sepsis-Related) Organ Failure Assessment scale. Conclusion: Clinical cases of postpartum period with inflammation of uterus and signs of multiple organ failure should be; regarded as a septic state, assessed by the Sequential (Sepsis-Related) Organ Failure Assessment scale as they require urgent medical help.

English

Retained placenta is the abnormal condition in animal reproduction in which fetal membrane failed to detach from maternal uterine wall after postpartum. The retention of placenta can create some disorders within reproductive organ of animals by allowing microorganisms to grow inside the uterus causing inflammation of uterus, fever, weight loss, decreasing milk yield, longer calving intervals and if the case is severe animals may die. The pathogenesis pathway of retained placenta development commences with an imbalance of antioxidant or oxidant capacity, decrease in estrogen production, decreased prostaglandin F2 alpha, and accumulation of arachidonic and linoleic acids in the placental tissue. Retained placenta can be treated with different methods such as manual removal, administration of intrauterine antibiotics, administration of hormonal therapy, and the use of plant medicine. The most common parts of plants used for drugs preparation are the leave, bark, root, stem and seed of the specific plant. The route of drug administration to animal is oral and vagina infusion. The herbal or plant prescriptions for treatment of placenta retention are characterized as antibiosis, antiphlogosis, immune enhancement and fertility improvement without endometrial injuries. The plants which have been used as treatment of retained placenta in Ethiopia are Flax seed, Vernonia amygdalia, Dodonea angustifolia, Solanum acaule, Solanum acuminatum, Dovyalis spp., Galinsoga quadriradiata, Plumbago zeylanica, Momordica spp., Colocasia esculenta, Bryophyllum pinnatu and Urera hypselodendron. The main objective of this paper is to illustrate the mechanism of retained placenta and its treatment using plant medicine in current status which helps the pastoral and clinician at remote areas and also to give enough information on the plant species that are sources of different chemical ingredient for future production of modern drug treatment for retained placenta. Key words: Antibiosis, antiphlogosis, ethinoveterinarian, retained of placenta, treatment.

The Co-evaluation of Endometrial Edema and Uterus Inflammation after the “U-74389G” Effect on Uterine Ischemia Reperfusion Injury

Context: This study co-evaluated the 2 quoted histologic variables after the antioxidant lazaroid agent “U-74389G” (L) administration. Objective: The calculation was based on the results of 2 preliminary studies, each one evaluating a respective histologic variable of endometrial edema (EE) or uterus inflammation (UI) in an induced ischemia reperfusion (IR) animal experiment. Design: The 2 main experimental endpoints at which the EE and UI scores were evaluated was the reperfusion 60th min (for A & C groups) and the reperfusion 120th min (for B & D groups). Setting: The groups A and B were processed without drugs, whereas the groups C and D after L administration. Participants: Female Wistar Albino rats. Main outcome measures: The first preliminary study showed that L non significantly reduced the EE scores by the grade “without lesions” 0.1636364 ± 0.1839975 (p-value=0.3641). The other preliminary study showed that L significantly reduced the UI scores by the grade “without lesions” 0.3636364 ± 0.13840105 (p-value=0.0099). Result: Both studies were co-estimated since they belong to the same experimental setting. This study co-evaluated the combined diagnostic values of both variables together. Conclusion: L has a non-significant recessing potency for these histologic parameters at the “without lesions” grade 0.2636364 ± 0.14594051 (p-values=0.0698) since they were co-evaluated together.

A mixture of St. John's wort and sea buckthorn oils regresses endometriotic implants and affects the levels of inflammatory mediators in peritoneal fluid of the rat: A surgically induced endometriosis model

ObjectiveSea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) and St. John's wort (Hypericum perforatum L.) are used as an emmenagog and for the treatment of other gynecological disorders including uterus inflammation and endometriosis. The aim of the present study is to investigate the potential of a mixture of sea buckthorn and St. John's wort oils (HrHp oil) in the treatment of endometriosis. Materials and MethodsThe activity was assessed in surgically induced endometriosis in rats. A 15-mm piece of endometrium was sutured into the abdominal wall. Twenty-eight days later, a second laparotomy was performed to calculate the endometrial foci areas and to score intra-abdominal adhesions. The rats were treated with either vehicle, HrHp oil formulation, or the reference (buserelin acetate). At the end of the experiment all rats were sacrificed and endometriotic foci areas and intra-abdominal adhesions were re-evaluated. The tissue sections were analyzed histopathologically. Peritoneal fluids of the experimental animals were collected in order to detect the levels of tumor necrosis factor-α, vascular endothelial growth factor, and interleukin-6, which might be involved in the etiology of endometriosis. ResultsIn the HrHp oil-treated group, the volumes of endometriotic implants were found to be significantly decreased (from 50.8 mm3 to 18.6 mm3, p<0.001) without any adhesion (0.0±0.0, p<0.001) when compared to the control group (3.1±0.9). The levels of tumor necrosis factor-α decreased from 7.02±1.33 pg/mL to 4.78±1.02 pg/mL (p<0.01); vascular endothelial growth factor from 17.39±8.52 pg/mL to 9.67±5.04 pg/mL (p<0.01); and interleukin-6 from 50.95±22.84 pg/mL to 29.11±7.45 pg/mL (p<0.01), respectively, after HrHp oil treatment. ConclusionHrHp oil may be a promising alternative for the treatment of endometriosis.

217 - Biological Studies on Alnus Orientalis Var. pubescens Dippel Leaves

Alnus Miller (Betulaceae) comprises 35 species which is widely distributed in the temperate regions of the northern hemisphere, also is represented by six taxa in Turkey. Traditionally, Alnus s pecies are used for the treatment of rheumatism, hemorrhoids, dental abscess, nail inflammation and various skin diseases such as chronic herpes, eczema, prurigo, hepatitis, inflammation of uterus, dysentery, stomachache, diarrhea, fever etc. The aim of the present work is to evaluate the antioxidant and some enzymatic activities such as acetylcholinesterase (ACE), butyrylcholinesterase (BCE), cyclooxygenase COX-1 and COX-2, and also monoamine oxidase MAO-A and MAO-B inhibitory effects of the methanol and ethyl acetate extracts from Alnus orientalis var. pubescens Dippel. leaves. The results were compared with that of BHT, ascorbic acid, Trolox and EDTA. The total phenolic contents of the studied extracts were determined by Folin-Ciocalteu assay. The methanol and ethyl acetate extracts of A. orientalis showed moderate ABTS radical cation decolorization activity with inhibitions of 54.55% and 44.81% respectively when compared to Trolox (79.01%) at 0.5 mg/mL. Both methanol and ethyl acetate extracts showed significant ferric-reducing power with EC 50 values of 0.26 and 0.38 respectively comparable to BHT (EC 50 = 0.2). Also according to the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging activity results, the methanol extract is more effective (30.54±0.2 inhibition %) than the ethyl acetate extract (16.40±0,9 inhibition %) when compared to BHT (48.31±1.04 %) and ascorbic acid (74.00±1.4 %) at 0.0036 µg/mL. The methanol extract exhibited significant inhibitory effects 56.35 %, 55.00% on the ACE and COX-1 enzymes respectively when the ethyl acetate extract showed very strong inhibitory effect on only COX-1 enzyme with 74.74 % inhibition at 250 µg/mL. A. orientalis methanol extract had higher total phenolic content (240.14 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/100 g) than the ethyl acetate extract (203.13 mg GAE/100 g plant).

Triterpenes of leaves from Piranhea trifoliata (Picrodendraceae)

ABSTRACT The Amazon forest is rich in plant species diversity, among them,Piranhea trifoliata stands out, which is popularly known as piranheira, because their fruits are eaten by fish. Their barks are used as bath composition on uterus inflammation and as tea in malaria treatment. This study aimed to fractionate the dichloromethane and dichloromethane phase from methanolic extract of leaves of Piranhea trifoliata. The leaves were dried, grounded and extracted with dichloromethane, methanol and water. The methanol extract was partitioned with dichloromethane and ethyl acetate. The chromatographic fractionation yielded six pentacyclic triterpenoids: friedelan-3-one, 28-hydroxy-friedelan-3-one, 30-hydroxy-friedelan-3-one, lupeol, α- and β-amyrin mixture, besides the mixture of the steroids: β-sitosterol and stigmasterol. The substances structures were identified by 1H- and13C-Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) analysis and literature data comparison. This is the first report describing the chemical study of P. trifoliata leaves.

Potential of lactic acid bacteria at regulating Escherichia coli infection and inflammation of bovine endometrium

About 40% of dairy cattle develop uterine disease during postpartum period, causing infertility. Some studies indicate that uterine infection, predominantly by Escherichia coli in the first week postpartum, is associated with metritis, an uterus inflammation in which the cow fails to completely clear bacterial contaminants. The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential of four lactic acid bacteria (LAB) (Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Pediococcus acidilactici, Lactobacillus reuteri, and Lactobacillus sakei) to modulate the E coli infection and inflammation in endometrial cells. Primary endometrial epithelial cells were isolated from fresh endometrium of a healthy cow and cultured in vitro to evaluate the effects of LAB at three different doses. Cell extracts were obtained to analyze the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and to quantify E coli infection on MacConkey agar plates. L sakei and L reuteri showed a positive effect preventing E coli infection (87% and 78%, respectively, P < 0.001); however, they were also associated to a dose-variable effect on tissular inflammation that could further exacerbate the proinflammatory status. Infection of E coli was clearly reduced (P < 0.001) up to an 83% with P acidilactici, whereas, the expression of proinflammatory cytokines IL-8 and IL-1β dropped significantly (P < 0.001) up to 85.11 and 5.24 folds, respectively, in the presence of L rhamnosus. In conclusion, these results demonstrate a clear potential of some LAB in the modulation of endometrial infection and inflammation in cattle.

Study of effective components and molecular mechanism for Guizhi Fuling formula treatment of dysmenorrhea, pelvic inflammatory disease and uterine fibroids

In this study, the active components and potential molecular .mechanism of Guizhi Fuling formula in treatment on dysmenorrhea, pelvic inflammation, and hysteromyoma were investigated using network pharmacological methods. Sterols and pentacyclic triterpenes, with high moleculal network degree, revealed promising effects on anti-inflammatory, analgesic, anti-tumor, and immune-regulation, according to D-T network analysis. On the other hand, the targets with high degree were involved in inflammatory, coagulation, angiopoiesis, smooth muscle contraction, and cell reproduction, which showed the novel function in anti-dysmenorrhea, pelvic inflammation, and hysteromyoma. Furthermore, the formula was indicated to play a key role in smooth muscle proliferation, inhibition of new vessels, circulation improvement, reduction of hormone secretion, alleviation of smooth muscle, block of arachidonic acid metabolism, and inflammation in uterus. Thus, the main mechanism of Guizhi Fuling formula was summarized. In conclusion, Guizhi Fuling formula was proven to alleviated dysmenorrhea, pelvic inflammation, and hysteromyoma by acting on multiple targets through several bioactive compounds, regulating 21 biological pathways.

The Effect of the Antioxidant Drug 'U-74389G' on Uterus Inflammation during Ischemia Reperfusion Injury in Rats

This experimental study was to examine the effect of the antioxidant drug “U-74389G”, on rat model and particularly in a uterus ischemia reperfusion (IR) protocol. The beneficial effect or non-effectiveness of that molecule were studied pathologically using uterus inflammation (UI) lesions.40 rats of mean weight 231.875 gr were used in the study. UI lesions were evaluated 60 min after reperfusion (groups A and C) and 120 min after reperfusion with administration of the drug U-74389G in groups C and D.

Cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor, celecoxib, inhibits leiomyoma cell proliferation through the nuclear factor κB pathway.

Our aim was to investigate whether celecoxib, a cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) inhibitor, decreases the in vitro proliferation of leiomyoma cells if the inflammatory pathway is blocked. Menstruation is an inflammation of uterus that produces cytokines and prostanoids, but the inflammatory mechanism underlying the growth of leiomyoma remains unexplained. Using in vitro cultures of leiomyoma cells obtained from 5 patients who underwent hysterectomy, cell proliferation, inflammatory signaling, transcription factors, growth factors, and extracellular matrix were examined by (4,5-dimethylthiaxol-2-yi)-2,5-diphenyltetraxolium bromide assay, immunoblotting, and quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Prostaglandin E2 was used to induce menstruation-like condition in the cells. We found that celecoxib inhibited COX-2 through the expression of nuclear factor κB in the cells. Celcoxib also decreased the gene expression of interleukin 6, tumor necrosis factor α, collagen A, fibronectin, platelet-derived growth factor, epidermal growth factor, and transforming growth factor β. In conclusion, the present study indicated that celecoxib could inhibit leiomyoma cell proliferation through blocking the inflammatory pathway that is probably one of the mechanisms underlying its pathogenesis.

Cytometric analysis of surface molecules of leucocytes and phagocytic activity of granulocytes and monocytes/macrophages in cows with pyometra.

Pyometra is a serious problem in dairy cow herds, causing large economic losses due to infertility. The development of pyometra depends mainly on the immunological status of the cow. The aim of the study was a comparative evaluation of selected indicators involving non-specific and specific immunity in cows with pyometra and in cows without inflammation of the uterus. The study was performed in 20 cows, which were divided into two groups: pyometra group and healthy group, each comprising 10 cows, based on the results of cytological and ultrasonographic tests. A flow cytometric analysis was performed for the surface molecules CD4, CD8, CD14, CD21, CD25 and CD4(+) CD25(+) on leucocytes, and the phagocytic activity was determined from granulocytes and monocytes/macrophages in the peripheral blood and uterine washings, respectively. It was demonstrated that the percentage of phagocytic granulocytes and monocytes/macrophages in both the peripheral blood and uterine washings was significantly lower in cows with pyometra compared with the healthy group (p<0.001). Significantly (p≤0.001) lower percentage of CD4(+) , CD14(+) , CD25(+) and CD4(+) CD25(+) phenotype leucocytes was also observed in the peripheral blood of cows from the pyometra group, along with a significantly higher (p<0.001) percentage of CD8(+) and CD21(+) lymphocytes as compared to the healthy group. The results of work indicate that disfunction of cell immunity coexisting with pyometra may be caused by a bacterial infection and the presence of blocking agents (IL-10), released by the increasing number of CD8(+) lymphocytes what leads to the advanced inflammation of uterus.

Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone (CRH) Promotes Inflammation in Human Pregnant Myometrium: The Evidence of CRH Initiating Parturition?

An increasing body of evidence indicates that human labor, either term or preterm, is an inflammatory event. CRH has been implicated to be a trigger of human parturition. To investigate whether CRH induces the cascades of inflammation in human pregnant myometrium, thereby leading to activation of uterus. The myometrial tissues were obtained from pregnant women who were in labor or not in labor at term. The output of cytokines and prostaglandins (PGs) was determined by Multiplex and ELISA. Western blot analysis was used to determine the levels of uterine activation proteins (UAPs). The levels of chemokines and cytokines as well as activated nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) were increased in the term labor group more than the not term labor group. CRH stimulated production of a number of chemokines and cytokines in cultured uterine smooth muscle cells (USMCs), which induced chemotaxis of monocytes. These effects were mediated by CRH receptor 1 (CRHR1) and dependent on adenylyl cyclase/protein kinase (PKA) and NF-κB signaling. Cocultures of CRH-treated USMCs with monocytes greatly enhanced the output of cytokines and chemokines as well as PGs in cultures and increased the expression of uterine activation proteins (UAPs) in USMCs. IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α stimulated the expression of UAPs and output of PGs in USMCs. CRH induces the production of chemokines and cytokines in myometrium at term and subsequently results in the cascade of inflammation in uterus. The inflammation induced by CRH can lead to activation of uterus.

Role of prostaglandin E2 in the experimental L-carnitine-induced endometriosis-like inflammatory model

Purpose Ectopic implantation of endometrium leading to endometriosis has been correlated with various immune and non-immune parameters. Inflammatory cytokines including IL-2, IFN-γ, TNF-α, increase in serum and peritoneal fluid of endometriotic patients, while elevated levels of prostaglandins PGE1 and PGE2 have been accused of facilitating the inflammation process. Using the experimental model of L-carnitine (L-Cn)-induced endometriosis, the aim of this study was to explore the role of PGE1 and PGE2 in endometriosis development and define whether L-Cn had a direct effect on endometrial cells. Methods During treatment with L-Cn, experimental mice were injected with indomethacin or specific PGE1 and PGE2 analogs and their effect on the L-Cn-induced inflammatory state was examined. Primary uterine cells or human endometrial adenocarcinoma cell lines were used to assess the direct or indirect effect of L-Cn. Results The seven-day treatment of virgin females with L-Cn induced obvious endometrial abnormalities with accumulation of CD90 and CD11 cells. Administration of indomethacin alleviated some of the L-Cn-induced effects, but could not inverse the phenotype. Interestingly, 11-deoxy-PGE1 aggravated the L-Cn-induced effects, whereas 17-phenyl-trimor-PGE2 reversed them. In vitro experiments showed that the effect of L-Cn depended on the nature of endometrioma cells. L-Cn could aggravate the inflammatory state of Ishikawa-inoculated mice, but could alleviate symptoms from MFE-319 inoculated females. Conculsions Although PGE2 appeared to play a key role in the L-Cn-induced uterus inflammation, the actual role of L-Cn depends on the nature of endometrioma cells and can aggravate or protect from inflammation according to the induced regulatory pathways.